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AP Psych Exam Review
AP Psych Exam Review
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1
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
low self-esteem
high self-efficacy
an extraverted personality
a strong superego
2
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
disinhibition
social roles
conformity
social facilitation
3
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
approach-avoidance
theory Y
James-Lange
postconventional
4
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
performing a task and receiving food
movement and electrical shocks
nausea and food or drink
punishment and aversion
5
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
slightly above average
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
well below the average of 200
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
6
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
content validity
predictive validity
test-retest reliability
split-half reliability
7
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
dissociative identity disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
8
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
framing effects
confirmation bias
representativeness heuristic
inattentional blindness
9
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
speaking aloud
understanding what was said to her
moving her left hand
solving a logic problem
10
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
environmental factors that influence intelligence
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
nonessential subjects like art and music
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
11
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
psychodynamic
evolutionary
cognitive
humanistic
12
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
achieving physiological homeostasis
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
13
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
phoneme
grapheme
morpheme
holobase
14
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
achievement
projective
triarchic
standardized
15
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
social-cognitive
psychoanalyst
humanist
trait
16
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
token economies
client-centered therapy
REBT
systematic desensitization
17
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the reconstructive nature of memory
the role of the hippocampus in memory
the rate at which people forget information
the serial position effect
18
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
fundamental attribution error
cognitive dissonance
self-serving bias
self-fulfilling prophecy
19
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
repressed memories
archetypes
inferiority complexes
functional fixedness
20
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
reciprocity norm
out-group homogeneity
self-fulfilling prophecy
fundamental attribution error
21
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
be able to take another person's perspective
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
have been exposed to good, moral role models
believe in God
22
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
reward : punishment
ignore : adaptation
reduce : stereotypes
assimilate : accomodate
23
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
24
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
conscientiousness
extraversion
openness
neuroticism
25
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
somatic nervous system
serotonin system
endocrine system
sympathetic nervous system
26
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
27
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
his research wasn't representative of the population
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
28
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
partial
primary
secondary
continuous
29
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
a mental set
belief perseverance
divergent thinking
low experiential intelligence
30
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
fixed intervals; variable ratios
schedules; punishers
learned responses; physiological reactions
31
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
unconscious conflicts
genetics and nutrition
secondary drives and needs
parenting styles
32
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
that primates can make and use tools
that language is a uniquely human skill
the importance of physical contact to development
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
33
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
schizophrenia
major depressive disorder
dissociative identity disorder
bipolar disorder
34
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
social facilitation
deindividuation
groupthink
group polarization
35
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
rTMS
MRI
EEG
PET
36
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
multiple intelligences
fluid intelligence
crystallized intelligence
aptitude intelligence
37
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
IQ test
EQ test
aptitude test
achievement test
38
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
cognitive
structuralist
behavioral
pharmacological
39
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
interference with memory tasks
sleep apnea and night terrors
heightened manifest dream content
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
40
which structure is part of the inner ear
tympanic membrane
basilar membrane
auditory canal
malleus (hammer)
41
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
universal ethical principles
conservation
attachment
object permanence
42
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
single blind study
Hawthorne effect
counterbalancing
double blind study
43
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
pons
cerebellum
44
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
scapegoating
superordinate goals
stereotyping
out-group homogeneity
45
light enters the eye through an opening in the
retina
fovea
iris
blind spot
46
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
psychoanalyst
cognitive psychotherapist
clinical psychologist
psychiatrist
47
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
habituation
assimilation
accommodation
discrimination
48
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
episodic memory
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
retroactive memory
recall
49
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
frequency theory
opponent-process theory
transduction theory
gate-control theory
50
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
convergence
closure
retinal disparity
linear perspective
51
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
lack of informed consent
lack of debriefing
violation of confidentiality
risk of psychological harm
52
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
free association
gestalt therapy
prefrontal lobotomy
electro-convulsive shock therapy
53
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
dopamine
adrenaline
serotonin
54
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
Albert Bandura
Carl Rogers
B.F. Skinner
William James
55
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
superordinate goals
deindividuation
group polarization
diffusion of responsibility
56
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they involve more research participants than other studies
they can determine causal relationships between variables
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
57
Which is most closely associated with creativity
contextual intelligence
functional fixedness
hypothesis testing
divergent thinking
58
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
rational emotive behavior therapy
counterconditioning
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
59
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
60
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
61
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
increasing group polarization within different groups
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
responding to deindividuation among group members
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
62
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
central route persuasion
deindividuation
mere-exposure effect
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
63
An EEG of Cyrus after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
sleep spindles
delta waves
beta waves
alpha waves
64
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
unconditioned response
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
65
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
top-down and bottom-up processing
proximity and similarity
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
binocular and monocular cues
66
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
psychoanalytic
trait
biological
humanistic
67
which is an example of an implicit memory
remembering how to tie your shoelace
describing the taste of a birthday cake
recognizing a celebrity
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
68
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
fovea
optic chiasm
feature detectors
optic nerve
69
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
social psychology
psychometrics
health psychology
positive psychology
70
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
dispositional
behavioral
social
situational
71
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
72
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
secondary preventions
talking to a patient
cognitive-behavioral interventions
biomedical interventions
73
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
culture
temperament
environment
family
74
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
75
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
Piaget's cognitive development theory
76
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
the overjustification effect
social learning theory
latent learning
the law of effect
77
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
learned associations
unfulfilled needs
unhealthy attributional styles
neurochemical imbalances
78
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
intrinsic motivation
extrinsic motivation
primary drives
need for achievement
79
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
operant conditioning
observational learning
instrumental learning
classical conditioning
80
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
cognitive psychologist
personality psychologist
clinical psychologist
sociocultural psychologist
81
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
assignment to conditions
random assignment
representative assignment
random sampling
82
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
sensory memory
long-term memory
procedural memory
short-term memory
83
authoritarian parents demonstrate
low warmth and low control
high warmth and high control
high warmth and low control
low warmth and high control
84
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
principle of continuity
linguistic relativity hypothesis
gender schema theory
the social role hypothesis
85
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
myelination of brain neurons
concrete operational exercises
early gross motor practice
secure attachment with parents
86
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
circadian rhythm
sleep cycles
daily activities
personalities
87
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
normally distributed
outliers
variances
modes
88
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
observational learning
insight learning
counterconditioning
latent learning
89
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
autism
major depressive disorder
90
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
id, ego, and superego
traits, the environment, and behavior
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
91
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
92
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
pens, pencils, and a computer
a desk and/or table
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
four legs and a seat
93
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
projection
sublimation
reaction formation
displacement
94
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
phonemes and morphemes
linguistic relativity hypothesis
language acquisition device
serial position effect
95
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
antagonists
activation-synthesis
dissociation
tolerance
96
What is the purpose of the DSM
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
97
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
Wernicke's area
Gage's area
Broca's area
hippocampus
98
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
proactive interference
long-term potentiation
semantic encoding
state-dependent memory
99
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
episodic memory
eidetic memory
procedural memory
semantic memory
100
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
parenting style
masculine/feminine personality traits
traumatic childhood experiences
hormones released in the womb
101
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
remove : decrease
add : decrease
remove : increase
remove : punish
102
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
optic nerve
cornea
rods
cones
103
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
anixety
personality
dissociative
schizophrenic
104
In people, rods, unlike cones,
are unable to detect motion
have a lower absolute threshold for light
respond more quickly to colors
are located in the center of the retina
105
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
106
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
humanistic
psychodynamic
evolutionary
biological
107
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
108
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
touch
hearing
balance
sight
109
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
difference threshold
absolute threshold
sensory adaptation
frequency theory
110
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
descriptive statistics
standard deviation
counterbalancing
inferential statistics
111
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
hearing
sight
smell
touch
112
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
late 40s
mid 30s
puberty
early 20s
113
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
an external locus of control
the self-serving bias
unconditional positive regard
the Oedipus complex
114
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
contralateral control
neuroplasticity
effective psychological environment
hemispheric lateralization
115
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
wearing guard uniforms
placebo effect
size of the group
presence of an authority figure
116
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
write with a pencil
cut with a knife
clap their hands
say a sentence
117
the somatic nervous system is part of the
central nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
118
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
phallic stage
latency period
oral stage
anal stage
119
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again
modeling
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
positive reinforcement
120
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
fixed variable
variable interval
fixed ratio
continuous
121
What number will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant
a correlation coefficient close to .75
a probability of chance less than 5%
a mean that is the same as the median
a standard deviation of 4 or more
122
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the self-serving bias
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
123
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
median
mean
range
standard deviation
124
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the WISC (M: 100, SD:15)
95
50
84
68
125
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
dissociative identity disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
antisocial personality disorder
schizophrenia
126
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
trait
humanistic
psychoanalytic
cognitive
127
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
individualism
in-group bias
self-serving bias
compliance strategies
128
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
amygdala
medulla
cerebellum
hypothalamus
129
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
developmental study
social-cognitive study
longitudinal study
cross-sectional study
130
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
hormones jump from one axon to the next
physical contact between dendrites
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
131
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
detecting absolute threshold
sensory adaptation
hearing high frequencies
sound localization
132
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
autism spectrum disorder
fetal alcohol syndrome
mental retardation
Down syndrome
133
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
disconnection from reality and delusions
substance abuse and dependence
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
inappropriate or flat affect
134
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
at what age can children reason abstractly
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
135
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
defense mechanisms
factor analysis
unconditional positive regard
secondary central dispositions
136
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
James-Lange theory
Schachter two-factor theory
opponent process theory
social facilitation theory
137
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
L-Dopa
lithium
SSRIs
benzodiazepines
138
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate lacks object permanence
Kate has a lack of conservation
139
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
sensory cortex
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
medulla
140
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
medulla oblongata
prefrontal cortex
corpus callosum
hippocampus
141
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
James-Lange theory of emotion
Yerkes-Dodson law
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
142
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
frequency of the wave
amplitude of the wave
pitch of the tone
transduction of the wave
143
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
approach-approach
approach-avoidance
avoidance-avoidance
she does not have a conflict
144
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
evolutionary
behavioral
psychoanalytic
cognitive
145
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
construct validity
test-retest reliability
standardization
aptitude measures
146
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
psychodynamic theory
biological theory
trait theory
social cognitive theroy
147
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
specific changes in the brain
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
148
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
stepping
Moro
rooting
Babinski
149
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
generalized anxiety disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
major depressive disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
150
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
parenting style
assimilation
motor development
attachment
151
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
Barnum effect
self-serving bias
false consensus effect
just world bias
152
which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
leading questions
relearning effect
brain injury
proactive interference
153
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
signal detection theory
absolute threshold
bottom up processing
difference threshold
154
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
modeling
mirror neurons
latent learning
sublimation
155
which 2 competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis
role theory and dissociation theory
conscious level and non conscious level
manifest content and latent content
circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep
156
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
correlation study
naturalistic observation
case study
experiment
157
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
external
internal
fundamental
situational
158
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
self-serving bias
overconfidence
a theory
hindsight bias
159
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
range
median
standard deviation
mean
160
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
make new friends
go for a run
eat a meal
pursue a romantic interest
161
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
higher-order conditioning
law of effect
token economy
behavior shaping
162
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
terminal button
neurotransmiters
synaptic cleft
myelin
163
the limbic system plays an important role in
processing sensory information
regulating emotion
maintaining balance
planning for the future