How does the DSM-5 differ from earlier versions in approach?

Uses symptom clusters and evidence-based criteria

What is the cognitive model of pathology?

Attributes mental disorders to distorted thinking and irrational beliefs

Sequential design improves on other methods by:

Combining longitudinal and cross-sectional advantages

What historical change was made in DSM-II in 1973?

Homosexuality was removed as a disorder

The concept of “scaffolding” is most closely tied to:

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

Why is effect size important?

Tells how meaningful the result is

What is a major critique of p-values?

Easily misused to fake significance

What is a modern view on norm and pathology?

Emphasizes context, functionality, and ind. meaning over rigid categories

What is a criticism of the medical model?

It can be reductionist and may neglect psychosocial factors

What is the function of inferential statistics?

Generalize from samples to populations

What does 'norm' mean in psychology?

What is expected, or statistically common in behavior or mental functioning

What is the goal of experimental research?

Prove cause-effect by controlling variables

Which symptom cluster is emphasized in DSM diagnosis?

Observable criteria and symptom patterns

What are common tools for data collection?

Surveys, observation, experiments, biometrics

Why is the biopsychosocial model dominant today?

It integrates multiple levels of explanation for better treatment

What is the medical model of pathology?

See m. disorder as illness with biol. cause; focuse on diagnos and treat.

What is the main purpose of statistics in psychology?

Analyze data and test hypotheses

Why use nonparametric tests?

Data doesn’t meet normality assumptions

What is the first step in psychological research?

Creating a question or hypothesis

The biopsychosocial model emphasizes:

Integration of biological, psychological, and social factors

What is reliability in research?

The consistency of a measurement over time or across observers

What are ethical concerns in diagnosing pathology?

is pathology is inherently bad, who defines normality, etc

What is the main difference between quantitative and qualitative data types?

. Quantitative uses numerical data; qualitative uses textual/verbal data

What are the three types of normality?

Descriptive, Prescriptive, Functional

Naturalistic observation is best used when studying:

Children's real behavior in classrooms

What is the aim of correlational research?

Study variable links without control

Insecure attachment can lead to:

Anxiety and difficulty in later relationships

Which concept does the sociocultural model most emphasize?

Environmental and systemic influences on mental health

How do Erikson and Piaget differ?

B. Piaget focused on thinking; Erikson on emotional-social conflict

Why is choosing a research design important?

Matches method to research question

DSM-5 and ICD-11 both aim to:

Ensure diagnostic consistency and reliability

Longitudinal designs track:

The same participants over time

One strength and weakness of descriptive research?

Rich detail, low control and generalizability

What is psychological research methodology?

Systematic study of behavior using scientific methods

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Questions 139

Answers

1
Limitation of correlational research?
Too many subjects
Takes too long
Too complex
Can't prove cause-effect
2
Which theorist emphasized that identity formation continues through adulthood?
Piaget
Ainsworth
Erikson
Vygotsky
3
What is Erikson’s developmental conflict in adolescence?
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Trust vs. Mistrust
4
How does the DSM-5 differ from earlier versions in approach?
Eliminates medical terms
Uses symptom clusters and evidence-based criteria
Classifies disorders by cause
Focuses on dreams and repression
5
Which explanatory model focuses on poverty, trauma, and social inequality?
Humanistic
Biological
Sociocultural
Behavioral
6
What is the cognitive model of pathology?
Considers planetary movement
Based on dream interpretation
A. Views mental disorders as emotional blockages
Attributes mental disorders to distorted thinking and irrational beliefs
7
Sequential design improves on other methods by:
Tracking only infants
Avoiding ethical review
Focusing only on one cohort
Combining longitudinal and cross-sectional advantages
8
What historical change was made in DSM-II in 1973?
Disorders were ranked by severity
PTSD was introduced
Psychosis was removed
Homosexuality was removed as a disorder
9
The concept of “scaffolding” is most closely tied to:
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
Piaget’s schemas
Erikson’s crises
Bowlby’s attachment stages
10
What kind of statistic is variance?
t-score
Measure of shape
Measure of spread
Correlation
11
Why is effect size important?
Tells how meaningful the result is
Increases sample
Replaces p-value
Measures central tendency
12
What is a major critique of p-values?
No practical value
Easily misused to fake significance
No link to effect
Always 0.05
13
What is a modern view on norm and pathology?
Disregards individual experience
Relies only on past definitions
Emphasizes context, functionality, and ind. meaning over rigid categories
A. Fixed, universal definitions must be used
14
What is a criticism of the medical model?
It’s based on outdated religious theory
It emphasizes environmental issues
It can be reductionist and may neglect psychosocial factors
It uses only subjective measures
15
Which tool helps visualize data?
A. Histogram or scatterplot
Ethics form
Literature review
16
What is the function of inferential statistics?
Plot scores
Describe trends
Generalize from samples to populations
Sort participants
17
Which of the following is a real-world application of Erikson’s theory?
Designing language apps
Motor training in infants
Structuring adolescent therapy
Reflex assessment
18
What does 'norm' mean in psychology?
A. A law passed by psychologists
What is expected, or statistically common in behavior or mental functioning
A moral code shared by a family
An educational curriculum
19
What is the goal of experimental research?
Prove cause-effect by controlling variables
Offer therapy
Collect life stories
Observe people doing nothing
20
Which symptom cluster is emphasized in DSM diagnosis?
Projective test results
Observable criteria and symptom patterns
Neuroimaging results
Dream content
21
What are common tools for data collection?
Art supplies
Surveys, observation, experiments, biometrics
Astrological charts
22
Why is the biopsychosocial model dominant today?
It’s endorsed only in the U.S.
It avoids using medication
It integrates multiple levels of explanation for better treatment
It’s the most recent model
23
What is the medical model of pathology?
Treats behavior as learned through culture
See m. disorder as illness with biol. cause; focuse on diagnos and treat.
A. An approach using spiritual healing
Based on group counseling only
24
Vygotsky emphasized that learning is driven by:
Logical stages
Reflexes
Cognitive schemas
Social interaction and culture
25
Which model explains PTSD through both brain changes and learning?
RDoC
Sociocultural
Biopsychosocial
Humanistic
26
What is the main purpose of statistics in psychology?
Writing fiction
Drawing cartoons
Analyze data and test hypotheses
27
Why use nonparametric tests?
Data doesn’t meet normality assumptions
Faster processing
Easier graphs
For large samples
28
Which disorder is best understood using classical conditioning and trauma triggers?
Antisocial personality beh
OCD
Bipolar I
PTSD
29
What is the first step in psychological research?
Creating a question or hypothesis
Publishing results
Making a participant pool
Designing ads
30
The biopsychosocial model emphasizes:
Genetic determinism
Social causes only
Psychoanalysis
Integration of biological, psychological, and social factors
31
What is reliability in research?
The length of surveys
The consistency of a measurement over time or across observers
How often the same participant is used
The cost of testing
32
What are ethical concerns in diagnosing pathology?
is pathology is inherently bad, who defines normality, etc
Ethical concerns are rare in this field
All diagnoses must include medication
Focused only on insurance companies
33
What is the main difference between quantitative and qualitative data types?
Quantitative is always less accurate
. Quantitative uses numerical data; qualitative uses textual/verbal data
Qualitative uses email
Quantitative uses audio files
34
What are the three types of normality?
Private, Public, and Online
Emotional, Physical, and Behavioral
Conscious, Subconscious, and Unconscious
Descriptive, Prescriptive, Functional
35
Naturalistic observation is best used when studying:
Children's real behavior in classrooms
Hormonal changes
Schema activation
Memory under stress
36
ANOVA is used when:
Comparing 3 or more groups
You only have one score
Studying only correlations
Testing a single person
37
What is statistical reliability?
Validity measure
Consistency of a measure
Effect strength
Accuracy of data
38
What is the aim of correlational research?
Watch one person
Prove causation
Test medicine
Study variable links without control
39
Insecure attachment can lead to:
High cognitive performance
Enhanced moral reasoning
Anxiety and difficulty in later relationships
Improved verbal skills
40
Which concept does the sociocultural model most emphasize?
Ego and superego conflict
Personal growth
Environmental and systemic influences on mental health
Brain structure
41
How do Erikson and Piaget differ?
B. Piaget focused on thinking; Erikson on emotional-social conflict
Piaget rejected development theory
Erikson ignored stages
A. Piaget is social, Erikson is cognitive
42
Egocentrism is typical of which Piagetian stage?
Formal operational
Concrete operational
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
43
Which type of stats describes a dataset’s features?
Normative
Descriptive
Inferential
44
Which model would most likely attribute anxiety to hyperactive amygdala activity?
Humanistic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Biological
45
Why is choosing a research design important?
For participant comfort
Matches method to research question
To impress editors
Affects study time
46
Which theory sees development as shaped by social tools like language?
Piaget
Vygotsky
Erikson
Bowlby
47
DSM-5 and ICD-11 both aim to:
Promote psychoanalytic therapy
Rate disorder severity on a 10-point scale
Ensure diagnostic consistency and reliability
Identify malingering
48
Which Erikson stage applies to late adulthood?
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Integrity vs. Despair
Autonomy vs. Shame
49
Longitudinal designs track:
Multiple age groups for 1 day
Parenting styles
Cultural differences
The same participants over time
50
One strength and weakness of descriptive research?
Always fast
Full outcome control
Rich detail, low control and generalizability
No ethics needed
51
What is psychological research methodology?
Systematic study of behavior using scientific methods
Collecting client quotes
Daily diary writing
Creating therapy schedules
52
Which theory claims that OCD involves learned rituals and brain overactivity?
Biopsychosocial
Humanistic
Sociocultural
Psychodynamic
53
DSM-I was heavily influenced by which perspective?
Cognitive science
Neuroimaging
Cultural anthropology
Psychoanalytic theory
54
What was Kraepelin’s major contribution to psychopathology?
Development of cognitive therapy
Study of childhood trauma
Early classification of mental illnesses based on symptoms
Invention of projective tests
55
In child development ethics, informed consent must be obtained from:
The child only
The researcher
The school psychologist
The guardian (and assent from child)
56
Piaget believed children construct knowledge through:
Passive memory
Social pressure
Conditioning
Active exploration and interaction with their environment
57
30. Which theory claims that **learning leads development, not the reverse?**
Piaget
Vygotsky
Erikson
Bowlby
58
In Erikson’s theory, failure to form close bonds in young adulthood leads to:
Guilt
Isolation
Role confusion
Inferiority
59
What are quasi-experimental designs?
No structure
Fake experiments
Experiments with art
Studies with no full randomization
60
Which model sees mental illness as a breakdown in congruence between self and experience?
Behavioral
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Biological
61
Which test compares 2 group means?
. Chi-square
t-test
ANOVA
Regression
62
Who promoted the “moral treatment” movement in the 18th century?
Beck and Ellis
Freud and Jung
. Skinner and Watson
Pinel and Tuke
63
What is 'p-hacking'?
Peer-review bias
Manipulating analysis to find significance
Missing data points
Coding error
64
What is the ICD-11?
A manual for diagnosing allergies
A U.S.-only educational text
A list of common injuries
The International Classification of Diseases by WHO, used globally
65
Piaget’s stage with object permanence is:
Formal operational
Concrete operational
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
66
How is analysis conducted in each method?
Both rely on emotion
Quantitative ignores data
Qualitative uses coins, quantitative uses games
Quantitative use statistics; qualitative use thematic or narrative analysis
67
What is a downside of longitudinal research?
A. Quick but shallow data
C. Only for children
D. Unethical for infants
Time-consuming and participant drop-out
68
Why report research findings?
Share results ethically and clearly
Publish in tabloids
For a raise
Get acting jobs
69
What does operationalizing variables mean?
Grouping similar emotions
Making variables measurable and testable
Giving them names
Hiding variable names
70
What are functional norms?
Based on clothing and presentation
Based on one's ability to perform daily tasks and adapt to the environment
What most people prefer to do in groups
Moral beliefs of doctors
71
What does drawing conclusions involve?
Copying old studies
Interpreting results and testing hypothesis
Drawing findings
Ending research early
72
Regression tells us:
How one variable predicts another
Correlation direction
Participant emotion
Mean difference
73
What is the DSM-5?
A. A U.S. manual for classifying mental disorders
A database of neurological scans
A political directory
A list of cognitive terms
74
What are cultural norms?
Standards of behavior that are typical within a specific culture
Traditions enforced by governments
Biological instincts
Universal legal rules
75
Why is pre-registration important?
Shortens review time
Increases transparency and reduces bias
Avoids peer review
Replaces sample
76
Cross-sectional designs measure:
Different age groups at one point in time
The same group repeatedly
Longitudinal brain change
Neuroplasticity
77
What is the aim of quantitative vs. qualitative research?
Quantitative tests hypotheses; qualitative explores meanings and depth
Quantitative is better
Both measure personality scores
Qualitative makes people emotional
78
Why is subjectivity a challenge in diagnosis?
D. Diagnoses require group therapy
Diagnosis relies on clinician interpretation, which can vary
Patients lie too often
Clinicians must guess based on handwriting
79
What best describes the relationship between theory and statistics?
Stats test whether theories match observed data
Stats create theory
B. Theory replaces data
80
What is the humanistic model?
Focuses on obedience to authority
Rejects all emotions
Emphasizes personal growth, self-actual; pathology occurs when it’s blocked
Encourages conflict in therapy
81
Standard deviation shows:
Score spread around mean
Central score
Percentage
Confidence
82
What defines experimental research?
Using family members
Guesswork
Use of crystals
Control group and random assignment
83
What does ICD-11 include that DSM-5 does not?
Projective assessments
Both mental and physical disorders
Psychoanalytic classifications
Neurological diagnostic tools
84
What are statistical norms?
Definitions of normality based on average scores or behaviors, such as IQ
Trends in economic reports
Weather behavior patterns
Based on religious guidelines
85
What is the normal distribution shaped like?
Triangle
Square
Flat line
Bell curve
86
What does developmental psychology study?
How people change and stay the same across the life span
Neurological disease in aging
Personality disorders
Only childhood development
87
Which model explains schizophrenia by dopamine dysregulation?
Sociocultural
Biological
Humanistic
Psychodynamic
88
What does effect size show?
Graph size
Mean differences
Reliability
Strength of a result
89
Which of the following is not a characteristic of modern lifespan development?
Plastic
Multidimensional
Fixed and non-contextual
Lifelong
90
In psychology, statistical misuse includes:
Ignoring all effects
Publishing raw data
Guessing mean
Overreliance on significance only
91
What is the psychodynamic model?
Explain abnormal behavior as arising from unconscious conflicts (childhood)
Based on food preferences
Focuses only on memory loss
Explains all behavior through social learning
92
What is a confidence interval?
SD of mode
Range of likely population values
The average score
Chart of emotions
93
When is qualitative research most useful?
During exploratory phases and in understanding complex phenomena
When doing sports training
For drawing graphs
When confirming known theories
94
What is comorbidity?
A myth in mental health
The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in the same individual
Two people sharing the same diagnosis
A form of personality disorder
95
What are the 4 D's of abnormality?
Distance, Danger, Despair, and Desire
Dreaming, Disorder, Direction, and Doubt
Diet, Defense, Depression, and Drama
Deviance, Dysfunction, Distress, and Danger
96
A study reports p = .001. This means:
No significance
Failed test
There’s strong evidence against null hypothesis
High mean
97
Chi-square test is used for:
IQ scores
Categorical frequencies
Skewness
Reaction time
98
What is the biopsychosocial model?
A. Combines religion, politics, and nutrition
An integrative model that consider biological, psycholog, and social factor
A theory of chemical imbalance
Explains everything through hormones
99
Why is data analysis essential?
Gives rewards
Makes reports longer
Tests hypotheses using statistics
Adds images
100
Which research method would best show how identity evolves over decades?
Observation
Longitudinal
Cross-sectional
Neuroimaging
101
The diagnosis of PTSD entered psychiatric manuals primarily after:
The Cold War
The Holocaust
WWI
The Vietnam War
102
What are the risks of stigma in diagnosis?
Patients get more medical support
Labels may lead to social rejection or self-stigmatization
People become more confident
Treatment becomes more accessible
103
What are subjective norms?
Defined by an individual's internal experience of distress or satisfaction
Opinions shaped by weather
Rules established by political parties
Norms created by scientists for research
104
What is the behavioral model of pathology?
Analyzes poetry and dreams
Focuses on sleep cycles
Explains disorders based on poor nutrition
Focuses on maladaptive learning process, like conditioned fear
105
Which explanatory model emphasizes unconscious drives and early childhood?
Cognigive-behavioral
Psychodynamic
Biological
Sociocultural
106
The removal of homosexuality as a disorder highlights:
The role of cultural and political change in diagnosis
Biological revisionism
The impact of Freud’s theories
ICD’s superiority
107
Which of the following shows variability in data?
Mean
Mode
Null hypothesis
Standard deviation
108
Which Piaget stage involves logical operations and conservation tasks?
Concrete operational
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Formal operational
109
Which classification system is more widely used in Europe and Poland?
RDoC
MMPI-2
DSM-5
ICD-11
110
What is the sociocultural model?
Based on numerology
Only focuses on family traditions
Explains disorders through diet
Highlights the influence of cultural, social, and environmental contexts
111
What is psychological pathology?
Diagnosing physical diseases
Patterns of thought, emotion, or behavior that are maladaptive or deviant
A medical specialization in surgery
Forgetting passwords frequently
112
The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refers to:
Genetic readiness
Developmental delay
Fully independent tasks
Tasks a child can do with support
113
Which perspective best integrates biological, social, and emotional growth across life?
Classical conditioning
Modern lifespan developmental view
Trait psychology
Reflex theory
114
What is a mixed-methods approach?
Mixing up participant roles
Combining therapy and shopping
Combining both quantitative and qualitative methods for depth and breadth
Only used for surveys
115
Which model claims depression involves a “negative cognitive triad”?
Cognitive-behavioral
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Biological
116
What are descriptive research methods?
Celebrity opinions
Case studies, surveys, observation
Voting polls
Only experiments
117
What are the types of validity?
Constant, changeable, thematic
Logical, emotional, and visual
Internal(causal)external(generalizable)construct (accurate concept measure)
Objective, random, verbal
118
What methods are used in qualitative research?
Silent observation only
Polygraph testing
Interviews, thematic analysis, ethnography
Spreadsheet models
119
What is validity in psychological research?
Whether a study appears cool
The ethics of participant payment
The extent to which a study measures what it claims to measure
A type of brain scan
120
Attachment theory links early bonding with:
Later emotional regulation
Gender identity
IQ
Nutritional habits
121
Which of the following illustrates the cultural limitation of standard diagnosis tools?
CBT’s emphasis on rational thought
Misdiagnosing culturally normative behaviors as disorders
Case studies of twins
Brain scans in schizophrenia
122
What does validity refer to?
Test popularity
Accuracy of what is being measured
Repeated results
Score speed
123
Structured Piagetian tasks are used to study:
Emotional maturity
Moral decision-making
Social skills
Cognitive development
124
What are key ethical guidelines in research?
Informed consent, confidentiality, minimizing harm,debriefing, IRB approval
Publish participant names
Use deception without telling anyone
Give snacks and prizes
125
What matters when choosing participants?
Living nearby
Favorite colors
Sample size, diversity, and randomization
Fashion style
126
What is a measure of central tendency?
Confidence interval
Correlation
Standard deviation
Mean, median, mode
127
What does APA recommend reporting?
Graphs only
Both p-values and effect sizes
Just means
Only t-scores
128
Plasticity in development means:
Brain cannot change
Personality is inherited
D. Skills are fixed at birth
Human traits can adapt with experience
129
A child who is upset when the caregiver leaves but is soothed upon return shows:
Secure attachment
Ambivalent attachment
Avoidant attachment
Disorganized attachment
130
What is cultural relativity in diagnosis?
The idea that definitions of normality vary across cultures
A. Everyone should be diagnosed the same way
Diagnosing only by using statistics
A method for teaching culture in therapy
131
The “Cultural Formulation Interview” was added in which manual?
RDoC
DSM-I
ICD-9
DSM-5
132
The RDoC project differs from DSM/ICD in that it:
Abandons all diagnoses
Uses only behavioral data
Applies only in Europe
Seeks to classify mental illness using neuroscience dimensions
133
Which test measures strength of relationship?
Mann–Whitney
Z-test
Chi-square
Pearson’s r (correlation)
134
Which of the following is a key criticism of DSM-5?
Reflects Western cultural bias
The Lacks biological grounding
Overuses EEG data
Ignores environmental stress
135
What is qualitative research focused on?
Brainwave manipulation
Exploring subjective meaning, experience, and context
Test scores and charts
Controlling behavior
136
What does p < .05 typically mean?
Test was invalid
The result is statistically significant
No effect detected
The mean is 5
137
“Koro” and “ataque de nervios” are examples of:
Psychosomatic disorders
Mood disorders
Substance-induced states
Culture-bound syndromes
138
Which test predicts one variable from another?
t-test
Chi-square
Median test
Regression
139
Which test would you use for comparing anxiety levels in 4 groups?
t-test
Correlation
Chi-square
ANOVA

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