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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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1
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
2
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
3
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
intelligence
introspection
cognition
4
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
5
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
observational learning
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
6
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
7
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
conjunction heuristic
8
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
encoded
retrieved
modeled
ablated
9
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
10
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
percentiles
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
11
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
agonists
12
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
repression
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
13
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
14
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
15
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
cornea
vitreous humor
lens
16
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
attributions
self-serving bias
prejudices
stereotypes
17
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
18
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
long-term
intermediate-term
short-term
19
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
smell buds
sciatic receptors
20
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
functionalism
attributionism
individualism
21
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
cultural practices
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
22
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
spatial
musical
23
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
cerebral cortex
medulla
24
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
genital
latency
anal
25
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
26
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
been dreaming
a headache
27
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
28
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
29
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological instability
psychological stability
physiological instability
physiological stability
30
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
irrational thoughts
the conscious
maladaptive behaviors
the unconscious
31
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
reiteration
recall
recognition
32
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
time of testing
longitundinal
cross-sectional
33
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
fixation
displacement
compensation
regression
34
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the reciprocity norm
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
the principle of collectivism
35
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
psychological tests
questionnaires
direct observation
physiological recordings
36
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
conservation
egocentrism
reversibility
centration
37
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
food/meat powder
tone
light
38
A perceptual set implies that...
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
39
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
midpoint
mean
median
40
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
lesioning
ESB
tumor ligation
41
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
heroin
cocaine
mescaline
marijuana
42
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Sperry's area
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
Broca's area
43
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
a sedative
a narcotic
44
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
45
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
insight learning
46
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
47
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
timbre
loudness
pitch
48
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
stimulus discrimination
shaping
selection
step-wise conditioning
49
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
limbic system
endocrine system
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
50
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
observational learning
reinforcement
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
51
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
mood
anxiety
personality
52
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
a personality test
an aptitude test
an achievement test
53
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
fear reaction
rabbit
loud noise
rat
54
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
bipolar disorder
fugue
panic disorder
conversion disorder
55
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
classical conditioning
punishment
operant conditioning
56
The superego is Freud's term for...
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
57
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
functionalism
behaviorism
neodynamism
58
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
happiness
surprise
fear
59
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
conformity
group polarization
deindividuation
60
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
avoidance therapy
61
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
62
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
63
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cultural direction
schematizing
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
64
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
cerebellum
limbic system
brainstem
reticular formation
65
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
66
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
conditioned emotional reactions
67
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
sing a song
print letters
fear the dark
tie shoe laces
68
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
chunk
semantic network
schema
69
Anhedonia is when a person...
experiences mild manic states
has trouble getting along with people
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has two different psychological disorders
70
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
stirrup
temporal lobe
oval window
71
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
72
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
hallucinations
delusions
obsessions
illusions
73
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
stage 4
REM
stage 2
74
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
give cookie
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
cookie
75
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
76
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
77
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
memory
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
the endocrine system
78
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
sensation
perception
consciousness
79
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
thalamus
80
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
logical reasoning
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
81
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
change
pressure
conflict
82
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
an obsession
a phobia
a compulsion
a delusion
83
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
accuracy of inference
predictability
consistency
84
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
85
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
86
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
temperament
personality
attachment
behavioral quality
87
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
partial storage
88
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
89
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
trust vs. mistrust
industry vs. inferiority
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
90
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
sensory memory
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
91
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
bottom-to-top processing
lateral processing
top-down processing
92
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
attention
perception
sensation
93
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
spinal cord
location of injury
cortex
94
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
95
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pancreas
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
96
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
saturation
color
brightness
97
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
98
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
has been standardized but not normed
is consistent
99
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender stereotypes
100
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
101
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
the internal state causes the facial expression
102
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
escape learning
103
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
unipolar
bipolar
cyclical
dissociative
104
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
symmetry
similiarity
closure
105
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
106
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
social scripts
parental investments
investment differentiations
107
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
intelligence
reasoning
insight
108
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
an external attribution
109
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
the unconscious
the brain
behavior
110
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
social charm
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
excessive guilt
111
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
content validity
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
112
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
strange situation
shared inhibition
113
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
behavioral
cognitive
psychoanalytic
114
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
syntax
linguistic heuristics
morphemes
phonemes
115
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
absolute
content
criterion-related
116
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
mental age
a percentile score
a potential score
117
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
prenatals
opiates
pathogens
118
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a behavior rating
a projective test
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
119
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
fill-feed
car-nose
tree-bird
120
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
121
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the gambler's fallacy
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
122
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
sympathetic nerves
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
123
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
G. Stanley Hall
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
124
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
conformity
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
125
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
126
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
preconventional
postconventional
concrete
127
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
intelligence; personality
intelligence; standardized
128
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test scores
test levels
test norms
129
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
130
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
morphemic
phonemic
platonic
131
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
insomnia
sleep apnea
132
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
133
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
134
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
thyroid
gonads
pituitary
135
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
alcohol
narcotics
sedatives
136
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
137
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
138
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the control group
the correlational group
the observational group
the experimental group
139
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
basis for performing pro-social behavior
halo effect in aggression
140
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
fluid
crystallized
procedural
141
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
142
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
high in agreeableness
143
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
instinct theory
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
144
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
145
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
146
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
endorphin
acetylcholine
dopamine
147
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
148
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
extinction
149
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
gamma
alpha
delta
beta
