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APES 2025 final review
APES 2025 final review
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Modified from Chapters 3 from the "Living in the Environment" Spoolman textbook
Flashcards
194 cards
F
Practice quiz
P
Host live
L
Questions
194
Answers
1
Which type of soil allows the most water to infiltrate?
sand
silt
clay
loam
2
Which of the following would help to prevent acid deposition?
remove NOx from motor vehicle exhaust
provide tax breaks for SO2 emissions
increase coal use
decrease use of renewable energy resources
3
The great grasslands of the world
are located between 30 degrees north and south of the equator
have lots of fire due to low humidity
require high winds to distribute seeds and knock down trees
have seasonal temperature and precipitation fluctuations
4
The rate at which an ecosystem's producers convert solar energy into chemical energy as biomass is the ecosystem's ___.
Net primary productivity (NPP)
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Gross national product (GNP)
Gross primary productivity (GPP)
5
The number of children an average woman would have over her full reproductive lifetime is
crude birth rate
replacement-level fertility
birth rate
total fertility rate
6
What is weathering?
The climatic changes in weather.
The different processes that break down rocks into soil.
When acid deposition quickly breaks down monuments.
Internal processes that build up the earth's surface.
7
Which statement is false about radon?
Radon is present in certain types of soils and rocks.
Radon exposure increases the risk of lung cancer.
Radon builds to harmful concentrations in the open air.
Radon originates from the natural decay of uranium.
8
At a 3.9 percent growth rate, how long will it take a country to double its population?
about 18 years
about 14 years
about 30 years
about 70 years
9
Which of the following is classified as a secondary pollutant?
H2SO4
Pb
CO2
CO
10
Grasslands are a transitional biome between
prairies and savanna
deserts and forest
forest and tundra
forest and savanna
11
In which layer of the atmosphere is the ozone layer located?
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere
12
Sustainable use
Part of the food web
Human made gases that contributed to the 'ozone hole'
A resource is not consumed faster than it can be regenerated
Ensures protection of a diversity of organisms
13
A health effect of air pollution would
NOT
include....
heart attack & stroke
emphysema, asthma & chronic bronchitis
kidney stones & gall stones
lung cancer
14
Stable, diverse community that is the "end point" of succession
Resilient Community
Pioneer Community
Climax Community
Carrying Capacity
15
What is the crude birth rate in the following country?
20 per 1,000 people
200 per 1,000 people
10 per 1,000 people
100 per 1,000 people
16
What is the focus of an earthquake?
Located where an earthquake ends.
Located above the surface.
Place where an earthquake begins, below surface.
Located directly above epicenter
17
Nuclear power mainly causes what type of water pollution?
Thermal
Bacterial
Sediment
Toxic
18
Which of the following is the only completely anthropogenic greenhouse gas?
carbon dioxide
chlorofluorocarbons
water
methane
19
What is the greatest agent of weathering?
H2O
Wind
Heat
Pressure
20
Where does the remaining energy from biomass go as 10% transfers to the next trophic level?
It stays within the organism
It's released as light
It's lost as low-quality heat
21
Which of the following is an example of a carbon sink?
combustion of fossil fue in power plants
decomposition of organic matter on the ocean floor
nutirent uptake by the roots of grasses in a lawn
decomposition of food waste by bacteria
22
The 4-8 inches of average sea level rise observed since 1900 is partially due to which of the following?
Increased rain events along the Mississippi River
Slower regeneration of alpine ice caps
More intense hurricanes and typhoons
Thermal expansion of water
23
Fungal spores, bacteria, animal dander, and feces of roaches or dust mites are considered
particulate matter
extremely gross with no purpose on this planet
primary pollutants
secondary pollutants
24
Where two plates collide and one plate is forced under the other it is called a
hot spot
subduction zone
surface trace
pressure zone
25
In this age structure diagram, the population is
Decreasing Slowly
Decreasing rapidly
Increasing rapidly
Increasing slowly
26
Which factor(s) indicate a rapidly growing population?
a lack of adequate calories to feed the population
a high percentage of girls with little education
a lack of access to fresh water
a low infant mortality rate
27
Cutting down trees in the area will cause which of the following?
More transpiration
Increased infiltration of water into the ground
Increased carbon dioxide uptake
Increased runoff of water
28
Which greenhouse gas is most common on our planet & most rapidly moves through the atmosphere?
CH4
CO2
H2O
N2O
29
T/F: Large bodies of water create more stable temperatures on nearby land areas.
False
True
30
"When two species occupy the same niche they cannot coexist indefinitely."
Realized Niche
Competitive Exclusion Principle
Founder Effect
Resource Partitioning
31
Which of the following best describes species evenness?
A measure of species abundance
A measure of population change
A measure of relative abundance
A measure of population distribution
32
Which latitude on the diagram experiences 24 hours of daylight on June 20?
A
C
E
B
33
Which of the following is NOT true about the Carbon Cycle?
Carbon sources include combustion, respiration, and decomposition
Carbon dioxide is decreasing in the atmosphere
Carbon sinks include oceans, soil, and living things like plants
It includes photosynthesis and cellular respiration
34
Which country currently emits the most carbon dioxide annually?
United Arab Emirates
India
China
United States
35
Which curve is Type I?
D
C
B
A
36
Populations going through demographic transition go through a period of expansion but stabilize
at a constant rate of growth
at the original size
with a larger population but zero growth
at the maximum carrying capacity of the land
37
The process of ammonia being converted to nitrites, then to nitrates is called...
Ammonification
Nitrogen fixation
Denitrification
Nitrification
38
The natural rate of increase is represented by
B
C
D
A
39
The main cause for the occurence of different biomes in different regions is
soil composition differences
latitudinal differences
temperature and rainfall differences
carbon dioxide concentration differences
40
Which of the following is NOT considered when determining an area is a biodiversity "hotspot"
Species Abundance
Ecosystem Services
Endemic Species
Species Richness
41
Subsoil layer that is rich with inorganic minerals, aka zone of accumulation.
A horizon
E horizon
B horizon
O horizon
42
What can you predict about the future of this population?
There will be a high infant mortality rate
The population will grow
There will be a high standard of living
The population will shrink
43
The majority of modern greenhouse gas emissions come from which activity?
Burying our waste in landfills
Using aerosol spray cans
Applying fertilizers to crops
Burning fossil fuels
44
What could account for the shape of the diagram?
Emigration of many senior citizen about 10 years ago
Opening the border to immigration about 30 years ago
Devastating weather conditions about 20 years ago
Introduction of prenatal and infant medicine about 20 years ago
45
Stable environments will generally favor what type of species?
Variants
R-Strategists
Specialists
Generalists
46
Which the following represents the impacts of a thermal inversion taking place?
Pollution mixes with warm air and escapes.
Nothing bad happens. It's all good.
Pollution is stuck in warm layer found at higher altitude
Pollution is "stuck" with the cold air near the surface.
47
If producers contain 1000 kcal of energy, how much will the primary consumers contain for the secondary consumers to eat
100 kcal
1 kcal
1000 kcal
10 kcal
48
Which greenhouse gas comes from the combustion of biomass, such as plant matter, as well as cement manufacture?
CH4
CO2
O3
CFCs
49
Which answer(s) describes the Ring of Fire?
Located at edges of Pacific Ocean, at plate boundaries.
All other options are correct.
It is where about 90% of all earthquakes occur.
String of volcanoes and seismic activity sites
50
In island biogeography, area is relevant because
Rocky islands are more species rich
Islands closer to the mainland are more species rich
Larger islands are more species rich
Smaller islands are more species rich
51
Which of these plays a significant part in the Nitrogen cycle?
Plants
Fish
Bacteria
Mammals
52
Average temperatures have been & are expected to continue increasing the most in
low altitude regions
the polar regions
equatorial regions
Regions emitting the most carbon dioxide
53
The ocean and marine sediments are an important sink of which cycle?
Carbon
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Water
54
Decreased death rate and accelerated rate of human population growth are NOT related to
improved sanitation, healthcare, and technology
increased food supply
increase in family planning and education for girls
control of disease-spreading organisms
55
In which biogeochemical cycle do elements not have a significant gaseous phase?
Nitrogen Cycle
Phosphorus cycle
Water Cycle
Carbon Cycle
56
A trophic cascade is when...
one organism gets eaten by a bigger one
Rocks on a mountain slide down
a natural disaster
all levels of an ecosystem are affected due to a change
57
Which of these represents a negative feedback loop from global climate change?
Longer fire seasons → greater area of wildfires → more GHG
Increased drought → less plant growth → increased GHG
Sea ice melting → Water exposed → Increased water temps
More evaporation → more clouds → more sunlight reflected
58
VOCs are commonly found in________
Paint
Carbon Monoxide
Ozone
Dust
59
Human health impacts of climate change can include
More deaths due to expanded predator ranges
Reduction in diseases caused by mosquitoes and other insects
Risk of famine due to disruption of precipitation patterns
Less seasonal allergies due to less pollen production by plants
60
Process by bacteria, lightning and fertilizer factories to take nitrogen gas out of the air making it usable to plants
Denitrification
Ammonification
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrification
61
In developed countries, replacement-level fertility rate is about
2.1
4.2
8.0
2.5
62
In biodiversity hotspots you would expect a high degree of...
Synchronization
Parasitism
Resource Partitioning
Selection
63
In order for evolution to occur, a variation must result in...
Increased Dispersal
Allocation
Speciation
Differential Reproduction
64
Populations which are experiencing an overshoot
C & D
A & B
B & D
A & C
65
True/False: The melting of sea ice in the Arctic is the primary contributor to increased sea levels.
True
False
66
Outdoor air pollution may be decreased by
temperature inversions
urban buildings
hills and mountains
winds
67
What are the proportions of sand, silt, and clay at point U?
50% sand, 70% silt, 50% clay
20% sand, 70% silt, 10% clay
50% sand, 20% silt, 30% clay
40% sand, 30% silt, 30% clay
68
Where do active volcanoes occur?
Where magma reaches the earth's surface through a vent/crack
Only in hotspots, such as Hawaii.
Never along plate boundaries.
Where lava reaches the earth's surface through a vent/crack.
69
Invasive species are...
A non-native species to an ecosystem that causes harm
A species that causes harm to an ecosystem
Non-native species to an area
A species from another country
70
Urban Heat Island
a solar-powered city that radiates heat
an industrial zone where heat is produced to power a city
a tropical vacation spot
an urbanized region that is warmer than the surrounding rural areas.
71
Loss of water from trees to the atmosphere is called __________
Transpiration
Evaporation
Infiltration
Condensation
72
Why is the arrangement on the left better than that on the right?
The patches are closer together in the arrangement on the left
There is more habitat in the arrangement on the left
There are more habitat edges in the arrangement on the left
The habitats are in a triangular shape in the arrangement on the left
73
All are characteristics of K-strategists EXCEPT
mature slowly
low juvenile mortality rate
niche generalists
Type I or II survivorship curves
74
Characterize the following by plate boundary: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Himalayas, San Andreas fault
Transform; convergent; divergent
Divergent; transform; convergent
Divergent; convergent; transform
Convergent; divergent; transform
75
Natural processes that recycle nutrients in various chemical forms are ___.
Energy cycles
Elemental cycles
Biogeochemical cycles
Chemical cycles
76
Which of the following is the greatest cause for biodiversity loss?
Disease
Poaching
Invasive Species
Habitat Loss
77
Which of these is not associated with divergent plate boundaries?
Volcanoes
Subduction Zones
Rift Valleys
Seafloor Spreading
78
The figure shows which of the following?
United States is experiencing exponential growth
Kenya is at replacement level fertility
Kenya is in the transitioning stage of demographic transition
Germany is at replacement level fertility
79
Which of the following would be considered a regulatory ecosystem service?
Providing lumber
Providing positive aesthetic qualities
Providing improved air quality
Providing wildlife habitats
80
Why is the US population growing if the total fertility rate is below replacement level?
increased death rate
immigration
increased total fertility rate
emigration
81
What causes Earth's seasons?
Its precession
Its revolution
Its tilted axis
Its rotation
82
The second law of thermodynamics is helpful for explaining how
Useful energy never changes between successive trophic levels
Energy is neither created nor destroyed
Useful energy is lost between successive trophic levels
Useful energy is gained between successive trophic levels
83
What is weather?
A set of physical conditions in the thermosphere
The general pattern of atmospheric conditions over time.
The averaged conditions of a given area over much time.
Includes several factors in a given area over a short period
84
What causes the Coriolis Effect?
Earth's tilted axis
Earth's rotation
Earth's revolution
Earth's precession
85
The NPP = 10,000 kcal/m
2
. Respiration = 16,000 kcal/m
2
. What is the GPP?
6,000 kcal/m2
160,000 kcal/m2
1.6 kcal/m2
26,000 kcal/m2
86
In which stage of the demographic transition is the population increasing?
Stages 2 & 3
Stages 3 & 4
Stages 1 & 2
Stages 1 & 4
87
Which zone would you expect to find phytoplankton?
benthic zone
transition zone
photic zone
aphotic zone
88
Diffusion of excess atmospheric carbon dioxide into the ocean causes
more oxygen to absorb into the ocean
increase in phytoplankton populations
increase in ocean pH levels
inability of corals & mollusks to create shells
89
What type of boundary forms when plates slide & grind past one another along fractures?
Oceanic ridges
A subduction zone
A transform fault
A trench boundary
90
What's the relationship between habitat diversity and species diversity?
Increased habitat diversity leads to lower species diversity
Diversity of habitats leads to diversity of species
Null hypothesis (the two are unrelated)
Diversity of species leads to diversity of habitats
91
The realized niche for a species is. . .
A ratio for competitive exclusion
All the ecological roles the species could fill
Limited for a generalist
The ecological roles the species is filling at a given time
92
Which country/region has produced the greatest CUMULATIVE carbon emissions since 1750?
European Union
Australia
United States
China
93
What can you predict about this population?
The population will grow
The population will shrink
94
How does nitrogen gas get into the atmosphere?
Denitrification of soil nitrates by bacteria
Fixation of nitrates by bacteria
Assimilation of nitrates by plants
Leaching of nitrogen from fertilizers
95
Tourism is most closely associated with which type of ecosystem service?
Regulatory service
Supporting service
Provisioning service
Cultural service
96
On a small scale, human disturbances can increase biodiversity because...
Disturbances promote resource partitioning
Disturbances favor specialists
Disturbances introduce invasive species
Disturbances can increase habitat diversity
97
True/False: Greenhouse gases trap infrared radiation in the stratosphere.
True
False
98
Which of the following is TRUE regarding earth's atmosphere & climate?
Past CO2 levels rarely predict past temperatures.
Greenhouse gases represent more than 10% of atmospheric gases.
Weather data before 1960 has been unreliable in regards to climate
Temperature has changed often from glacial to interglacial periods.
99
Which pollutant(s) are responsible for the formation of photochemical smog?
SO2 and VOCs
NO2 and VOCs
CFCs
SO2 and NO2
100
The word for the amount of empty space in soil (can be filled with water or air)
Capacity
Permeability
Porosity
Aeration
101
Which of these is a way that invasive species can be harmful?
Gets eaten by native predators
Cannot survive in the conditions of the new location
Outcompetes native species for resources
Is brought by humans to be used as a resource
102
100 mL of water were poured through the sample. 98 mL were collected. What is the composition of the soil?
50% clay, 40% silt, 10% sand
5% clay, 10% silt, 85% sand
30% clay, 40% silt, 30% sand
80% clay, 10% silt, 10% sand
103
Competition drives species to utilize only a portion of their niche in which of the following?
Genetic Drift
Fundamental Niche
Resource Partitioning
Competitive exclusion principle
104
Which greenhouse gas is emitted mostly from the bacterial breakdown of fertilizers and animal manure in soil?
O3
N2O
CH4
CO2
105
Which of the following is NOT part of the hydrological cycle?
Eutrophication and assimilation
Watershed and aquifer
Precipitation and percolation
Transpiration and evaporation
106
What unit is productivity measured in?
Kcal/m2/yr
J/yr
watts/m2/
N/m2/yr
107
What effects do acid deposition have on soil ecosystems?
Photosynthetic activity is reduced
Micronutrients are leached from the soil
The cation exchange capacity is higher
pH of soil is elevated
108
Providing habitats for various wildlife species is an example of what type of ecosystem service?
Supporting service
Provisioning service
Regulating service
Cultural service
109
All of the following are true about formaldehyde except
It is found in furniture and plywood
It is a radioactive gas
It is a suspected carcinogen
It is a skin and respiratory irritant
110
What characterizes a pollutant as a primary pollutant?
Gets emitted directly from its source
Has a high global warming potential
Travels to the stratosphere and depletes the ozone layer
Reacts w/ a second molecule to form
111
All of the following make a species more vulnerable for extinction EXCEPT. . .
Being a species that migrates
Being endemic
Naturally Small Population
Having a large fundamental niche
112
In the demographic transition model, stage two is characterized by
high birthrate and reduced death rate
low infant mortality rate and a high standard of living
high birth and death rate
high death rate, low birth rate
113
The soil layer most similar to the parent material is the:
O horizon
A horizon
C horizon
B horizon
114
Global species richness exhibits the following pattern
Latitudinal Gradient
Uniform Distribution
Longitudinal Gradient
Transverse Gradient
115
Which cycle does the most shaping of the earth's landscape?
carbon
sulfur
hydrological
nitrogen
116
What is ecology the study of?
The effects of toxins on its environment
The structure, function, growth, origin, and evolution of organisms
How organisms interact with their living and nonliving environment
Effects of natural and unnatural processes on the environment
117
Which of the following is NOT true about acid deposition?
it can be wet or dry deposition
SO2 and NOx are the primary pollutants involved
promotes plant growth by lowering the pH
regional problem
118
Which is a not a density-dependent factor that affects population size?
disease
food availability
predation
weather
119
Which type of soil is best for agriculture?
Loam
Sand
Silt
Clay
120
What is the independent variable?
amount of sunlight
number of tadpoles
water pH
temperature of water
121
Organically rich surface material; contains partially decomposed plants,animals,bacteria&fungi.
O horizon
B horizon
A horizon
C horizon
122
At which location is new crust being created at a divergent plate boundary?
A
D
C
B
123
A founding population 200 of fish is 40% blue. How many fish are blue?
120
80
40
20
124
Which of the following is NOT true about photochemical smog?
It is caused by a mix of primary & secondary pollutants activated by light
It more often occurs in dry, sunny, warm, big cities
It is also known as brown-air smog
It results from burning coal and oil and C, which converts to CO & CO2
125
What is the main goal of the Paris Climate Accord Act?
Improving livestock management
Protecting air quality
Protecting the ozone layer
Reducing carbon emissions
126
Which of the below reduces emissions of CO, NOx, and VOCs?
Wet Scrubber
Incinerator
Electrostatic precipitator
Catalytic converter
127
Sulfur dioxide contributes to all of the following problems except:
damage to buildings.
acid rain.
death of vegetation.
photochemical smog.
128
What type of plate boundary is this?
Transform Fault
Convergent
Collision
Divergent
129
A population of 10 million has a growth rate of 1.5%. If the CBR is 30, what's the CDR?
10
28.5
15
100
130
Which 2 economic sectors contribute most to annual greenhouse gas emissions in the US?
Agriculture & Industry
Electricity Generation & Transportation
Electricity Generation & Agriculture
Transportation & Industry
131
r-selected species characteristics include
little to no parental care
short lifespans
produce fewer, larger offspring
long gestation period
132
The doubling time of a population
is based on a constant birth rate
refers to demographic fertility
is two-thirds of the tripling time
is a function of exponential growth
133
What is an economic issue associated with El Nino?
Ocean lizards shrink
Drought
Less productive fisheries
Mudslides
134
List the layers of the atmosphere in order (starting from layer nearest to surface).
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere
Stratosphere, Troposphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere
Thermosphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Troposphere
Troposp., Stratosp., Mesosphere, Thermosp., Exosphere
135
Specialists have a ___________
Large fundamental niche that is almost fully realized
Small fundamental niche that is almost fully realized
Large fundamental niche that is only partially realized
Small fundamental niche that is only partially realized
136
Which of the following has the highest albedo?
Ocean surface
Ice & snow
Bare dirt
Tropical rainforest
137
Which of the following best relates to the bottleneck effect?
One population outcompetes the other when resources are limited
Red fish choose to only mate with other red fish
A few organisms migrate to start a new population
A disease wipes out a large portion of the population. Few survivors.
138
How do passive solar power systems work?
Sunlight is absorbed to retain heat
External energy sources for storage
Collectors made of flat-plate PV panels
Produce electricity
139
Which of the following causes the air to rise high into the atmosphere in the areas labeled A, B, and C on the diagram?
El Nino circulation patterns
Warm, moist air that is less dense than surrounding air
The rotation of the Earth shifting air upward
Rain shadows over mountain ridges
140
Which soil particle would greatly increase a soil's water holding capacity?
Silt
Clay
Sand
Loam
141
Which of the following is NOT a significant anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide?
deforestation
combustion of fossil fuels
landfills
iron and steel production
142
Which of the following is a main cause of acid deposition?
nuclear power plants
photovoltaic solar cells
hydroelectric power plants
coal-burning power plants
143
Which of these produce their own food?
Consumers
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
Decomposers
144
The two major indicators of development are
Total fertility rate and growth rate
Infant mortality rate and life expectancy
Migration rate and quality of life
Infant mortality rate and land area
145
Which of the following accurately describes the greenhouse effect?
It causes daily temperatures to fluctuate very rapidly.
It is not necessary for the survival of modern living organisms
It traps incoming solar radiation in the stratosphere.
It prevents infrared radiation from escaping into space.
146
This graph shows which of the following?
Predictions of future CO2 levels will be difficult to make
An impact of seasonal changes in forests of the Northern Hemisphere
Decreasing global temperatures since 1958
A rapid CO2 decrease in earth's atmosphere
147
When plant roots absorb ammonium and nitrate ions and make proteins and DNA, it is called...
Denitrification
Assimilation
Ammonification
Mineralization
148
During an El Nino event, which of the following best describes conditions in the tropical eastern Pacific?
High sea surface temperature, low rainfall
Low sea surface temperature, low rainfall
High sea surface temperature, high rainfall
Low sea surface temperature, high rainfall
149
The IUCN's Red List is . .
a list of ecologically damaged ecosystems
an identification list of known species
a list of species facing unusually high risk of extinction
a list of unidentified species
150
SOx and NOx are primary pollutants responsible for the formation of:
Ozone depletion
Photochemical smog
Acid deposition
Industrial smog
151
Which of the following is NOT true about industrial smog?
It is also known as "gray-air smog"
burning coal and oil and C released converts to CO & CO2
found mostly in developed countries
sulfur compounds react with O2 to produce SO2
152
Which of the following is
NOT
among the top 4 most dangerous indoor air pollutants?
H2SO4
radioctive radon-222 gas
very small particles
formaldehyde
153
logistic growth (S curve)
C
D
B
A
154
The CBR and CDR are the number of births or deaths per ______________ people
10000
10
100
1000
155
Which of the following is used to determine soil texture?
the relative proportions of different particle sizes
the decomposition rate of organic material
the water content
the mineral composition
156
Which of the following best explains the pattern of vegetation in the image below?
The rain shadow effect is causing precipitation on one side of a mountain
Hadley cell circulation is creating a desert at 30 degrees
The eruption of Mauna Kea destroyed all vegetation
Climate change is causing one side of the island to be more dry
157
What is seafloor spreading?
Movement & spreading of ocean crust above continental crust.
Formation of new ocean crust as result of magma upwelling from the mantle.
Spreading of ocean crust solely due to earthquakes.
When plate slide past each other.
158
How much energy is lost when it's transferred onto the next trophic level?
70%
90%
10%
25%
159
Which of the following has NOT been observed in response to increased greenhouse gas concentrations?
Increased intensity of droughts, heat waves & rain events
Increase in ocean heat content & temperatures
Increase in ocean pH values
Decline in global sea ice extent
160
A large region that is characterized by a distinct climate and specific life forms is a(n)...
Ecosystem
Life zone
Biome
Ecotone
161
Throughout Earth's history, climate changes have typically been caused by all of these EXCEPT
variations in Earth's orbit
volcanic activity
changes in ocean currents
migration of species among landmasses
162
Many of the biogeochemical cycles involve decomposers like bacteria and fungus because...
They produce oxygen
They recycle nutrients from dead organisms.
They neutralize acids
They circulate water and air
163
Which of the following is NOT included in the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS)?
nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2)
suspended particulate matter (SPM) and lead (Pb)
ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO)
methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
164
Which of the following is a true statement about passive solar heating?
It produces more pollution than heating with an electric heat pump.
It is effective only during the summer months.
It is based in part on the principle of the greenhouse effect.
It is not used to heat commercial buildings.
165
Movement of water into soil is ___.
Precipitation
Infiltration
Transpiration
Condensation
166
If there is a decline in primary consumers like grasshoppers, what effect might this have on a food web?
Secondary consumers will decrease
Competitors of grasshoppers will decrease
Producers will decrease
It will have no effect
167
The correct order of the stages is
Industrial, Pre-industrial, Transitioning, Post industrial
Pre-industrial, Transitioning, Post-Industrial, Industrial
Pre-industrial, Post-industrial, Industrial, Transitioning
Pre-industrial, Transitioning, Industrial, Post-industrial
168
Where do we find most of the fresh water on Earth
The Atmosphere
Groundwater
Icecaps & Glaciers
Lakes
169
Which of the following is the major distinguishing feature of primary succession?
Soil present
Occurs after a natural disaster
Occurs over the course of 100 years
No soil present
170
If a population doubles every 23.3 years, what is the growth rate?
2%
4%
1%
3%
171
What are (or were) the MAJOR sources of lead pollution?
Construction and agriculture
Gasoline and landfills
Paint and volcanic activity
Paint and gasoline
172
The carrying capacity is represented by the letter
C
A
E
D
173
Which of the following is an observed impact of climate change on weather & climate?
Greater evaporation & more intense rain events
Increased regions of permafrost near the poles
Greatest warming in equatorial regions
Conversion of desert habitat into grasslands from rainfall
174
Which of the following would NOT describe a Taiga/Boreal biome?
Cold winters
Short growing seasons
Thick conifer forest
Little precipitation
175
Which of the following is NOT a primary emission?
CO2
SO2
NO2
O3
176
Type 1 survivorship indicates which type of reproductive strategy?
K-selected
r-selected
177
Which of the following biological impacts of global climate change have been observed?
Disruption of seasonal events (flowering, hibernation)
Generalist species outcompeted by specialist species
Increased rates of photosynthesis for all plants
Species migrating toward the equator
178
Which of the following statements is true of natural selection?
It always results in speciation
It is a process that results in a change in gene frequency
Is driven by evolution
It is a targeted process that determines adaptations
179
Which layer of the atmosphere do we live in?
Troposphere
Thermosphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
180
Which of the following describe La Niña?
Occurs along the tropical west coast of North America.
Usually causes cooler than normal temperatures in South America
Usually causes with warm ocean temperatures in Pacific Ocean
Climate pattern that describes warming of surface waters
181
Wind energy is ...
made from the Sun
non-renewable energy
not a useful resource
renewable energy that can generate electricity
182
How does CO impact human health?
It can induce an allergic reaction
Causes asthma
It's a neurotoxin
Prevents oxygen from binding to hemoglobin
183
Methane concentrations have increased from 0.8 ppm in 1750 to 1.8 ppm today. What is the % increase?
20%
44%
125%
225%
184
Which is a TRUE statement about noise pollution?
loud sound damages only your hearing
has significant effects on wildlife migration and nesting habits
loud sound is not dangerous as long as you don't feel pain
hearing loss is caused mostly by age
185
Asbestos can cause:
Lung disease
Back strain
Fires
Muscle pains
186
T/F: Food webs are made of many interlocking food chains.
True
False
187
Which of the following is not a harmful effect of acid deposition?
leaches toxic metals Pb and Hg & soil nutrients Ca & Mg
lowers pH of aquatic ecosystems & damages buildings
Human respiratory diseases & loss of crops & trees
creates O3 in the troposphere
188
The largest reservoir of nitrogen is
In the water of earth
In living things
In the soil/rocks of earth
In the atmosphere of earth
189
Which of the following is the LEAST significant anthropogenic contributor towards atmospheric methane?
landfills
natural gas production
decomposition of clearcut forests
intestinal tracts of livestock
190
Which of the following ecosystems has the least NPP?
tropical rain forests
estuaries
marshes and bogs
agricultural land
191
A relatively scarce naturally occurring element is known as the ___.
Limiting nutrient
Law of tolerance
Law of conservation of mass
Law of conservation of energy
192
The _____________established air pollution regulations on key pollutants.
The Endangered Species Act
Clean Water Acts
Clean Air Acts
The Lacey Act
193
The global warming potential of a molecule includes consideration of which of the following variables?
Stratospheric concentration
Residence time of the gas in the atmosphere
Size of the molecule
Ability to absorb incoming ultraviolet radiation
194
The variety of species within a given area describes __________
Species richness
Species evenness
Genetic diversity
Colonization rate
