The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..

the personal qualities of the residents

The superego is Freud's term for...

the moral component of personality

Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...

personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level

When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..

are using the availability heuristic

Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...

an intermittent reinforcement schedule

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...

you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression

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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

150 termsStudBud Administration50 plays

A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
sensory memories
episodic memories
2
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
median
mean
midpoint
3
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
the unconscious
behavior
the brain
4
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
crowded living conditions
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
5
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
6
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
happiness
fear
surprise
7
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
reasoning
insight
intelligence
8
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
prenatals
teratogens
pathogens
opiates
9
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
subliminal perception
10
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
step-wise conditioning
shaping
stimulus discrimination
11
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
stereotypes
cultural direction
cognitive structuring
12
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
boat-goat
tree-bird
car-nose
13
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
egocentrism
conservation
reversibility
14
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
15
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
16
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
repression
suppression
17
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
cortex
spinal cord
location of injury
18
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
19
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
cognitive dissonance
groupthink
obedience
conformity
20
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
21
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
musical
spatial
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
22
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
lateral processing
23
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
percentiles
correlation coefficients
means
24
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
post-conventional moral reasoning
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
25
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
offense mechanisms
26
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test scales
test norms
test levels
27
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
conformity
social loafing
deindividuation
28
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
mood
anxiety
personality
schizophrenic
29
What is somnambulism?
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
difficulty remaining asleep
30
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
perception
sensation
hypnosis
31
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
bipolar disorder
fugue
panic disorder
conversion disorder
32
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
narcotics
cannabis
sedatives
alcohol
33
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
escape learning
34
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
shared inhibition
35
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
a sedative
an amphetamine
a narcotic
36
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
an achievement test
a personality test
37
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
unipolar
bipolar
cyclical
dissociative
38
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
cultural practices
39
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
punishment
observational learning
40
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
41
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
42
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
light
food/meat powder
salivation
tone
43
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
semantic network
chunk
schema
44
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
45
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the observational group
the correlational group
the experimental group
the control group
46
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
attributionism
collectivism
individualism
functionalism
47
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
the internal state causes the facial expression
48
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in extraversion
low in openness
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
49
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
intermediate-term
sensory
short-term
50
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
anal
latency
oral
51
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
hallucinations
delusions
obsessions
52
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
fear the dark
sing a song
print letters
tie shoe laces
53
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
54
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
cerebellum
brainstem
reticular formation
55
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
a variety of environmental factors
group differences in basic intelligence
56
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
attributions
self-serving bias
stereotypes
57
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
Broca's area
58
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
criterion-related validity
standardized validity
content validity
59
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
60
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
61
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
62
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
decibels
loudness
pitch
63
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
gamma
delta
beta
alpha
64
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender roles
gender differences
gender behaviors
65
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
observational learning
operant conditioning
reinforcement
66
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
67
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
68
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
hypothalamus
medulla
corpus callosum
cerebral cortex
69
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
absolute
construct
criterion-related
70
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
perception
processing
attention
sensation
71
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
observational learning
72
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
behavioral quality
temperament
personality
attachment
73
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
a compulsion
an obsession
a delusion
74
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
G. Stanley Hall
Rene Decartes
75
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
overextension
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
metalinguistic awareness
76
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
not been dreaming
a headache
not really been asleep
77
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological instability
physiological instability
physiological stability
psychological stability
78
Anhedonia is when a person...
has two different psychological disorders
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
79
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
cognition
introspection
intelligence
80
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
81
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
smell buds
82
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
extinction
83
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a contravened stereotype
a heuristic observation
84
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
complete storage failure
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
85
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
the relative threshold period
86
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
fixation
compensation
displacement
regression
87
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
88
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
phonemic
mnemonic
platonic
89
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
REM
stage 4
stage 2
90
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
91
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
psychological tests
direct observation
questionnaires
physiological recordings
92
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
93
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
sympathetic nerves
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
94
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
thought is to perception
95
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
cross-sectional
longitundinal
time of testing
sequential
96
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
ESB
lesioning
tumor ligation
stereotaxic inversion
97
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
a potential score
mental age
IQ
98
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
99
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
100
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
antagonists
action potentials
agonists
101
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
instinct theory
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
102
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin
103
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
104
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule
105
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
hallucinations
reduction of inhibitions
106
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
oval window
stirrup
cochlea
temporal lobe
107
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
independently of autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
108
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
109
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
110
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
avoidance therapy
111
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
insight learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
latent learning
112
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
pressure
change
conflict
113
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
114
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
concrete
preconventional
conventional
postconventional
115
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
116
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
constancy
closure
symmetry
117
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
118
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
logical reasoning
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
119
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
fear reaction
rat
loud noise
120
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
irrational thoughts
the conscious
maladaptive behaviors
the unconscious
121
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
gonads
pituitary
thyroid
122
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
123
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
saturation
color
brightness
124
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
cognitive
behavioral
psychoanalytic
125
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
basis for performing pro-social behavior
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
126
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
127
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
cornea
vitreous humor
lens
128
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
reticular formation
129
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the cephalocaudal trend
the proximodistal trend
the cephalopedal trend
130
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
marital problems
anxiety disorders
131
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
132
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
fluid
procedural
crystallized
episodic
133
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
morphemes
syntax
linguistic heuristics
134
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he's just like his father
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
135
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
heroin
marijuana
cocaine
mescaline
136
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
pineal gland
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
137
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
medulla
occipital cortex
138
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
investment differentiations
display rules
social scripts
parental investments
139
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
the endocrine system
memory
feeding
140
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
social charm
141
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
142
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
moving a part of his body
seeing a flash of light
143
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recognition
reiteration
relearning
recall
144
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
145
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
functionalism
neodynamism
146
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
modeled
retrieved
encoded
ablated
147
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the gambler's fallacy
148
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
149
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pancreas
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
sebaceous gland
150
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
predictability
accuracy of inference
consistency

AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud