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AP Psychology Exam Review
AP Psychology Exam Review
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1
Meta-analysis
analyze,interpret,& make a judgment about what you read,heard, or wrote
procedure for statistically combining results of different research studies
variable that changes as a result of the independent variable manipulation
the group that does not receive the experimental treatment
2
If a test is reliable, it means that...
It yields (generates) consistent results.
It is also valid.
It is given in the same way every time.
It tests what it is supposed to test.
3
The maximum height of a normal curve corresponds to the ____ of a normal distribution.
mean
range
standard deviation
statistical significance
4
A therapist who uses whatever perspective "works best" for the patient is described as...
Functionalist
Humanist
Social-cultural
Eclectic
5
Sensory adaptation refers to
diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory input.
stimulus energies are changed into neural impulses.
increasing perception of a constant, annoying stimuli
6
What is confirmation bias?
tendency to approach a problem with a method that worked previously
seeking evidence to support an idea, rather than refute it
fast, automatic, unreasoned feelings and thoughts
the inability to look from another perspective, in order to maintain belief
7
Which is NOT one of the big five personality traits?
Openness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Honesty
8
"Brain plasticity" refers to...
New connections forming to take over for damaged sections.
The surface texture of the cerebral cortex.
Our adaptability to different problems.
The brain's ability to regrow damaged neurons.
9
Humanistics claim to achieve self-actualization, the ideal-self & self-image must be congruent. What does this mean?
The self-image is remodelled to accomodate the ideal-self.
The self-image is different to the ideal-self.
The self-image is similiar to the ideal-self.
The ideal-self is remodelled to accomodate the self-image.
10
The amplitude of hearing is
How loud the sound is
How close to the ear the sound is
How far the sound can travel
How low or high sound is
11
Which of the following are reasons why intrinsic motivation might be better than extrinsic?
Intrinsic is more effective with a wider range of people.
Intrinsic is higher on Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Intrinsic is easier and more convenient to provide.
Intrinsic might be more enduring.
12
According to research, the most advantageous parenting style for children's development is...
Securely attached, because parents will meet all needs.
Permissive, because children need to explore.
Authoritarian, because children learn boundaries quickly.
Authoritative, because children have justifiable boundaries.
13
Blindness could result from damage to which cortex and lobe of the brain?
Visual cortex in the temporal lobe.
Cerebral cortex in the occipital lobe.
Visual cortex in the occipital lobe.
Visual cortex in the frontal lobe.
14
One of your classmates remarks that "Ryan is all id." What does she likely mean?
Ryan is a perfectionist.
Ryan frequently pursues his own desires before anything else
Ryan is a highly-ethical person.
Ryan uses a lot of defense mechanisms.
15
Which kind of therapist is most likely to analyze a client's dreams?
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Behaviorist
Cognitive
16
What is an example of Sampling Bias?
Students randomly chosen from the whole school population for an experiment
Conducting an experiment on sleep affecting grades with one class of kids
Patient telling his dentist an answer that he thinks she will approve of.
School students in an experiment of sleep affecting grades
17
Which of the following attachment styles is found most often in research?
Secure
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Avoidant
18
In most people, which of the following is a specific function of the left hemisphere?
Abstract reasoning
Spatial reasoning
Control of the left hand
Producing speech
19
Which graph represents a positive correlation?
D
A
B
C
20
Excitatory neurotransmitters _
Increase action potential
Doesn't effect potential
Maintains potential
Decrease action potential
21
Dissociative Fugue
When someone acts differently depending on who they are speaking to.
When someone has 2 or more distinct personalities separated by dissociation
When someone has temporary amnesia and ends up in an unexpected place.
When someone has reported retrospective memory gaps.
22
Generally speaking, heritability is the extent to which
individual's specific traits due to genes or environment
differences among people due to cultural heritage
differences among people accounted for by genes
differences among people due to environment
23
Redirecting unacceptable urges into more acceptable pursuits defines which defense mechanism?
Rationalization
Sublimation
Denial
Regression
24
The principle difference between a longitudinal study and a cross-sectional study is...
The developmental stage of the participants.
The statistical methods employed to evaluate the data.
The time span of the study.
The number of participants involved.
25
What is the median of the following distribution: 6, 2, 9, 4, 7, 3?
4.5
5
6
5.5
26
The image below shows which of the gestalt principles?
closure
similarity
proximity
continuity
27
Agonists are psychoactive drugs that...
Enhance the effects of certain opiates like heroin.
Mimic the same effects as certain neurotransmitters.
Mimic neurotransmitters and block their receptor sites.
Produce tolerance to the drug without withdrawal symptoms.
28
Perceived internal control over a stressful event results in...
Less reported stress.
More motivation to solve the stressful problem.
More frustration regarding the stressful event.
Increased arousal.
29
You find a slug on the shed only after it rains. What kind of reinforcement schedule is this?
Variable Interval
Continuous
Fixed Interval
Variable Ratio
30
Unconditional positive regard:
Just keep swimming
attitude of total acceptance towards another person
attitude of reserved acceptance towards another person
ability to see things from another's perspective and feel their emotion
31
Behaviorists explain human thought and behavior as a result of...
Biological processes
Unconscious behavioral impulses
Individual choice
Past conditioning
32
Part of limbic system that influences aggression and fear
amygdala
hypothalamus
brainstem
medulla
33
Phonemes and morphemes refer to...
Basic elements of memories stored in long-term memory.
Elements of telegraphic speech toddlers use.
Elements of language.
Two types of influences language has on thought.
34
Antidepressant drugs that treat mood disorders affect which type of neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Adrenaline
Endorphins
35
Proactive interference occurs when...
...prior learning disrupts the ability to recall new information.
...searching for evidence to support one's own opinion.
...new learning disrupts the ability to recall old information.
36
Which of the following is an example of random sampling?
Having a computer generate a random list of 100 students.
Picking out of a hat to assign subjects to a condition.
Approaching any 50 students during 6th-period lunch.
Flipping a coin to assign students to two different tests.
37
The Arousal Theory of Motivation
Suggests that people perform actions according to their own arousal levels
A drive creates an unpleasant state, a tension that needs to be reduced
Concept that motivation arises as a result of biological or physiological
All organism are born with biological tendencies that help them survive
38
What are universal emotions?
emotions are expressed similarly across cultures
facial expressions can influence emotions
first you feel a change in your body then you identify emotion
you feel a change in your body and identify emotion at the same time
39
The Flynn Effect is the finding that...
Intelligence seems to increase with every generation.
Television has decreased intellectual performance.
Linguistic skills decline with age.
The more people take a test, the better they tend to score.
40
Rational Emotive Therapy...
all of the above
challenges and modifies irrational beliefs
rationalizes the use of punishment to cure fears
uses lots of emojis to make people happy
41
What is positive reinforcement?
Rewarding desirable behaviour (classical conditioning).
Rewarding desirable behaviour (operant conditioning).
Rewarding undesirable behaviour (operant conditioning).
Punishing rewarding desirable behaviour operant conditioning
42
Generating alternate hypotheses to explain a phenomenon is possible in which of Piaget's stages?
Formal operations
Abstract reasoning
Syllogistic
Operational
43
In the Milgram studies, the dependent measure was the:
The highest level of shock supposedly administered.
The location of the learner.
The instructions given by the experimenter.
The number of people in the group.
44
Transduction describes
conversion of stimuli into action potentials by receptors
when sensory cortex receives information on stimuli
conversion of stimuli into electrical/receptor potentials by receptors
propagation of action potentials by receptors
45
The balanced physiological state we are driven to attain by satisfying our needs is called...?
Homeostasis
Primary satisfaction
Self-actualization
Equilibrium
46
stimulus generalization is
minimum amount needed to evoke response
tendency to evoke same response as if it was the same as something simmilar
results always being different from hypothesis
no response is given
47
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
the personal qualities of the residents
crowded living conditions
job discrimination experienced by the residents
poor police protection
48
Paul takes a test in the army to see if he would make a good pilot. Such a test is a(n)...?
Aptitude test
Achievement test
Intelligence test
Standardized test
49
What is prospective memory?
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with current mood
memories that add details not part of the actual event
explanation of memory which assumes there are 3 separate memory stores
remembering to perform an action at a certain time
50
A _____________________ of dopamine at the synapse is linked to Parkinson’s.
surplus
indicator
malfunction
deficit
51
What is survey research?
Gathering data by asking people questions about their knowledge, behavior,
An observation technique in which one person or small group is studied
An approach that follows a group of people over time to view behavior
Method where investigator manipulates on or more factors to see behavior-
52
Which of the following two sleep disorders occur most commonly?
Sleep Apnea and Insomnia
Sleep Apnea and Narcolepsy
Insomnia and Narcolepsy
Night terrors and Sleep Apnea
53
Gate-Control Theory refers to...
How our minds use either bottom-up or top-down processing.
Blocking sound waves, causing some waves to be undetected.
Which pain messages are perceived.
Which sensory impulses are transmitted first.
54
In which stage of cognitive development do infants learn object permanence?
Conventional
Pre-operational
Formal Operations
Sensorimotor
55
Which process involves counterconditioning?
Systematic desensitization
Transference
ECT
Somatic therapy
56
You tense up after hearing scary music during a horror film. In this case, the music is a(n)...
Unconditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
Unconditioned Response
57
Theoretically, random assignment should eliminate...
Sampling error by making sure particpants aren't biased
The need for a representative sample to allow for generalizability
Many confounding variables by mixing people into groups
Concerns over validity of the content of the experiment
58
Hunger is largely controlled by which part of the brain?
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
59
Weber's Law determines...
Absolute threshold
Just-noticeable difference
Amplitude of sound waves
Level of subliminal messages
60
Which of the following best describes the relationship between sensation and perception?
Sensation is mechanical, while perception is cognitive.
Sensation is in the senses while perception is in the brain.
Sensation detects stimuli, perception interprets stimuli.
Perception is an advanced form of sensation.
61
Which reinforcement schedule would most quickly teach a cat to jump through a hoop?
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Continuous
Fixed Ratio
62
Paralysis of the left arm might be explained by a problem in the...
Motor cortex in the parietal lobe in the left hemisphere.
Motor cortex in the occipital lobe in the right hemisphere.
Motor cortex in the frontal lobe of the right hemisphere.
Motor cortex in the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere.
63
Top-Down Processing is best described as ..........
Stimulus is guided by brain processes and background info.
None of the Above
Stimuli starts at the bottom and works its way up the system
Stimuli starts at the receptors and works up to the brain
64
Which of these apply to ethics in psychology?
All of the above
Participants must remain safe & unharmed before & after the experiment
Information gathered must be kept confidential
The participants observed must give consent
65
A negative side-effect of ECT is...
Memory loss
Hallucinations
Tardive dyskinesia
Hysteria
66
Psychologists prefer the experimental method to other research methods because...
Experiments result in statistically significant findings.
It is easier to obtain a random sample.
Experiments are more likely to support hypotheses.
Experiments can show cause-effect relationships.
67
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
size of the group
wearing guard uniforms
presence of an authority figure
placebo effect
68
Juan hears voices that tell him to rob a bank. Juan is experiencing...
Compulsions
Obsessions
Hallucinations
Delusions
69
Reciprocity Norm
To get kindness and not repay kindness.
To repay kindness for kindness given.
To give kindness for no reason.
To repay kindness if other people are around
70
Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?
mode
mean
range
median
71
what is self efficacy?
the belief you have that you can do something
the belief you have in others controlling your bhvr
the way you feel about others
the way you feel about yourself
72
Antisocial personality disorder
Excessively self-blaming
Associated with anger and depression
Characterised by lack of remorse
Involves hyperfixation on one's appearance
73
Which of the following is most likely to reduce hostility between in and out-groups?
Punish the groups whenever they treat each other badly.
Give groups a task that must be solved by working together.
Encourage them to avoid each other as much as possible.
Force the groups to spend a lot of time together.
74
Diathesis Stress Model
a biological vulnerability is onset by an environmental trigger
controlled by your environment and this is what leads to disorders forming
an environmental vulnerability is onset by a biological trigger
you are controlled purely by your genes and DNA, biologically determined
75
The cochlea is responsible for...
Protecting the surface of the eye.
Transmitting vibrations to the hammer, anvil, and stirrup.
Transforming vibrations in the ear into neural signals.
Sending messages to the brain about the body's orientation.
76
Which of the following is an example of the representativeness heuristic?
Judging a situation by a rule that is usually true.
Making a judgment according to past experiences.
Believing younger people are more likely to start fights.
Solving a problem by breaking it down into smaller parts.
77
What is the independent variable?
amount of money she makes
the number of tables she waits
78
Depression is associated with low levels of...
Epinephrine
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Dopamine
79
Which of the following neurotransmitters allows you to have control over your muscles?
Thorazine
Serotonin
Dopamine
Acetylcholine
80
According to Erikson's theory, adolescents are primarily concerned in a search for...?
Career
Identity
Affection
Autonomy
81
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
Depriving a prison inmate of sleep.
Assigning a student a detention for fighting.
Going inside to escape a thunderstorm.
Buying a child a video game after she throws a tantrum.
82
Which neurotransmitter is affected by opiates (pain relievers; often abused)?
Endorphins
Dopamine
GABA
Serotonin
83
What is an example of Encoding Failure?
temporarilt can't remember something, w/feeling it's just out of reach
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
can't recall info b/c of a failure to pay attention when it was presented
84
Insight learning is
An active dislike of a particular food due to one trial conditioning
One can learn something but not show behavior right away
Process of watching other then later doing the same thing that was seen
Sudden realization of a solution to a problem
85
The Gamblers Fallacy -
accepting/rejecting an argument on the basis of origin rather than content
because an expert said something is true then it must be true
because one event preceded another event, they must be causally related
someone mistakenly believes a random event is less or more likely to occur
