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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review I Flashcards | StudBud
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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review I
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review I
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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1
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
tumor ligation
lesioning
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
2
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
3
The assumption by a preoperational child a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates:
reversibility
centration
egocentrism
conservation
4
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
content validity
5
Catatonia is when a person...
has trouble getting along with people
has psycho-motor immobility & abnormal behavior
experiences mild manic states
has two different psychological disorders
6
___ tests measure general mental ability while ___ tests measure various aspects of people.
Intelligence; standardized
Personality; standardized
Intelligence; personality
Standardized; intelligence
7
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
Pineal
Thalamus
Thyroid
Pituitary
8
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
flashbulb memories
sensory memories
episodic memories
non-declarative memories
9
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
an amphetamine
10
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
mean
median
midpoint
11
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
12
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
cross-sectional
sequential
time of testing
13
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
the relative refractory period
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
14
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use a holistic decision model
15
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the observational group
the correlational group
the control group
the experimental group
16
The EEG pattern of waves associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta waves
delta waves
theta waves
alpha waves
17
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
rat
fear reaction
loud noise
18
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological instability
physiological instability
physiological stability
psychological stability
19
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
cognition
introspection
intelligence
20
The last area of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
medulla
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
21
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
22
Although Shari can sometimes fall asleep easily, she has difficulty staying asleep. Shari has:
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
23
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
24
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not been dreaming
a headache
not really been asleep
been dreaming
25
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
attachment
temperament
behavioral quality
26
The school of psychology associated with understanding the PURPOSE of behavior is...
functionalism
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
neodynamism
27
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is:
deindividuation
social loafing
group polarization
conformity
28
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
29
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
partial storage
partial retrieval
30
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
fugue
conversion disorder
31
Five-year-old George washes his bike after seeing his father wash his car which demonstrates...
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
observational learning
32
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
pineal gland
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
33
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
irrational thoughts
34
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
35
According to the medical model...
ALL mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
ALL physical illnesses have a psychological component
ALL mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
36
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring dissent from group members
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
37
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
sympathetic nerves
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
38
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a...
schema
chunk
semantic network
set
39
In relation to development, which of the following does NOT happen the same time as the others?
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
post-conventional moral reasoning
40
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
cerebellum
brainstem
limbic system
41
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
42
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
bottom-to-top processing
43
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is
none of the above
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
wish-fulfillment theory
44
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender behaviors
gender stereotypes
gender differences
gender roles
45
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
hypnosis
perception
sensation
46
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of...
a compulsion
a delusion
a phobia
an obsession
47
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
48
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
49
A man thinks pitbulls are vicious. He hears of a dog attack and assumes a pitbull was involved.
This demonstrates an illusory correlation.
This demonstrates a self-serving bias.
This demonstrates a contravened stereotype.
This demonstrates a heuristic observation
50
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
behavior
the unconscious
the brain
51
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the group:
is collectivism
is attributionism
is functionalism
is individualism
52
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
53
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
psychological tests
direct observation
questionnaires
physiological recordings
54
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is...
shaping
selection
stimulus discrimination
step-wise conditioning
55
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
endocrine system
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
56
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
food
light
tone
salivation
57
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
pitch
decibels
loudness
58
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
59
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
the proximodistal trend
encephalitis
60
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development a child experiences the world through...
physical interaction
abstract operations
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
61
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs...
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
62
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
63
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
Content
Absolute
Criterion-related (concurrent and predictive validity)
Construct
64
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recognition
relearning
recall
reiteration
65
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
anterograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
retroactive interference
66
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
67
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
68
If a test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, the test must have...
test scales
test norms
test scores
test levels
69
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
instinct theory
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
drive theory
70
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of:
syntax
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
morphemes
71
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are:
social scripts
display rules
parental investments
investment differentiations
72
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
social charm
manipulative behavior
excessive guilt
aggressiveness
73
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
stage 1
REM
stage 4
74
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
availability heuristic
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
75
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
conformity
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
obedience
76
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input an organism can detect is called the...
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
77
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
shared inhibition
strange situation
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
78
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
feeding
memory
the autonomic nervous system
79
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the...
pituitary gland
pancreas
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
80
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
personality
anxiety
schizophrenic
mood
81
A personality test that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is...
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
a projective test
82
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
oral
genital
latency
83
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a situational attribution
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
84
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
85
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
accuracy of inference
predictability
representativeness
86
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be...
ablated
retrieved
encoded
modeled
87
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
cochlea
temporal lobe
oval window
88
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
episodic
fluid
crystallized
89
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
90
What is somnambulism?
sleep-talking
difficulty breathing when asleep
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
91
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
cultural direction
92
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
Broca's area
93
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
processing
attention
perception
94
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
medulla
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
95
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
punishment
observational learning
96
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
Concrete operational
Post-conventional (social contract/universal principles)
Pre-conventional (obedience/punishment/self-interest)
Conventional (conformity/authority/social order)
97
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
insight learning
latent learning
classical conditioning
98
Severing the reticular formation (also called the reticular activating system) causes people to
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
99
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
color
brightness
saturation
100
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
101
A sickly kid who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called:
compensation
regression
displacement
fixation
102
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
platonic
mnemonic
phonemic
103
A person who perceives stimuli that are not there is said to have...
obsessions
hallucinations
delusions
illusions
104
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
intelligence
insight
reasoning
105
Which of the following is NOT one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
spatial
musical
mechanical
106
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
short-term
long-term
sensory
intermediate-term
107
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to:
job discrimination experienced by the residents
poor police protection
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
108
If you live with bipolar disorder, which type of psychologist would be of the most help to you?
A forensic psychologist
A developmental psychologist
A social psychologist
A clinical psychologist
109
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
vitreous humor
cornea
iris
110
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
smell buds
olfactory cilia (hairs)
111
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
escape learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
112
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
dopamine
acetylcholine
serotonin
endorphin
113
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
114
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
assumption others will take responsibility
basis for performing pro-social behavior
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
halo effect in aggression
115
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
116
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
117
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
118
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
action potentials
antagonists
agonists
119
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
120
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
121
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called:
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
extinction
unconditioning
122
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
he always gets in fights
123
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
124
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
William James
Wilhelm Wundt
Rene Decartes
G. Stanley Hall
125
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to...
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
subliminal perception
126
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
fill-feed
tree-bird
car-nose
127
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
fear the dark
tie shoe laces
print letters
sing a song
128
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
129
The idea that we should pay back in kindness what we receive from others is known as the...
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
the reciprocity norm
the principle of collectivism
130
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
fear
happiness
surprise
131
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
reinforcement
observational learning
132
After his first ever taste of pizza yesterday, David won't stop asking for pizza, demonstrating
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
133
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
narcotics
alcohol
cannabis
134
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
repression
suppression
135
Framing refers to...
how options/alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting irrelevant information
presenting only part of the information required
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
136
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
Give cookie.
I eated a cookie.
Cookie!
I wanted a cookie.
137
_______ is an example of an opioid.
heroin
marijuana
caffeine
mescaline
138
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
means
correlation coefficients
percentiles
139
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
cognitive
psychoanalytic
humanistic
140
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
bipolar
cyclical
unipolar
141
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
pressure
conflict
frustration
change
142
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence uses which of the following to help determine IQ?
a percentile score
a potential score
artistic abilities
mental age
143
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
pathogens
prenatals
opiates
144
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
cultural practices
amount of time awake
exposure to light
amount of time asleep
145
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
146
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
low in openness
147
Inferences people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as...
prejudices
attributions
stereotypes
self-serving bias
148
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
constancy
symmetry
closure
149
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
thalamus
cortex
location of injury
150
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
An intelligence test
An achievement test
An aptitude test
A personality test
