What are functional groups?

components of organic molecules; most common groups in chemical reactions

What are the 3 main components of a nucleic acid?

Nitrogen base, Pentose sugar, and Phosphate group

What is the function of lipids?

To act as energy stores for long-term food reserves.

What property of water contributes to the transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants?

H2O molecules are adhesive; they form hydrogen bonds with polar surfaces.

When ATP reacts with water, what are the products?

ATP --> ADP + Inorganic Phosphate + Energy (can be used by cells)

What are cis-trans (geometric) isomers?

compounds with the same covalent bonds; different in spatial arrangements.

What do the distinctive properties of molecules depend on?

The carbon skeleton and the chemical groups attached to it.

Which of the following describes the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

What are structural isomers?

compounds that have different covalent arrangements of their atoms

What properties lead to phospholipids creating phospholipid bilayers?

Hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails

What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated lipid?

Saturated lipids have singular bonds; Unsaturated lipids have double bonds.

which two amino acids have a positive ionic charge?

Histidine (His) and Lysine (Lys)

What elements are carbohydrates made out of?

Always Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen; Never anything else

Why does solid water float in liquid water?

The water molecules in ice are spread further apart

What property of water causes the high surface tension of water?

H2O molecules are cohesive; they form hydrogen bonds with one another.

which two amino acids have a negative ionic charge?

Aspartate (Asp) and Glutamate (Glu)

What property of water allows water to resist changing its temperature?

Water has a high specific heat.

Why are there so many varieties of organic molecules?

Carbon can form four bonds; allows for endless organic molecules to be made

What properties of molecules can water dissolve?

ionic compounds, non-ionic polar molecules, and both ionic & polar proteins

What is organic chemistry?

The study of compounds that contain carbon, regardless of origin.

studbud

ap bio unit 1 (full)

100 termsStudBud Administration19 plays

AP Biology Unit 1: The Chemistry of Life Test Review

Flashcards100 cardsFPractice quizPHost liveL

Questions 100

Answers

1
When an ionic compound is dissolved in water, what is the sphere of water around each ion called?
An H2O polygon
A hydrosphere
A hydration shell
2
________ chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon
3
What are functional groups?
groups of molecules that affect the function of an organic molecule most.
groups of molecules that affect the function of an organic molecule least.
components of organic molecules; most common groups in chemical reactions
components of organic molecules; least common groups in chemical reactions
4
All of the following are monosaccharides EXCEPT
Sucrose
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
5
What are the 3 main components of a nucleic acid?
Carbon base, Pentose sugar, and Phosphate group
Nitrogen base, Pentose sugar, and Phosphate group
Nitrogen base, Pentose sugar, and Sulfhydryl group
Nitrogen base, Hexose sugar, and Phosphate group
6
what does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Polyphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate
Adenosine Triphosphate
7
What quality leads atoms to interact and form polar covalent bonds?
High electronegativities
Low electronegativities
Equal electronegativities
Unequal electronegativities
8
What is the function of lipids?
To store and transfer genetic information; to carry instructions for life.
To act as energy stores for long-term food reserves.
To serve as fuel and building material for cells.
Is dependent on structure; helps organisms grow, repair, and metabolize.
9
What is the name and classification of this carbohydrate?
Starch; Polysaccharide
Peptidoglycan; Polysaccharide
Cellulose; Polysaccharide
Glycogen; Polysaccharide
10
A DNA sample was found to be composed of 20% adenine. What is the percentage of cytosine?
30%
80%
20%
60%
11
What property of water contributes to the transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants?
Water has a high heat of vaporization.
Water is a liquid at normal physiological (or body) temperatures.
H2O molecules are cohesive; they form hydrogen bonds with one another.
H2O molecules are adhesive; they form hydrogen bonds with polar surfaces.
12
Which of the following has the greatest concentration of hydroxide ions [OH-]?
Household bleach at pH 12
Lemon juice at pH 2
Water at pH 7
Baking soda at pH 8
13
When two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form:
Hydrogen bonds
Polar covalent bonds
Non-polar covalent bonds
Ionic bonds
14
When ATP reacts with water, what are the products?
ATP --> ADP + Inorganic Phosphate + Energy (can be used by cells)
ATP = ADP + Organic Phosphate + Energy (can be used by cells)
ATP = ADP + Inorganic Phosphate + Energy (can be used by cells)
ATP --> ADP + Organic Phosphate + Energy (can be used by cells)
15
What are cis-trans (geometric) isomers?
compounds with the same covalent bonds; different in spatial arrangements.
compounds that have different covalent arrangements of their atoms
compounds that are mirror images of one another.
16
what are the tails of lipids made out of?
Nitrous Oxides
Hydrocarbons
Phosphate groups
Carbohydrates
17
What is the name and classification of this carbohydrate?
Cellulose; Polysaccharide
Glycogen; Polysaccharide
Peptidoglycan; Polysaccharide
Starch; Polysaccharide
18
What do the distinctive properties of molecules depend on?
The amount of ATP needed in order to charge the molecule's function.
The R groups that connect to each molecule.
The carbon skeleton and the chemical groups attached to it.
The composition of the hydrogen and hydroxide ions in each compound.
19
Which of the following describes the First Law of Thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be transformed
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed
The energy in a system is always constant
Energy cannot be transformed without the loss of some energy
20
When H bonds break and form, they absorb and release heat. This leads to:
Water's high specific heat
The polarity of water
Water being a "universal" solvent
Water's high heat of vaporization
21
What are structural isomers?
compounds that have different covalent arrangements of their atoms
compounds with the same covalent bonds; different in spatial arrangements.
compounds that are mirror images of one another.
22
Which two nucleotides of DNA have three hydrogen bonds respectively and take up 30% of the DNA structure each?
adenine and guanine
adenine and thymine
cytosine and guanine
cytosine and thymine
23
Which of the following would cause denaturation of a protein?
Constant temperature
Increase in substrate concentration
Change in enzyme concentration
Change in pH
24
Which organic molecules are consistent of only carbon and hydrogen?
Hydrocarbons
Hydroxyls
Aminos
Carboxyls
25
When the pH level of water is above 7, which ion is there more of in the water?
hydroxide ion (OH-)
hydrogen ion (H+)
26
What properties lead to phospholipids creating phospholipid bilayers?
Hydrophobic heads, hydrophobic tails
Hydrophilic heads, hydrophilic tails
Hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails
Hydrophobic heads, hydrophilic tails
27
What maintains the secondary structure of proteins?
Peptide bonds
Covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
28
What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated lipid?
Saturated lipids have 2+ hydrocarbon tails; Unsaturated lipids have 1 tail.
Saturated lipids have singular bonds; Unsaturated lipids have double bonds.
Saturated lipids have double bonds; Unsaturated lipids have singular bonds.
Saturated lipids have 1 hydrocarbon tail; Unsaturated lipids have 2+ tails.
29
Which of the following is NOT found in a nucleotide?
Sulfhydryl group
Nitrogenous base
Pentose sugar
Phosphate group
30
Which level of protein structure is this?
Quaternary
Secondary
Primary
Tertiary
31
which two amino acids have a positive ionic charge?
Cystine (Cys) and Lysine (Lys)
Aspartate (Asp) and Glutamate (Glu)
Histidine (His) and Lysine (Lys)
Cystine (Cys) and Histidine (His)
32
which amino acid can create disulfide bridges with itself when peptide bonded in a protein?
Cystine (Cys)
Leucine (Leu)
Glycine (Gly)
Tyrosine (Tyr)
33
What are the primary uses of carbohydrates?
Metabolism, support, and regulation
Energy and insulation
Energy and structure
Genetic information
34
What elements are carbohydrates made out of?
Always Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen, Sometimes Sulfur
Always Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen; Sometimes Phosphorus and Nitrogen
Always Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Nitrogen
Always Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen; Never anything else
35
Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
Carboxyl and amino
Hydroxyl and carboxyl
Carbonyl and carboxyl
Ketone and amino
36
What is the name and classification of this carbohydrate?
Maltose; Disaccharide
Cellubiose; Disaccharide
Sucrose; Disaccharide
Lactose; Disaccharide
37
Why does solid water float in liquid water?
Solid water is more dense than liquid water
The water molecules in ice are spread further apart
Air bubbles in the ice make it less dense
The covalent bonds of ice make each atom more spread out
38
What property of water causes the high surface tension of water?
Water has a high heat of vaporization.
H2O molecules are cohesive; they form hydrogen bonds with one another.
H2O molecules are adhesive; they form hydrogen bonds with polar surfaces.
Water's greatest density occurs at 4OC.
39
When the pH level of water is below 7, which ion is there more of in the water?
hydroxide ion (OH-)
hydrogen ion (H+)
40
What is the photo an example of?
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
41
What are substances that minimize the change of H+ and OH- ions in a solution called?
Catalysts
Filters
Acid/Base Neutrals
Buffers
42
Where would you expect to find cellulose?
Cell walls of plants
Cell walls of fungi
Cell walls of arthropods
Cell walls of bacteria
43
which two amino acids have a negative ionic charge?
Aspartate (Asp) and Glutamate (Glu)
Glutamate (Glu) and Lysine (Lys)
Cystine (Cys) and Glutamate (Glu)
Aspartate (Asp) and Histidine (His)
44
What property of water allows water to resist changing its temperature?
Water has a high specific heat.
Water's greatest density occurs at 4OC
Water has a high heat of vaporization.
H2O molecules are adhesive; they form hydrogen bonds with polar surfaces
45
Why are there so many varieties of organic molecules?
Carbon can create single, double, triple, & quadruple bonds w/ elements
Carbon ions are negative; causing other elements to bond to it frequently.
Carbon can form four bonds; allows for endless organic molecules to be made
Organic carbon molecules can be straight & branched chains, and randomized.
46
What properties of molecules can water dissolve?
ionic compounds, non-ionic polar molecules, and macromolecules
ionic compounds, non-ionic polar molecules, and both ionic & polar proteins
steroids (don't pick this istg)
macromolecules, carbohydrates, and lipids.
47
Which contains the most energy?
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Lipids
Proteins
48
What is the name and classification of this carbohydrate?
Galactose; Monosaccharide
Glucose; Monosaccharide
Ribose; Monosaccharide
Fructose; Monosaccharide
49
Which is FALSE regarding lipids?
They are soluble in water
They make up cell membranes
They are hydrophobic
They do not have a true monomer
50
What is organic chemistry?
The study of the molecular composition of organic materials.
The study of how chemicals react to one another inside of organisms.
The study of compounds that contain carbon, regardless of origin.
The study of compounds in our world.
51
Where would you expect to find glycogen?
Cell membranes of archaebacteria
Cell membranes of arthropods
Cell membranes of animals
Cell membranes of protists
52
Why can carbon form four covalent bonds?
Carbon has 4 valance, or outer electrons.
Carbon is the 6th element, meaning it has 6 neutrons
Carbon is a negatively charged atom, allowing it to create more ionic bonds
53
when a carbon is double bonded to another atom, what plane is the atom on?
The plane under the carbon structure
The same plane as the carbon structure
The plane above the carbon structure
54
What is the function of carbohydrates?
To store and transfer genetic information; to carry instructions for life.
Is dependent on structure; helps organisms grow, repair, and metabolize.
To act as energy stores for long-term food reserves.
To serve as fuel and building material for cells.
55
What is this?
Unsaturated fat
Steroid
Saturated fat
Phospholipid
56
What property of water helps to stabilize temperatures in organisms or bodies of water?
Water has a high specific heat.
Water's greatest density occurs at 4OC
H2O molecules are cohesive; they form hydrogen bonds with one another
Water has a high heat of vaporization.
57
What makes animo acids different from each other?
Different amino groups
Different R-groups
Different carbonyl groups
Different carboxyl groups
58
What type of molecule is this?
A polysaccharide
A disaccharide
A monosaccharide
59
What elements are lipids made out of?
Always Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen; Never anything else
Always Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen; Sometimes Phosphorus and Nitrogen
Always Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Nitrogen
Always Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen, Sometimes Sulfur
60
Why is water a versatile solvent?
It's versatile because of its ability to dissolve non-polar molecules.
it's versatile due to its polarity
the hydrogen bonds keep H2O molecule stable when dissolving.
it's versatile because of the high specific heat of water.
61
Why is water a bent molecule?
Ionic bonding between the H atoms and the O atom
Hydrogen bonding between the H atoms and the O atom
Equal electronegativities of H atoms and the O atom
Unequal electronegativities of H atoms and the O atom
62
What elements are proteins made out of?
Always Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen, Sometimes Sulfur
Always Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Nitrogen
Always Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen; Never anything else
Always Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen; Sometimes Phosphorus and Nitrogen
63
What force attracts water molecules to other water molecules?
Non-polar covalent bond
Ionic bond
Hydrogen bond
Polar covalent bond
64
Can phospholipids react with water?
Yes; phospholipids are amphipathic, meaning that it's hydrophilic/phobic
No; phospholipids are fully hydrophobic; the phosphate group causes this.
No; phospholipids are amphipathic, causing hydrophobic parts to repel H2 O.
Yes; phospholipids are fully hydrophilic; the phosphate group causes this.
65
Which is true of a hydrolysis reaction?
It is a reaction that combines monomers into polymers
It is a reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers
It requires the removal of water
It occurs only after dehydration reactions
66
A _______ is a long molecule consisting of many ________.
Polymer; Monomers
Macromolecules; Monomers
Polymer; Molecules
Macromolecules; Molcules
67
Which is true of a dehydration reaction?
It is a reaction that combines monomers into polymers
It is a reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers
It requires the addition of water
It occurs only after hydrolysis
68
What elements are nucleic acids made out of?
Always Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen; Never anything else
Always Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and Nitrogen
Always Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen; Sometimes Phosphorus and Nitrogen
Always Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen, Sometimes Sulfur
69
What is the function of nucleic acids?
To act as energy stores for long-term food reserves.
To store and transfer genetic information; to carry instructions for life.
To serve as fuel and building material for cells.
Is dependent on structure; helps organisms grow, repair, and metabolize.
70
What does carbon most commonly bond with?
Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Oxygen
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
Hydrogen, Phosphorus, Oxygen
71
Are you ready for round 2?
No
Yes
72
Olive oil molecules repel water molecules because:
They are hydrophilic and polar
They are hydrophobic and non-polar
They are hydrophilic and non-polar
They are hydrophobic and polar
73
What makes carbon the basis of all biological molecules?
Carbon necessary for all macromolecules, allows macromolecules to be polar.
Carbon can form four bonds, forming bonds commonly with H, N, O, Na, and Cl
Carbon is a noble element; can combine easily with other elements.
Carbon bonds with carbons; creates carbon skeletons, bonds with H, N, O
74
What are isomers?
compounds with the same molecular formula; different structures/properties.
molecules that have the same chemical structure and properties.
molecules that have similar properties to one another.
compounds that are symmetric and are equal in structure.
75
In a single molecule of water, what bond attracts the hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atom?
Ionic bond
Hydrogen bond
Polar covalent bond
Non-polar covalent bond
76
Which of the following has the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions [H+]?
Vinegar at pH 3
Water at pH 7
Ammonia at pH 11
Drain cleaner at pH 14
77
What is the name and classification of this carbohydrate?
Maltose; Disaccharide
Sucrose; Disaccharide
Cellubiose; Disaccharide
Lactose; Disaccharide
78
Do lipids have a structural monomer to build off of?
No
Yes
79
Which three macromolecules are polymers?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids
80
What functional group is this?
Carbonyl
Amino
Carboxyl
Hydroxyl
81
Which of the following is NOT a structural polysaccharide?
Chitin
Cellulose
Starch
Peptidoglycan
82
What are enantiomers?
compounds that have different covalent arrangements of their atoms
compounds with the same covalent bonds; different in spatial arrangements.
compounds that are mirror images of one another.
83
Which atom(s) of a water molecule is/are NEGATIVELY charged?
Both hydrogens
The oxygen
None; it is a non-polar molecule
One hydrogen
84
What functional group is this?
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
85
What is the photo an example of?
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
86
Which two nucleotides of DNA have two hydrogen bonds respectively and take up 20% of the DNA structure each?
cytosine and guanine
cytosine and thymine
adenine and guanine
adenine and thymine
87
What is the function of proteins?
To act as energy stores for long-term food reserves.
To serve as fuel and building material for cells.
Is dependent on structure; helps organisms grow, repair, and metabolize.
To store and transfer genetic information; to carry instructions for life.
88
What are enzymes made of?
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Lipids
89
Which of the following is NOT one of the six elements that make up 96% of living matter?
Carbon
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Sodium
90
Which of the following is NOT a polysaccharide?
Cellulose
Sucrose
Starch
Glycogen
91
How many amino acids are there to form proteins?
30
25
20
15
92
Which property of water allows this bug to walk on water?
Solid water is less dense than liquid water
Adhesion
High specific heat
Cohesion
93
Where would you expect to find chitin?
endoskeletons of athropods; cell walls of protists
exoskeletons of arthropods; cell walls of fungi
inside membranes of arthropods; cell walls of protists
inside the tissue of arthropods; cell walls of fungi
94
What are the seven most important functional groups?
Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate, and Methyl
Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Hydronium, Phosphate, and Methyl
Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate, and Hydronium
Hydrogen, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate, and Methyl
95
What are the 4 main nucleotides of DNA?
adenite, cytosine, guanide, and thymine
adenine, cytoside, guanine, and thymite
adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
96
What is the name and classification of this carbohydrate?
Sucrose; Disaccharide
Fructose; Monosaccharide
Maltose; Disaccharide
Glucose; Monosaccharide
97
What carbohydrate is Maltose grouped in?
Steroids
Polysaccharides
Disaccharides
Monosaccharides
98
What functional group is this?
Carboxyl
Hydroxyl
Amino
Carbonyl
99
In molecules with carbons, when a carbon is bonded to four other atoms, what shape does it create?
Triangular
Octahedral
Tetrahedral
Doceahedral
100
An atom of carbon with 6 neutrons and an atom of carbon with 7 neutrons are considered what?
Ions
Isotopes
Radioactive
Isomers

ap bio unit 1 (full) Flashcards | StudBud