How do you control for experimental bias?

Ensure that all individuals collecting data have been trained on protocol, Ensure that inter-rater reliability is high

How do you control for testing conditions?

Ensure that environmental conditions do not interfere with data collection

How do you control for data collection methods?

Use a pilot study or use tests/procedures that are valid/reliable

What kind of variables can impact the research process?

Participants, Setting, Intervention, Outcome measures

Who developed the code of federal regulations in ethical research?

US Dept. of Health and Human Services

Methods to increase credibility in QL research...

Reflexivity, Prolonged period of data collection, Triangulation, Member checking

In which section of a research report should you discuss limitations and future research?

V- Discussion, summary, conclusions, and implications

A precise definition of how the outcome variable was collected

Operationalization of the dependent variable

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Research - FINAL! (Part 1)

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Answers

1
Ensuring that the intervention is provided in exactly the intended manner is known as...
Descriptive reliability
Storytelling
Procedural reliability
Treatment veracity
2
Level of test administration that requires a background in healthcare
Level C
Level B
Level Q1
Level Q2
3
The Q: "Has researcher used strategies to limit bas by ensuring neutrality of data?" seeks to establish...
Confirmability
Dependability
Transferability
Credibility
4
The use of multiple methods, sources, analysts, or theoretical perspectives to verify information
Triangulation
Reflexivity
Member checking
5
How do you control for experimental bias?
Ensure that all individuals collecting data have been trained on protocol
Ensure replication and generalization of research
Use a pilot study or use tests/procedures that are valid/reliable
Ensure that inter-rater reliability is high
6
How do you control for testing conditions?
Ensure that environmental conditions do not interfere with data collection
Ensure that all individuals collecting data have been trained on protocol
Use a double blind control
Ensure replication and generalization of research
7
Level of test administration that requires a background with children
Level D
Level Q2
Level C
Level Q1
8
How do you control for data collection methods?
Ensure that inter-rater reliability is high
Ensure replication and generalization of research
Ensure that all individuals collecting data have been trained on protocol
Use a pilot study or use tests/procedures that are valid/reliable
9
What kind of variables can impact the research process?
Participants
Setting
Intervention
Outcome measures
10
What type of research studies relationships between variables that have already been established?
Correlational
Heuristic
Evaluative
Retrospective
11
Qualitative research involves the studied use and collection of _______ materials.
Researchable
Active
Empirical
Natural
12
Who developed the code of federal regulations in ethical research?
OSHA
APA
US Dept. of Health and Human Services
AOTA
13
The Hawthorne and Placebo Effects can lead to which type of fallacy?
True cause
False cause
True effect
False effect
14
Methods to increase credibility in QL research...
Reflexivity
Prolonged period of data collection
Triangulation
Member checking
15
What is a specific test, procedure, or set of criteria that defines independent or dependent variables?
Hypothetical definition
Operational definition
Your mom's definition
Research definition
16
A disadvantage of clinical research is that experimenter does not need large number of subjects
True
False
17
Fallacy based on traditional thinking or superstition
True effect
False effect
False cause
True cause
18
Standardized assessments increase _______.
Controllability
Awkwardness
Randomness
Rigor
19
What type of research is also called retrospective design?
Longitudinal
Correlational
Heuristic
Evaluative
20
In which section of a research report has the statement of the research problem or guiding questions?
IV - Results
II - Review of the literature
I - Introduction
III - Methods
21
When a researcher applies group data to a specific individual subejct
Building rapport
Establishing rapport
Gerontology
Generalization
22
Empirical data must be _______ & _______.
Objective and verifiable
Valid and objective
Valid and verifiable
Objective and reliable
23
What type of research uses objective & systemic evaluation for analyzing "methods" (instruments,tests,procedures, etc.)?
Operations
Methodological
Action
24
In which section of a research report should you discuss limitations and future research?
IV - Results
II - Review of the literature
III - Methods
V- Discussion, summary, conclusions, and implications
25
Fallacy in which investigator intends to establish conclusion by shifting argument to another
Present conclusion
Prevalent conclusion
Irrelevant conclusion
Improper conclusion
26
What type of research uses data from a historical perspective?
Longitudinal
Heuristic
Retrospective
Correlational
27
In qualitative research, where is phenomena investigated and interpreted?
In their unnatural setting
Not in the lab
In their natural setting
In the lab
28
Use of an unreliable or invalid test because no other tests for specific variable exists is an example of...
Irrelevant appeal to authority
Irrelevant variable
Irrelevant test
Irrelevant conclusion fallacy
29
In which section of a research report is the research design described (subjects, procedures, statistical analysis)?
V- Discussion, summary, conclusions, and implications
IV - Results
II - Review of the literature
III - Methods
30
Which variable is the presumed cause or "treatment"
Dynamic variable
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Static variable
31
A precise definition of how the outcome variable was collected
Operationalization of the independent variable
Operationalization of the dependent variable
32
Operationalization of which variable ensures that the intervention/procedure can be replicated?
Independent variable
Dependent variable
33
Fallacy in which lack of rigor in operationally defining terms and variables used in research
Ambiguity
Generalization
Rapport
Screening process
34
What is the term thought of to be the "link" between the independent and dependent variable?
FOR
Paradigm
Theory
35
Level of test administration that has no special qualifications
Level C
Level Q1
Level B
Level A
36
Studies in which participants are not randomly assigned. There is no comparative group
Random
Quasi-experimental
Experimental research
Non-experimental research
37
Level of test administration that requires certification or licensure or a doctorate degree
Level Q2
Level C
Level B
Level Q1
38
How do you control for demographic variables?
Screening test to ensure equivalent groups
Establish rapport
Screen out individuals that show reluctance to participate
Establish screening criteria
39
Consistency & reliability of research findings & degree of research procedures are documented. Are they reliable/valid?
Confirmability
Credibility
Dependability
Generalizability
40
Transparent description of research steps from start of project to development and reporting of findings
Dr. E & Thomas' trails
Decision trail
Oregon trail
Audit trail
41
Issue of observing effectiveness of treatment w/o explaining the direct effect on improvement is an ex of which fallacy?
False cause
True effect
True cause
False effect
42
Standardized sampling of behavior uses data from a heterogenous group of people in interpreting results; based on norms
Criterion referenced assessment
Norm referenced assessment
43
Level of test administration that requires a master's degree or professional membership
Level C
Level B
Level Q2
Level Q1
44
A clinician gains knowledge through...
Phenomenology
Construction
Practicing TherapyEd
Constructivism
45
It is important to operationally define variables to ensure replication and generalization of the research
True
False
46
Set of interrelated constructs&definitions present a systematic view or phenomena by specifying relations among variable
Phenomena
Theory
Paradigm
FOR
47
How do you correct a Type I error?
Replicate the study
Increase the sample size
48
Self-examination, inward reflection on the experiences
Reflexivity
Triangulation
Member checking
49
Voluntary agreement between investigator & participant detailing procedures in study and risks that could result in harm
Uninformed consensus
Informed consent
Uninformed consent
Informed consensus
50
What type of research that is problem oriented investigation in site-specific environments
Correlational
Action
Prospective
Evaluative
51
In which section of a research report do presentation & analysis of data, as well as relevant tables and figures, occur?
III - Methods
IV - Results
II - Review of the literature
V- Discussion, summary, conclusions, and implications
52
The Q: "Are descriptions and interpretations of the participants' experiences recognizable?" seeks to establish...
Confirmability
Credibility
Transferability
Dependability
53
What is a Type II error as applied to clinicians?
Withholding an effective intervention
Providing an ineffective intervention
54
What type of QL research is the study of lived experiences?
Interviews
Phenomenology
Grounded theory
Ethnography
55
Fallacy in which investigator uses opinion of a well-respected authority figure as evidence
Appeal to authority
Appeal to celebrity
56
What type of research uses pilot studies and factor analysis?
Correlational
Heuristic
Evaluative
Longitudinal
57
In which section of a research report is there a critical analysis of key studies?
III - Methods
II - Review of the literature
V- Discussion, summary, conclusions, and implications
IV - Results
58
What is the most common method of data collection in QL research?
Questionnaires
Interviews
Surveys
59
What is the purpose of clinical research?
To find most beneficial outcome
To find effective interventions
To find ineffective interventions
60
Which variable is the presumed effect or "outcome"
Dependent variable
Dynamic variable
Static variable
Independent variable
61
Credibility in QL data is established by...
Testing rival explanations
Analyzing research techniques
Triangulation
Searching for negative cases
62
"Has researcher described participants&setting in detail to allow for comparison w pop of interest?" seeks to establish
Dependability
Credibility
Confirmability
Transferability
63
What type of research studies cause and effect?
Retrospective
Longitudinal
Heuristic
Prospective
64
In qualitative research, what is unique about the researcher?
They occupy a central role in the research process
They cannot interpret the data
65
What is the purpose of theory?
Persuade someone to believe in a certain phenomena
Explain and predict phenomena
There is no purpose
Explain and interpret why research is prevalent
66
Statement that mentions there will be no difference
Non-directional hypothesis
Directional hypothesis
Hypothesis
Null hypothesis
67
A theory leads to...
Dr. E
Your dad
More theories
Your mom
68
Statement that predicts results and can be tested
Hypothesis
Non-directional hypothesis
Null hypothesis
Directional hypothesis
69
Incorrect arguments that are psychologically persuasive and continue to influence health practices
Lies
Type I & II errors
Facts
Fallacy
70
How do you control for the Hawthorne effect?
Use a double blind control
Ensure that environmental conditions do not interfere with data collection
Ensure that all individuals collecting data have been trained on protocol
Establish a control group and ensure equal attention
71
In qualitative research, what is used to understand and offer interpretations of meanings about phenomena?
Multiple methods
Bilateral method
Trilateral method
Singular method
72
A _______ process is used in qualitative research
Inductive
Deductive
73
Theory is the comprehensive explanation of __________ data.
Constructive
Crucial
Necessary
Empirical
74
How do you control for cognitive variables?
Establish a control group and ensure equal attention
Screening test to ensure equivalent groups
Establish rapport
Screen out individuals that show reluctance to participate
75
A test that has been administered to a target population and for which norms are available
Non-standardized test
Random test
Controlled test
Standardized test
76
Standardized sampling of behavior that bases performance on accepted standards of competency
Norm referenced assessment
Criterion referenced assessment
77
What type of QL research studies customs of individual people and culture?
Grounded theory
Interviews
Ethnography
Phenomenology
78
The Q: "Is there a clear explanation of methods of data collection, analyses, and interpretation?" seeks to establish...
Transferability
Credibility
Dependability
Confirmability
79
Experiment research uses _______ assignment.
Random
Capital
Empirical
Controlled
80
How do you control for test anxiety?
Establish rapport
Establish a control group and ensure equal attention
Screen out individuals that show reluctance to participate
Screening test to ensure equivalent groups
81
How do you control for low motivation?
Ensure that environmental conditions do not interfere with data collection
Use a double blind control
Screen out individuals that show reluctance to participate
Establish a control group and ensure equal attention
82
In qualitative research, the researchers set of beliefs function as a __________ framework.
Interpretive
Methodological
Inconclusive
Ongoing
83
What type of research studies relationships between variables for future use?
Retrospective
Correlational
Longitudinal
Heuristic
84
Variables such as gender, age, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and handedness are all considered ____ variables.
Dynamic
Truthful
Static
Still
85
A disadvantage of clinical research is the experimenter's lack of control in matching groups on specific variables
False
True
86
Which type of research is an analysis of administrative problems by observational means?
Methodological
Interpretive
Action
Operations
87
How do you control for the reliability and validity of a procedure?
Use a double blind control
Ensure that environmental conditions do not interfere with data collection
Ensure that all individuals collecting data have been trained on protocol
Ensure replication and generalization of research
88
How is rigor established in QN research?
Selecting appropriate statistics and meeting assumptions of it/them
Randomization of sampling and/or assignment
89
How do you correct a Type II error?
Replicate the study
Increase the sample size
90
What is another term for procedural reliability?
Treatment autonomy
Treatment veracity
Treatment fidelity
Treatment justice
91
Extraneous variables can affect...
Internal validity
Reliability
Experimentalism
External validity
92
In QL research, data collection occurs...
Before hypothesis is stated
After credit is given
Concurrently
93
Operationalization of which variable ensures that the data collection can be replicated?
Independent variable
Dependent variable
94
Variable not manipulated by researcher but can affect results of study. Include static variables & variables like IQ.
Dependent variables
Intraneous variables
Independent variables
Extraneous variables
95
What type of research is also called prospective design?
Correlational
Heuristic
Retrospective
Longitudinal
96
What type of research investigates systems and organizations?
Evaluative
Longitudinal
Heuristic
Correlational
97
In which type of QN research do researchers collect empirical data by manipulating ind. variables & observing effects?
Quasi-experimental
Non-experimental research
Random
Experimental research
98
What type of research studies cause and effect over time?
Retrospective
Longitudinal
Prospective
Heuristic
99
Procedural strength of the methods used is established by...
Decision trail
Dr. E & Thomas' trails
Audit trail
Oregon trail
100
What is a Type I error as applied to clinicians?
Providing an ineffective intervention
Withholding an effective intervention

Research - FINAL! (Part 1) Flashcards | StudBud