Conceptual models differ from formal theories in that they…

Provide broader, less formal structures for thinking

In qualitative studies, theory can...

Emerge from participant narratives

One advantage of mixed-methods research is…

Gaining both depth and breadth in data

In unstructured observation, the researcher…

Documents anything deemed relevant as it happens

Effect size helps researchers determine…

The practical magnitude of differences or relationships

Composite scales are useful because they…

Measure multiple related items for a single concept

Ethnography aims to understand

The symbolic meanings and norms of a culture

A hallmark of quasi-experimental research is…

Some manipulation but lacking random assignment

Maximum variation sampling aims for…

A broad range of diverse experiences

An exploratory sequential design typically…

Collects qualitative data first, then quantitative

What is most important when choosing a study design?

Ensuring the design addresses the research question

Quality appraisal in a systematic review is critical because...

It helps decide whether to include or weight certain studies

Peer debriefing in qualitative studies is when…

Colleagues review the analysis to challenge interpretations

If a causal relationship is present, we expect that…

The effect consistently follows the cause

Cross-sectional studies are preferred when…

Investigating the immediate prevalence of a variable

Informed consent ensures participants...

Understand risks, benefits, and can withdraw freely

During a meta-analysis, researchers...

Statistically combine results from multiple studies

A coding scheme helps researchers...

Identify and categorize emerging themes

When is data saturation typically reached?

When no new themes emerge from additional interviews

A descriptive qualitative research design is often chosen when…

The aim is a rich, straightforward account of a phenomenon

In which scenario is snowball sampling appropriate?

Studying hidden or hard-to-reach populations

Clinical practice guidelines are often based on…

Rigorous syntheses of research evidence

Before applying findings to practice, nurses should consider…

Whether the study's setting/population matches theirs

In the Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle, the “Study” phase focuses on…

Analyzing data to see if the plan worked

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4314 Research Review

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Questions 35

Answers

1
Conceptual models differ from formal theories in that they…
Provide broader, less formal structures for thinking
Are usually tested in RCTs
Are created by humans
Tend to have precise predictive power
2
In qualitative studies, theory can...
Emerge from participant narratives
Eliminate the need for a literature review
Serve as a lens to generate hypotheses
Guide the selection of appropriate research instruments
3
One advantage of mixed-methods research is…
Focusing primarily on the statistics
Eliminating ethical reviews
Reducing the need for interpretation
Gaining both depth and breadth in data
4
Dependability parallels what quantitative concept?
Significance
Validity
Reliability
Probability
5
Which sampling method gives everyone an equal chance of being included?
Snowball
Quota
Convenience
Probability
6
In unstructured observation, the researcher…
Uses a formal checklist with pre-labeled behaviors
Documents anything deemed relevant as it happens
Conducts reflective journaling while observing participants
Focuses on documenting behaviors that occur at a specific time
7
Expert review of test items helps ensure…
Content validity
Interrater reliability
Face validity
Criterion validity
8
Effect size helps researchers determine…
The practical magnitude of differences or relationships
The total cost-effectiveness of an intervention
The sample size needed
Whether findings are due to chance
9
Composite scales are useful because they…
Measure multiple related items for a single concept
Rely solely on observational data
Consist only of open-ended questions
Avoid the use of Likert-type scales
10
In cluster sampling, participants are selected by
Asking participants to recruit peers
Non-random methods
Randomly selecting individuals from each stratum
Entire groups or units at once
11
Ethnography aims to understand
Statistical patterns in big data
One person's unique life story
The social processes underlying phenomena
The symbolic meanings and norms of a culture
12
A hallmark of quasi-experimental research is…
Full randomization
No manipulation of variables
Only retrospective data
Some manipulation but lacking random assignment
13
Grounded theory typically uses…
Constant comparative analysis
Pre-set categories to code data
Studying cultural behaviors and interactions
Interviews to understand participants' lived experiences
14
Maximum variation sampling aims for…
Capturing only typical participants
A broad range of diverse experiences
A homogenous group
Testing a single case in depth
15
Free-text diary entries from participants represent...
Numeric data
Unstructured self-report data
A systematic observation
A standardized scale approach
16
An exploratory sequential design typically…
Collects qualitative data first, then quantitative
Collects quantitative data first, then qualitative for deeper insight
Uses observation only
Collects all data concurrently
17
What is most important when choosing a study design?
Collecting data that pertains to your clinical expertise
Ensuring the design addresses the research question
Including as many hypotheses as possible
Selecting data analysis software
18
Quality appraisal in a systematic review is critical because...
It helps check for the comparability of measures and outcomes
It replaces the need for data extraction
It helps decide whether to include or weight certain studies
It increases the sample size
19
Peer debriefing in qualitative studies is when…
Colleagues review the analysis to challenge interpretations
The study is repeated in a new context
Researchers interview participants in pairs
The same participants are re-interviewed
20
Statistical significance suggests…
The results are due to chance
Clinical importance is guaranteed
The effect is unlikely random
No practical relevance
21
Recording behavior in real time at fixed intervals is known as…
Archival tracking
Event sampling
Time sampling
Field journaling
22
If a causal relationship is present, we expect that…
The variables are weakly related
The effect never varies across individuals
The cause occurs after the outcome
The effect consistently follows the cause
23
If a study uses an instrument that poorly measures the concept, this threatens…
External validity
Statistical conclusion validity
Construct validity
Internal validity
24
Cross-sectional studies are preferred when…
Investigating cause-effect relationships
Minimizing sampling error entirely
Tracking the same sample across decades
Investigating the immediate prevalence of a variable
25
Informed consent ensures participants...
Understand risks, benefits, and can withdraw freely
Waive confidentiality if anonymity cannot be guaranteed
Are appropriately compensated for their time
Have no right to ask questions
26
During a meta-analysis, researchers...
Summarize findings in only a narrative format
Statistically combine results from multiple studies
Avoid measuring effect sizes
Only consider one study at a time
27
A coding scheme helps researchers...
Collect quantitative data efficiently
Identify and categorize emerging themes
Hide participant information
Randomly assign participants to groups
28
Which tradition explores the meaning of lived experiences?
Ethnography
Grounded theory
Phenomenology
Case studies
29
When is data saturation typically reached?
When the interviewer becomes skilled at getting rich info in interviews
When no new themes emerge from additional interviews
Based on the IRB-mandated participant quotas
After 15-30 participants are interviewed
30
A descriptive qualitative research design is often chosen when…
The aim is a rich, straightforward account of a phenomenon
An in-depth analysis of a single individual is needed
The researcher wants to test a specific hypothesis
Triangulating multiple theories
31
In which scenario is snowball sampling appropriate?
Ensuring sample stratification
Studying hidden or hard-to-reach populations
Minimizing sample size
When a purely random sample is needed
32
Clinical practice guidelines are often based on…
Pilot data from clinical trials
Rigorous syntheses of research evidence
Personal preferences of expert clinicians
Large disciplinary panel meetings at scientific conferences
33
Before applying findings to practice, nurses should consider…
Whether generalizability was proven in the research
The universal truth of the hypothesis
Whether the study's setting/population matches theirs
The ratio of cost to benefit
34
Which group is most commonly considered vulnerable in terms of research?
Volunteer nurses
Healthy college students
Prison inmates
Online forum users
35
In the Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle, the “Study” phase focuses on…
Setting up a control group
Analyzing data to see if the plan worked
Generating a new hypothesis
Implementation of changes

4314 Research Review Flashcards | StudBud