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Unit 5 - Cognitive Psychology
Unit 5 - Cognitive Psychology
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1
What is another name for a construct?
Schema
Bobo
Package
Memory
2
What kind of test is the AP exam?
Valid
Aggregate
Achievement
Aptitude
3
What kind of processing do you do when you study - working and paying attention?
Deliberate
Meaningful
Redundant
Effortful
4
No screwdriver? Can't fix it. You don't think to use a butter knife instead.
Functional fixedness
Belief bias
Confirmation bias
Framing
5
In the Multi-Store Model, how does information get transferred to long-term storage?
Elaborative rehearsal
Attention
Maintenance rehearsal
Retrival
6
Even though disproven, some people do not vaccinate b/c they fear it causes autism. What is this?
Belief perseverance
Confirmation bias
Functional fixedness
Representativeness heuristic
7
The five components of creativity include which of the following?
Being a strict rule-follower
Having a venturesome personality
Being a stickler for details
Being a loner
8
Which one below is NOT one of Sternberg's three intelligences?
Creative
Mathematical
Practical
Analytical
9
Brain scans of those with higher intelligence show
Less energy required to solve problems than average people
Smaller frontal lobes than average people
Greater fluid intelligence than average people
More gray matter than average people
10
A student may not study much for a test because of this barrier
Affect heuristic
Framing effect
Overconfidence effect
Availability heuristic
11
Storage duration of 15-30 seconds is true for which type of memory?
Sensory and short-term memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
Sensory memory
12
The long-term memory model focuses on the idea of episodic memory. This includes
Time and spatial referencing
Sensory store
Schemas
Visual imagery
13
"1 is a bun, 2 is a shoe" is a ______ device called a ______ system
Priming; semantic encoding
Mnemonic; peg-word
Semantic; chunking
Working memory; spacing effect
14
If something is reliable, we can
Have a procedure that is easy to follow
Find good data
Replicate to get the same or similar results
Replicate exactly
15
Fixed set of rules that will lead to a solution
Heuristic
Subgoals
Trial and error
Algorithm
16
When solving a math problem in your head, you hold information here while you calculate
Iconic memory
Working memory
Rehearsal memory
Conscious memory
17
The finding that women scored higher on math tests when no males were present supports the idea of
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Physical attraction
Stereotype threat
Gender bias
18
People with an extreme ability combined with autism or other CNS problems have
The g factor
Heritability
A mental disability
Savant syndrome
19
The tendency to approach a problem in a certain way, esp. one that worked in the past
Algorithm
Heuristics
Prototype
Mental set
20
You are asked to spell "shop" then asked "What do you do at a green light." Most people answer "stop." What is this?
Working retrieval
Priming
Chunking
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
21
What is Whorf's theory that differences in language cause differences in perception/thinking?
Displacement hypothesis
Linguistic shift
Linguistic determinism
Perceptual change theory
22
Being able to respond appropriately when interacting with others suggests
Emotional intelligence
Creative intelligence
Street smarts
Multiple intelligences
23
The Multi-Store Memory Model consists of
Sensual store, short-term memory, long-term memory
Sensory store, schemas, long-term memory
Sensory store, short-term memory, long-term memory
Episodic buffer, sensory store, long-term memory
24
What part of the brain is important for new, explicit memories?
Cerebellum
Basal ganglia
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
25
Why do we recall more sad events when we are sad?
Iconic memory
Mood-congruent memory
Flashbulb memory
Melancholic memory
26
Essay tests measure ____ and multiple choice tests measure ___.
Long-term memory; short-term memory
Retrieval; encoding
Recall; recognition
Recongition; recall
27
Who believed the g factor describes general, overall intelligence?
Simon
Sternberg
Terman
Spearman
28
According to the self-reference effect, we remember information when
The information holds personal meaning
We saw the event first-hand
Someone told us the information directly
We have been directly accused of something
29
Tulving looked at three types of long-term memory. They were
Semantic, episodic, procedural
Schema, experience, psychological
Sensory, evaluative, productive
There were more than three types
30
Because the WAIS and WISC are standardized, 68% of IQ scores are between
95 to 105
90 to 110
85 to 120
85 to 115
31
The serial position effect describes our tendency to
Remember first and last items of a list best
Remember first items of a list more than last items
Remember things when in numerical order
Remember what we had for breakfast
32
What is memory?
An organism's ability to record, rehearse, and recall information
Information stored in the mind
Information you know
An organism's ability to store, retain, and recall information
33
Which is a strength OR weakness associated with the cognitive approach?
Uses the scientific method
No individual differences
Takes a reductionistic approach
The mind is essential to understanding psychology
34
We can remember how to do something but can't consciously explain it. What type of memory is this?
Explicit
Episodic
Implicit
Declarative
35
Howard Gardner believes intelligence should be defined
As a measure of emotion
Within the context of a particular culture
In terms of multiple factors
With a triarchic factor
36
By the time infants are 10 months old,
Their babbling is universal across all cultures
They are putting two words together
They can speak full sentences
Their babbling reflects the features of the home language
37
Mary was out of coffee filters but didn't think to use a paper towel. This is an example of
Availability heuristic
Algorithm
Framing
Functional fixedness
38
Learning something new makes recall of previously learned info more difficult. This is an example of
Misinformation effect
Retroactive interference
Proactive interference
Persistence
39
Politicians labeled a military action as a "pre-emptive strike" and not an "invasion." Why?
Reverse psychology
Framing
Confirmation bias
Lying
40
Human communication differs from animal communication in our use of
Phonemes
Syntax
Vocal sounds
Morphemes
41
When memories conflict due to a lack of information, it is known as a(n)
False memory
Lack of knowledge
Thought obstruction
Interference
42
Choose ALL of the correct assumptions about cognitive psychology
Thoughts influence behavior
Internal mental processes can't be scientifically studied
Humans are emotional processors
The mind operates in a similar way to a computer
43
A store highly marks its prices up and then offers items at a 75% discount because of
Framing effect
Irrelevant information
Mental set
Availability heuristic
44
What is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning?
Babble
Telegraphic speech
Phoneme
Morpheme
45
As we age, what tends to increase?
Convergent thinking
Divergent thinking
Fluid intelligence
Crystallized intelligence
46
What will determine whether you take the WAIS or the WISC?
Your primary language
Your age
The training of the administrator
Your reading ability
47
People may be more afraid of shark attacks than car accidents because of
Emotional algorithms
Availability heuristic
Irrational emotions
Justification effort
48
Which of the following is NOT helpful when encoding new information?
Self-reference effect
Distributed practice
Massed practice
Semantic encoding
49
When people only look for evidence that supports their pre-existing viewpoint
Cognitive bias
Functional fixedness
Confirmation bias
Hindsight bias
50
What is meant by the word "encoding"?
How much space there is for information within storage
Changing information into the form in which it is stored
REtriving a memory from long-term storage
How long the memory lasts without rehearsal
51
When we believe we are less likely to succumb to bias than others will
Hindsight bias
Fairness bias
Blind spot bias
Overconfidence bias
52
Police want to use a hypnotist to help a victim recall repressed memories. What do you tell them?
Recovered memories under hypnosis are unreliable
They should also use a truth serum
The victim may be too emotional to remember
Use a highly-trained hypnotist
53
What is the formula for IQ?
Mental age/chronological age x 100
Chronological age/mental age x 100
Chronological age x mental age/100
54
What are the changes in our nervous system that enhance memory storage?
Automatic processing
Next-in-line efect
Long-term potentiation
Dendrite growth
55
What did Lewis Terman create?
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
Wechsler Intelligence Scale
Binet Intelligence Test
Alpha-Beta Test of Intelligence
56
This model of memory describes different systems of conscious processing
Information Processing Theory
Forgetting Theory
Multi-Store Model of Memory
Working Memory Model
57
These researchers gave evidence that our memory can be influenced by leading questions
Yuille and Cutshall
Loftus and Palmer
Strack and Mussweiler
Tversky and Kahneman
58
Which of the following is not a type of behavior studied by cognitive psychologists?
Attention
Social interaction with others
Language use
Problem-solving
59
"Average" example of a concept
Mental set
Prototype
Schema
Mental images
60
Cognitive psychologists believe activity in the brain is similar to the operation of what?
Calculator
Computer
Mobile phone
Hairdryer
61
Chomsky believes our capacity for language is natural and quick because of
A language acquisition device
Sequential developmental stages
Language being entirely inborn
Behavioral conditioning
62
The examination of the patient HM led to an understanding of which two types of memory?
Non-disclosure memory
Non-declarative memory
Declarative memory
Disclosure memory
63
What is making information meaningful so that we can store it in memory?
Flashbulb
Sensory memory
Encoding
Construction
64
A vivid and highly-detailed memory of a shocking event is called a(n)
Iconic memory
Semantic memory
Flashbulb memory
Lightbulb memory
65
What is the capacity for short-term memory?
A minute
13 items
5-9 items
The way it is processed
66
Why do creative people have a desire to come up with new ideas?
They are getting paid for it
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
They are being pressured to perform
67
Thinking without language
Is not possible
Occurs more often in cultures without language
Is only found in animals
Can improve our performance on the basketball court
68
Gambling is perpetuated partly b/c we easily remember when we won. This is an example of
False memory
Source amnesia
Prototypes
Availability heuristic
69
The Multi-Store Model of memory is GOOD because
It's clear and simple
It's ecologically invalid b/c of lab experiments
It's supported by Milgram (1961)
It's supported by Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)
70
Which of the following is not traditionally studied by cognitive psychologists?
Genetics
Intelligence
Memory
Problem solving
71
Which of the following is positively correlated with intelligence?
Foreign language knowledge
Reading speed
Age
Brain size
72
What does deep processing involve?
Visual encoding
Semantic encoding
Acoustic encoding
Iconic encoding
73
The best way to find information stored in memory is to use
Iconic memory
Explicit memory
Retrieval cues
Auditory processing
74
Not remembering all the details of a common penny is an example of ____ failure
Encoding
Recall
State-dependent memory
Misinformation
75
Who was the designer of the most widely used intelligence test today?
Sternberg
Wechsler
Binet
Terman
76
This model of memory has different levels that hold information for different amounts of time
Forgetting Theory
Information Processing Theory
Multi-Store Model of Memory
Working Memory Model
77
Forgetting in the storage of long-term memories is due to
Decay through displacement
Decay
Forgetting rarely occurs
Decay and interference
78
When a measurement yields the same results each time it is used, it has a high
Standardization
Reliability
Validity
Correlation
79
What is the best way to study for a test?
Spread the studying across many days
The night before the test, so it is fresh in your mind
Auditory record the info and replay it in your sleep
Rehearse repeatedly the night before
80
As adopted children grow up, their intelligence
Is much more like their adopted siblings
Is much more like their adoptive parents
Varies according to their environment
Is much more like their biological parents
