In order to reduce the chance of a Type I or II error, the researcher can

increase the sample size in the experiment

Which journal publishes the most counseling research articles in the field?

Journal of Counseling Psychology

Which of the following is a NOT trend in counseling research?

Large sample sizes are getting priority over single-subject studies

What is Ipsative assessment?

Assessment of individual progress

A platykurtic distribution looks

a sort of flat American football lying on its side

mindfulness training; test scores

If an ANOVA yields a significant F value, you could rely on _____ to test significant differences between group means.

Duncan's multiple-range, Tukey's, or Scheffe's test

The terms "synchronic" method and "diachronic" method refer to

cross-sectional or longitudinal studies.

P = .05 really means that

differences do exist; results will be the same 95% of the time

Which of the following is NOT a trend in counseling research

Field-based professionals submitting more contributions

Which of the following is a trend in counseling research?

Qualitative research is getting more attention

If a distribution is bimodal, it is likely that

the researcher is working with two distinct populations

Which is true about the ordinal scale?

provides relative placement or standing

The lower the significance (confidence)level a researcher sets for results,

the greater the chance of a Type II , or beta error

To calculate the inclusive range you would

subtract the lowest number from the highest number and add 1.

You observe the success of CBT on many clients with depression and conclude CBT is effective treatment for depression.

This is an example of deductive logic or reasoning

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Ch 9 Research and Program Evaluation

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Questions 81

Answers

1
A pictorial diagram of two variables being correlated is called a
bar graph
sociogram
histogram
scattergram
2
In order to reduce the chance of a Type I or II error, the researcher can
use an internet-based statistical program for calculations
utilize interviews instead of surveys
increase the sample size in the experiment
use stratified random sampling
3
In an experiment, if DVs were truly influenced by IVs and not other factors, the study is said to have
internal validity
external validity
reliability
relevance
4
Which journal publishes the most counseling research articles in the field?
Colossal Counseling Journal
Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development
Journal of Counseling and Development
Journal of Counseling Psychology
5
What is an example of an interval scale?
the number of calories consumed each day
an IQ test
all of the above
categorization of religion on a demographic survey
6
Which is true about the ratio scale?
All of the above
The intervals between each point are equal to each other
It is an interval scale with a true zero point
Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division can all be utilized
7
Which of the following is a NOT trend in counseling research?
Meta-studies are being used to summarize findings
Cohen's d effect size statistic is used to gauge relationship strength
Large sample sizes are getting priority over single-subject studies
Counselors want more APA training to submit journal articles
8
The letter P, in relation to a test of significance, stands for
probability
proportion
portion
population parameter
9
Which is true about factor analysis?
all of the above
It can narrow down the most important things among many
It can summarize a lot of variables
it is parsimonious
10
In a ___________ there will be proportionate representation of all important subgroups within the population
horizontal sample
chain-referred sample
random sample
stratified random sample
11
What is the term that refers to 25% of a distribution?
a fourth
quartile
quarter
percentile
12
What is Ipsative assessment?
Initial Assessment
1:1 assessment
Assessment of individual progress
Assessing against peer progress
13
To be considered accurate, a survey should have a _____ return rate.
95%
50-75%
5%
15-40%
14
The study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of P =
.05
.08
.001
.01
15
A platykurtic distribution looks
a two-humped camel's back
a sort of flat American football lying on its side
a normal bell curve
a very tall, skinny version of the bell curve
16
When a research design uses different subjects for each condition (exposure to the IV, and no exposure) it is called
within-subjects design
indecent exposure
carcinogenic
between-subjects design
17
Which is true about stanine scores?
"Stanine" comes from "standard" and "nine"
all of the above
A stanine score of 9 represents the highest portion of the curve.
They divide the distribution into 9 equal parts.
18
(see below)
anxiety; mindfulness training
school counselor; students
standardized test scores; mindfulness training
mindfulness training; test scores
19
The y axis is also called the _______ and is used to plot the frequency of the _____.
abscissa; DV
ordinate; dependent variable
vertical axis; IV
ordinate; independent variable
20
A one-tailed t test
is called a "directional experimental hypothesis"
hypothesis specifies that one average mean is larger than another
places the rejection area at one end of the distribution
all of the above
21
If an ANOVA yields a significant F value, you could rely on _____ to test significant differences between group means.
percentile rank
summative or formative evaluation
one- and two-tailed t tests
Duncan's multiple-range, Tukey's, or Scheffe's test
22
The ANCOVA
helps to control for variables that may intervene in the IV-DV relationship
All of the above
allows you to correct for possible covariates in the different samples
stands for Analysis of Covariance
23
___ occurs when a trait which is not being evaluated influences a researcher's rating on another trait.
The Rosenthal effect
The Hawthorne effect
A self-fulfilling prophecy
The Halo effect
24
The terms "synchronic" method and "diachronic" method refer to
looking for similarities or looking for differences.
using one subject group or two subject groups in a research design.
cross-sectional or longitudinal studies.
using either one or two independent variables in a research design.
25
When a researcher observes behavior but does not intervene, it is called
naturalistic observation
participant observation
qualitative research
the Hawthorne effect
26
The variable you manipulate or control in an experiment is the
the variable you will measure to determine the outcome
the one that shows your results
DV (dependent variable)
IV (independent variable)
27
In the social sciences, the accepted probability level, or confidence level, is usually
1.0 or higher
.05 or higher
.05 or less
.0001 ir kess
28
ANOVA
means Analysis of Variance
can be used in trend analysis
is used to see if performance on one variable mimics the same on another
All of the above
29
To complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t. To see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA,
consult the chi-square
consult a table for F values
consult the median
consult a table of t values
30
Parsimony in counseling research is similar to
Occam's Razor
Lloyd Morgan's 1894 Canon
all of the above
the principle of economy
31
P = .05 really means that
there is a 95% error factor
differences do exist; results will be the same 99% of the time
there is a 5% error factor
differences do exist; results will be the same 95% of the time
32
In observation research when the subject's behavior is influenced by the process of being watched it is called
a "reactive effect" or "reactivity" of observation/experimentation
both a and b
The Hawthorne effect
a nocebo
33
The x axis is used to plot the IV scores. The x axis is also called the
abscissa
vertical axis
DV
34
(see below)
two-way ANOVA
t test
mean
ANOVA
35
When subjects strive to prove that a treatment (that could threaten their livelihood) is not effective, it is called
both red and yellow
the John Henry effect
demoralization of the comparison group
compensatory rivalry
36
A distribution curve that is higher at the peak and narrower in range than a normal bell curve is called a
Olympic curve
a bimodal distribution
leptokurtic distribution
platykurtic distribution
37
Which of these tests are nonparametrical (not evenly distributed) measures?
Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs
Mann-Whitney U test, or just U test
All of the above
Soloman and the Kruskal-Wallis H test
38
Which of the following is NOT a trend in counseling research
Field-based professionals submitting more contributions
Neuroscience guiding diagnosis and treatment
Using the internet to conduct an experiment
Action research
39
(see below)
contaminated
both blue and yellow above
confounded/flawed
enhanced
40
Which of the following is a trend in counseling research?
Qualitative research is getting more attention
More studies are submitted by single, field-based authors
Less attention to multicultural issues
More studies relying on children as subjects
41
If a distribution is bimodal, it is likely that
the curve will be normal
the data does not represent valid information about the population
the curve will be shaped like a symmetrical bell
the researcher is working with two distinct populations
42
If the researcher in the previous question utilized two IVs, then the statistic of choice would be the
media
ANOVA
t test
two-way ANOVA or MANOVA
43
(see below)
The Halo effect
The Hawthorne effect
The Rosenthal effect
a self-fulfilling prophecy
44
Which is true about the ordinal scale?
provides relative placement or standing
all of the above
indicates equal differences between points on the scale
delineates absolute differences
45
a t-score of 60 is the same as
There is not enough info to answer this question
the average
a z-score of +1.0
a standard deviation of .6
46
The lower the significance (confidence)level a researcher sets for results,
the greater the chance of a Type I error
the greater the chance of a Type II , or beta error
it makes no difference in an alpha or beta error
the harder it is to conduct the research
47
To calculate the inclusive range you would
subtract the lowest number from the highest number and add 1.
subtract the lowest number from the highest number.
either way because inclusive range is no different than exclusive range
48
When P, or the level of significance, is set at .05 it means
results would occur via chance as little as 5 times in 1000
results would occur via chance only 5 times in 100
there is a 95% chance the results reflect reality and not a mistake
both red and blue
49
You observe the success of CBT on many clients with depression and conclude CBT is effective treatment for depression.
This is an example of inductive logic or reasoning
You shouldn't be doing research on your own clients.
This is an example of deductive logic or reasoning
This is depressing
50
(see below)
a Type II error
a waste of time
a null hypothesis
a Type I error
51
A _____ design seeks to find a relationship between an IV and a DV some time after the action or event has occurred.
correlational
a cohort study
causal-comparitive
experimental
52
When the comparison group lowers their performance because they resent being denied the experimental treatment
it is called "compensatory equalization".
Both red and blue are correct.
it is called "resentful demoralization of the comparison group".
it is called the sore loser effect.
53
Statistically, to compare a control group to the experimental group, the researcher will need
a correlation coefficient
percentile rank
a test of significance, like a t test
only descriptive statistics like mean, median & mode
54
The chi-square test is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between
the median and the mean
an obtained distribution and an expected distribution
the mode and the mean
the median and the mode
55
To do a true experiment, the researcher needs
to manipulate both the IV and the DV
at least 100 subjects
an experimental group and a control group
all of the above
56
A two-tailed t test
is often called a nondirectional experimental hypothesis
Neither of the answers are true
has less predictive power than the one-tailed t test
red and blue are both true
57
What is the order of complexity of measurement scales from simplest to most complex?
Nominal, ratio, interval, ordinal
Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
ratio, interval, ordinal, nominal
Interval, ratio, nominal, ordinal
58
Type I and Type II errors are called ______ and ______ respectively.
What do you think I am, stupid?
alpha; beta
.01 and .05
beta; alpha
59
If you cannot randomly assign subjects to both experimental and control groups, the research is considered
lame
qualitative
a quasi-experiment
a pilot study
60
Which illustrates the function of the nominal scale?
The race of various clients
The score on the Beck's Depression inventory
A child's body temperature
A grade received on a test
61
When the choice of answers to a survey question are strongly agree, agree, disagree, & strongly disagree it is called a
a deductive measure
a projective measure
Likert scale
Solomon test
62
On most IQ tests, the mean is ____ and the SD is _____.
100; 15
100; 10
1000; 50
50; 10
63
______ attempts to ascertain how well a goal has been met. _______ is ongoing while the program/treatment is underway.
Summative evaluation; Formative evaluation
Ipsative evaluation; normative evaluation
None of the above
Longitudinal research; Cross-sectional research
64
Which is true about sampling error?
It can only be avoided with simple random sampling.
It is more likely to occur with large samples
It means that the sample does not adequately mimic the population.
All of the above
65
A true experiment in which the groups are not randomly assigned is called
correlational research
a double blind study
qualitative research
a causal comparative design
66
That test of significance (like a t or a z) refers to how confident we are that the ________ did not occur by chance.
differences between experimental and control group, as a result of the IV
relevance of the results
effect of the DV
randomization of the sample
67
Counterbalancing means
the romantic tension that can occur between subject and experimenter
the same as multiple treatment interference
a research design in which past and current stimuli are considered
switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study
68
Joe takes an achievement test. In order to predict his score if he takes it again, you would need to know
the standard deviation
the range of scores in his class
the standard error of measurement (SEM)
the mode for the test
69
The mean of the Binet IQ test is
50
100
5
500
70
The average score is 200. SD is 25. Therefore, a score of 230 is
+ or - 2 SD of the mean
close enough to be considered the mean
too far away to fall on the normal distribution curve
+ or - 1 SD of the mean
71
In a ______ the subjects are matched in regard to any variable that could be "correlated" with the DV.
independent groups design
Mann-Whitney U test, often just called the U test.
deductive logic design
matched design
72
A Type I error occurs when
you accept null when it is false
you fail to use a test of significance
you reject null when it is true
you have a beta error
73
A Type II error
both red and yellow
means you accept the null hypothesis when it is false
is also called a beta error
means you reject the null hypothesis when it is true
74
A z-score of 2.5 means
all of the above
the same as a t-score of 75
2.5 SD above the mean
the same as a CEEB score of 750
75
Statistical regression toward the mean
Both a and b are true
is a problem for internal validity
indicates that extreme scores will get more average if tested again.
Neither a nor b
76
What is the benefit of standards scores (percentiles, t-scores, stanines, etc.) over raw scores?
They allow you to analyze data in relation to the bell curve.
There is no benefit. Raw scores are more useful.
They allow you to analyze greater amounts of data
They allow you to analyze data for which you cannot obtain a raw score.
77
Occam's razor suggests that experimenters interpret the results
in the most complex manner
in the simplest manner
using a correlation coefficient
using a clinical interview
78
When using standard deviation, about ____ of the cases will be within 1 SD of the mean.
95%
100%
68%
99%
79
A hypothesis is an educated guess that can be tested. Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of
Karissa Kephart
R.A. Fisher
Sigmund Freud
Robert Hoppock
80
Any bit of knowledge that the subject in an experiment is aware of that can influence their behavior is called a ______
demand characteristic, and can confound an experiment.
demand characteristic and deception has been used to mitigate it.
both red and blue.
spurious effect.
81
A z-score is
the square root of the variance.
the standard deviation (SD)
all of the above
a standard score

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