Immunology Lecture 36

Belong to class of drugs called Imidoazoquinolines; topical cream; stimulates toll-like receptor; cytokine release

Orally active pro-drug of mycophenolic acid; inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (esp. type II in lymphocytes)

Bind to specific cell-surface receptors that initiate series of intracellular events; induction of enzymes

Alkylating agent; oral + parental; form covalent bonds w/ cell structures (N-7 of guanine); interferes w/ DNA/RNA rep.

Blocks T cell proliferation by inhibiting expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines AND blocking their action

Results in inhibition of T-cell activation, down-regulation of B-cells, + lymphocyte pro-death signals; anti-metabolite

Use in patients with immune-mediated diseases; binding macrophage Fc receptors + preventing phagocytosis, etc.

Patients chronically treated with T cell stimulants (specific or non-specific); main use is treatment of allergies

Protein phosphatase that activates T cells by dephosphorylating transcription factors, including NFAT; oral + IV active

Prevents guanosine production; blocks B and T cell activation and promotes their apoptosis; sub for cyclosporine (cost)

Administration of antibodies to patients: to prevent infection, treat infection + neoplasm, to supress immune responses

IV meds that bind to T and B cell epitopes; blockade of activation and/or B/T cell depletion via phagocytosis

High doses have non-genomic effects; detrimental side affects; steroid; enzyme inhibition, membrane + calcium changes

Persistent stimulation of 1st or 2nd signal -> apoptosis via FasL or TNF; ones that fail apoptosis die from withdrawal

Likely bind toll-like receptors; activate macrophages and dendritic cells leading to cytokine release

Inhibit viral replication; enhance immune activity; parental = high toxicity; administer locally to avoid systemic tox

Anti-CD52 antibody (only vet option); human options - Anti-CD20, Anti-CD3, Anti-CD25 (Anti-IL2), Fcab fragments

Main indication is organ transplantation; HLA matching; patients receive myeloablative radiotherapy; reconstitute marrow

Drugs that mimic normal cellular metabolites; incorporated into DNA and RNA; polymerase inhibition and/or strand breaks

Other non-myeloablative approaches have been described; still experimental

Azathioprine is most commonly used; pro-drug for mercaptopurine; mimics guanine and inhibits purine synthesis; oral

Upregulate immune system; active/passive + nonspecific/specific; major use include infection, immunodeficiency, + cancer

Drugs that upregulate immune system activity

Treatments that teach the body not to reject something

Diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis:

Examples of immunostimulants:

Results in DNA/RNA strand breaks and resultant apoptosis; target actively dividing cells; increased toxicity spectrum

Binds to IL-2 receptor on surface of activated T cells; no effect on resting T cells; stops current response

Stimulation with antigen to develop antigens for future prevention. Referred to as vaccination

__ used to treat FPT, to neutralize toxin (venom), treat infection (rabies), treat neoplasms, + for immune suppression

Administered topically and parentally; used for fibrosarcoma in dogs and cats

Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis:

Therapeutics that induce a state of immune non-responsiveness to an antigen or set of antigens; ideally normal response

T-cell activation leads to ____ cytoplasmic calcium and calcineurin activation

Leads to ADCC and depletion of B-cells; used for a variety of systemic immune diseases

Mucopolysaccharide found in aloe leaves; induces macrophages to secrete TNF, IL-1, IFN; pro-inflammatory cytokines

Drugs that work either actively or passively to infections or neoplasia

Consist of only Fc receptor segment; serve to bind to FcRn resulting in reductions in IgG

Active process involving the administration of whole, killed organism, live organism, or specific peptide from organism

Plasmid based therapeutics also developed for 'tumor-directed' vaccinations

Induces apoptosis, ADCC, phagocytosis, + complement-mediated cytolysis; cell surface antigen on all mature lymphocytes

Blocks T cell proliferation; decreased immune response; available as atopica; gene expression changes esp. II-2 increase

Drugs that work by down-regulating immune system activity

Activates DCs, macrophages, NK cells; co-stimulant of B/T cells; for genital warts, BCC, carcinoma, Bowen's disease

Serine-threonine kinase inhibitors; oral + parental formulations; also has anti-cancer effects; 1st gen. Sirolimus

Peripheral tolerance achieved therapeutically by genetic chimerism + persistent activation of antigen-specific T cells

Binding blocks T cell activation and cytokine production; leads to T cell depletion

Used as an anthelmintic; causes agranulocytosis; removed from market in 2005

Bacterial cell wall extracts containing lipopolysaccharides; bacterial DNA with altered CpG content; given parentally

Most common; co-administered; modify gene expression; induce apoptosis; down-regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines

Oral + parental; inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase; blocks folate production (for thymidine, DNA, RNA, + proteins)

Restores depressed immune function of B and T cells, monocytes, and macrophages; mimic thymopoietin; topical + parental