Echo Theory Final Exam (PART 1)

AOV pressure gradient

Unit while using Bernoullis

The filling period during mid to late diastole, where there is a exchange into the LV increasing pressure

which of the following is labeled A’

Type of Doppler used for RUPV

Doppler is always ________ to flow

PV: Shape

RVOT: normal flow pattern

Views used for M-mode (select all that apply)

AOV Doppler

80% of filling. LV pressure falls below LA pressure

________ is the driving force behind fluid flow

What is required for flow to occur

RVOT: shape

Used for high flow velocities without being subjected to aliasing

Chaotic flow patterns in different directions and speeds ( often associated with pathology)

TV: 2D imaging

PV Velocity

Y-Axis

Diastolic signal shows a ______ deflection

When the myocardium recoils back to its normal pre-systolic state

PV: 2D imaging

Away from transducer produces negative Doppler shift

LVOT: Images used

AOV Shape

which of the following is labeled S

20% filling.

MV: Normal flow pattern

Mitral Valve ECG timing

PV: Normal Flow pattern

What is the second stage of LV diastolic Function

MV: view required for color Doppler

Which of the following Dopplers are used to record velocities within the myocardium at the corners of the TV/MV annulus?

RVOT: Doppler

PV: ECG Timing

2D image for RUPV

TV: Velocity

TV: ECG timing

Normal Strain Range

Which of the following views do you use for Speckle Tracing? (Select all that apply)

Tubulent Flow is ABNORMAL FLOW

Utilizes two sets of crystals that continuously transmit/ receive signals

Produces one dimensional information on a time-motion graph

M-Mode is _______________ to the cardiac structure

Unit for Strain

LVOT type of Doppler

Results from loss of elastic recoil of the LV. Decreases early filling (smaller E than A)

Greater than ______= turbulent flow (Reynolds’s number)

MV pressure gradient

What is the first stage of LV diastolic Function

A4 chamber view with ________ alignment

Which of the following is a Disadvantage Of CW (Select all that apply)

Advantage of PW Doppler

MV: Shape

Velocity is _________

AOV: 2D Imaging

Equalization of pressure, valve drifts shut. Distance between E&A

Decrease in chamber compliance(increase stiffness).

Toward transducer produces a Positive Doppler shift

Formula for CSA

Refers to the DEFORMATION to the size and shape of an object as a result of applied stress

AOV Velocity

Trace records the depth and motion of the echoes arising from intracardiac structures

Final stage of dysfunction

Doppler formula for Stroke volume

TV: shape

What is the fourth stage of LV diastolic Function

Which of the following is a Positive Strain

Flow dependent on high LA pressure rather than active relaxation( pushing opposed to pulling)

RUPV: normal flow pattern

Which of the following is a negative strain? (Select all that apply)

Z-Axis

TV Doppler

MV: velocity in color Doppler

LA pressure must continue to rise. Rise is LA pressure with rapid equalization results in significant shortening of DT

Utilized one set of crystals

Time is ___________

Doppler for MV

PV Doppler

which of the following is labeled E’

Formula for Bernoulli’s

Time between the semilunar values closing, AV valves opening

X-Axis

What is the third stage of LV diastolic Function

Unit while using CSA

AOV: Normal flow pattern

SVG measurement in PW Doppler

What is the 2D equation for Stroke Volume

Conventional _______ modalities are used to determine the velocity and direction of BF through the heart & great vessels

RVOT: 2D imaging

TV: normal flow pattern

Volume of blood pumped in one beat

Which of the follow does NOT determine resistance

What is the NyQuist limit

Which of the following is NOT a negative strain

Flow goes from _____ pressure to _____ pressure

LVOT: normal flow pattern

AOV: ECG Timing

Frame rate of M-mode

LVOT: shape