What is the source of Fluticasone furoate?

Generic name (International Nonproprietary Names - INN)

What is synergism in the context of drug interactions?

Two drugs act by different mechanisms, effect is greater than the sum

How do most drugs exert their effects in the body?

By binding to protein targets and modulating their normal function

What's a drug source that comes from animals?

Thyroid hormone, insulin, pancreatic dornase

What is plasma half-life (T1/2) a measure of?

How quickly a drug is eliminated from the body

What is the trade name of a drug also known as?

The brand name, or proprietary name, given by a manufacturer

What are the four types of absorption?

Aqueous diffusion, lipid diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, pinocytosis

What does potency refer to in the context of drug effects?

Dose (ED50) of a drug producing 50% of the maximal response

What type of drug interaction is potentiation?

A type of synergism where one drug enhances the other's activity

What's a drug source that comes from plants?

Khellin, atropine, digita, reserpine, volatile oils of eucalyp, pine, anise

What is the definition of subcutaneous (SC) drug administration?

Injection into the subcutaneous tissue beneath the epidermis and dermis

What does pharmacogenetics study?

Hereditary differences in how the body handles specific drugs

What does penetration refer to regarding aerosols?

The depth within the lung reached by aerosol particles

What is the formula for the L/T ratio?

(Lung dose) / (lung dose + GI dose)

What is the definition of a rare disease in the context of orphan drugs?

A disease that affects less than 1 in 200,000 persons

What does a higher L/T ratio indicate regarding aerosol drug delivery?

More efficient aerosol drug delivery to the respiratory tract

What is the first-pass effect?

Drug's activity is terminated in the liver b4 reaching general circulation

In inertial impaction, deposition is a function of what two factors?

Particle size (mass) and velocity

How can an RT increase the L/T ratio?

Properly instructing the patient in the use of the aerosol device

What two items may Health Canada issue if human clinical trials prove that a drug has potential therapeutic value?

Notice of Compliance (NOC) and Drug Identification Number (DIN)

What is considered more important than blood levels for inhaled drugs?

The clinical effect of the inhaled drug

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Pharmacology - Lecture 1

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Questions 174

Answers

1
What is a factor to consider regarding aerosol devices?
Clinical equivalence of MDIs & SVNs, Age guidelines for use of aeros device
Red, Blue & Yellow
Pt-device interface, administration by IPPB
Equivalent doses among device types, Lung deposition wnewer aerosol devices
2
What is the trade name for Fluticasone furoate?
Advair
Breo
Arnuity
Flovent
3
If Drug A has a lower ED50 value than Drug B for the same maximal effect, which drug is more potent?
Drug A is more potent
Drug B is more potent
Both drugs have the same potency
The potency cannot be determined without more information
4
What is the primary site of drug excretion?
The gastrointestinal tract
The lungs
The liver
The kidneys
5
What is the deposition percentage of MDI (CFC)?
8.8%
53%
14.8%
25%
6
What is the source of Fluticasone furoate?
Generic name (International Nonproprietary Names - INN)
Drug Index Number (DIN)
Trade name (brand name)
Chemical name
7
What is synergism in the context of drug interactions?
Two drugs act by the same mechanism, effect is less than the sum
One drug decreases the absorption of another drug
Two drugs cause opposing effects in the body
Two drugs act by different mechanisms, effect is greater than the sum
8
How do most drugs exert their effects in the body?
By increasing the absorption of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract
By binding to protein targets and modulating their normal function
By directly changing the chemical composition of the blood
By binding to the kidneys and enhancing excretion
9
What principle do jet nebulizers use to create an aerosol?
Jet-shearing principle
Ultrasonic vibration principle
Electrostatic dispersion principle
Centrifugal spinning principle
10
What is the main advantage of Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs)?
They require an inspiratory hold
They require hand-breath coordination
They are breath-actuated
They use CFC propellants
11
What's a drug source that comes from animals?
Digitalis, morphine, atropine
Aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen
Thyroid hormone, insulin, pancreatic dornase
Mineral oil, iron supplements, magnesium sulfate
12
What is the typical particle size range for pulmonary applications?
20-30 μm
1-10 μm
>30 μm
2-5 μm
13
What is plasma half-life (T1/2) a measure of?
The amount of drug absorbed into the bloodstream
The duration of a drug’s therapeutic effect
The time it takes for a drug to reach its peak concentration
How quickly a drug is eliminated from the body
14
Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting DPI performance?
Patient height
Inspiratory flow rate
Humidity
Intrinsic resistance
15
What is the trade name of a drug also known as?
The brand name, or proprietary name, given by a manufacturer
The generic name used universally
The nonproprietary name approved by regulatory agencies
The chemical name given by researchers
16
What are the four types of absorption?
Passive diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion, exocytosis
Aqueous diffusion, facilitated diffusion, endocytosis, osmosis
Passive transport, phagocytosis, active diffusion, exocytosis
Aqueous diffusion, lipid diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, pinocytosis
17
What does potency refer to in the context of drug effects?
The time it takes for a drug to reach peak plasma levels
The maximum effect a drug can achieve regardless of dose
Dose (ED50) of a drug producing 50% of the maximal response
The ability of a drug to bind to its target receptor
18
What type of drug interaction is potentiation?
A type of synergism where one drug enhances the other's activity
A type of pharmacokinetic interaction where drugs compete for metabolism
A type of side effect where one drug causes an allergic rxn to the other
A type of antagonism where one drug reduces the effect of the other
19
For what age group is an MDI with a reservoir and mask suitable?
Under 4 years
Over 5 years
4-5 years
Over 10 years
20
What's a drug source that comes from plants?
Khellin, atropine, digita, reserpine, volatile oils of eucalyp, pine, anise
Thyroid hormone, insulin, pancreatic dornase
Mineral oil, iron supplements, magnesium sulfate
Synthetic penicillins, cephalosporins, antihistamines
21
What is the definition of subcutaneous (SC) drug administration?
Injection into the subcutaneous tissue beneath the epidermis and dermis
Injection into the vein
Injection directly into the bloodstream
Injection into the muscle tissue
22
What does pharmacogenetics study?
How drugs alter the genetic makeup of cells
The effects of drug-drug interactions on gene expression
Hereditary differences in how the body handles specific drugs
The environmental factors that influence drug metabolism
23
What does penetration refer to regarding aerosols?
The concentration of aerosol particles in the airway
The size of aerosol particles in the suspension
The speed at which the aerosol is inhaled
The depth within the lung reached by aerosol particles
24
Which of the following is an advantage of pMDIs?
Drug delivery is efficient
Long treatment time
Requires extensive drug preparation
Difficult to use
25
What is the formula for the L/T ratio?
(GI dose) / (lung dose + systemic dose)
(Total dose) / (lung dose × GI dose)
(Systemic dose) / (lung dose - GI dose)
(Lung dose) / (lung dose + GI dose)
26
What is the definition of a rare disease in the context of orphan drugs?
A disease that affects less than 1 in 200,000 persons
A disease that only affects elderly individuals
A disease that affects less than 1 in 500,000 persons
A disease that has no known cause or cure
27
In Ontario, what type of drug is usually dispensed unless otherwise indicated by a physician?
A compounded drug
A generic substitution
An over-the-counter drug
A brand-name drug
28
Which of the following is NOT a parenteral route of drug administration?
IM
IV
Tablet
SC
29
How does breath-holding affect gravitational settling of particles?
Decreases settling
Has no effect
Increases settling
Increases particle velocity
30
What are examples of drug dosage forms?
Injections, infusions, drips
Syrups, ointments, bandages
Tablets, capsules, solutions
Gels, patches, inhalers
31
What does a higher L/T ratio indicate regarding aerosol drug delivery?
Increased systemic absorption of the drug
More efficient aerosol drug delivery to the respiratory tract
Greater risk of gastrointestinal side effects
Decreased drug bioavailability
32
What inspiratory flow is better for deposition?
High inspiratory flow
Rapid, forceful inspiratory flow
Variable inspiratory flow
Low inspiratory flow
33
What replaced CFCs in MDIs due to ozone layer concerns?
O2
N2
CO2
HFAs
34
What type of mesh nebulizer uses a domed mesh?
None
Passive
Both
Active
35
What is the first-pass effect?
Drug is broken down by the kidneys before entering circulation
Drug's activity is terminated in the liver b4 reaching general circulation
Drug is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream without any metabolic changes
Drug passes directly into systemic circulation through the lungs
36
What triggers the release of medication in a breath-actuated MDI?
Manual press
Pt inhalation
Timer
Automatic release
37
In inertial impaction, deposition is a function of what two factors?
Particle size (mass) and velocity
Time and molecular motion
Temperature and humidity
Airflow and resistance
38
What must equal the rate of elimination to achieve a steady level of drug in the body?
Metabolism
Dosing
Distribution
Absorption
39
How can an RT increase the L/T ratio?
Increasing the dosage of the aerosol drug
Reducing the frequency of medication administration
Switching to oral medication
Properly instructing the patient in the use of the aerosol device
40
What can happen if a patient exhales into a DPI?
The medication is wasted
The device locks
The dose is enhanced
Nothing happens
41
What is the source of aspirin?
Foxglove
Aloe vera
Willow
Eucalyptus
42
What is a major factor in lung penetration by aerosols?
The color of the aerosol
Particle size
Inhalation volume
Temperature of the aerosol
43
What two items may Health Canada issue if human clinical trials prove that a drug has potential therapeutic value?
Certificate of Safety and License to Manufacture
Clinical Trial Report and Safety Assessment
Patent Approval and Marketing Authorization
Notice of Compliance (NOC) and Drug Identification Number (DIN)
44
What is another factor to consider regarding aerosol devices?
Mechanical ventilation administration
Face mask and blow - by administration
Red and Blue
Red only
45
Gravitational settling is also known as what?
Brownian motion
Sedimentation
Diffusion
Inertial impaction
46
What type of mesh nebulizer typically uses a flat mesh geometry?
Active
Both
None
Passive
47
How many categories of metered dose inhalers (MDIs) are mentioned?
3
5
2
4
48
What is a key disadvantage of the most common jet nebulizer design?
Limited portability due to battery requirements
Excessive noise during operation
Drug wastage during expiration
Inability to aerosolize viscous solutions
49
What is considered more important than blood levels for inhaled drugs?
The concentration of the drug in the lungs
The time it takes for the drug to be absorbed
The drug's half-life in the bloodstream
The clinical effect of the inhaled drug
50
What is a characteristic of ultrasonic nebulizers regarding output?
High output
No output
Variable output
Low output
51
Which particle size range is considered useful for bronchoactive aerosols currently in use?
2-5 μm
<0.8 μm
0.8-3 μm
>10 μm
52
Agonists and antagonists both have what property in common?
Affinity (they both bind to a receptor)
Potency (they both produce a maximal effect)
Bioavailability (they both are absorbed equally well in the body)
Therapeutic index (they both have a similar safety margin)
53
What is the deposition percentage of SVN?
8.8%
53%
12.4%
25%
54
What part of the prescription provides instructions for the patient?
Signa
Subscription
Inscription
Superscription
55
What is commonly used as a carrier substance in DPIs?
Saline
Propylene glycol
Glucose
Lactose
56
What energy source do mesh nebulizers primarily use?
Gas
Manual power
Solar power
Battery or electricity
57
What feature indicates when the Respimat Soft Mist Inhaler is empty?
A sound
A light
A change in taste
A dose counter lockout
58
What does the drug administration phase identify?
The drug’s therapeutic effects and side effects
Drug dosage forms and routes of administration
The drug's metabolism and excretion pathways
The chemical structure and synthesis of the drug
59
Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when selecting an aerosol device?
Pt preference
The color of the device
Convenience of device
Durability of device
60
What two factors influence gravitational settling?
Particle size and time
Molecular motion and charge
Velocity and airflow
Temperature and humidity
61
What is an aerosol?
A gas used to administer drugs into the respiratory system
Suspension of liquid or solid particles (0.001-100 μm) in a gas
A fine mist of water used for inhalation therapy
A solid substance suspended in a liquid for injection
62
For what age group is an MDI with a reservoir but no mask suitable?
Over 10 years
Over 4 years
Over 5 years
Under 4 years
63
Which of the following is a disadvantage of Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs)?
Limited range of drugs available
Wide range of available drugs
Patients are always aware of the dose inhaled
Low inspiratory flow rates are needed
64
What is tachyphylaxis in drug responsiveness?
A gradual increase in drug effectiveness over time
An allergic reaction that occurs upon repeated drug exposure
A complete loss of response after the first dose
Rapid decrease in responsiveness to a drug
65
What does toxicology study?
Toxic substan & pharmacologic actions, including antidotes & poison control
The absorption and metabolism of nutrients
The genetic basis of individual drug responses
The effects of therapeutic drugs on the human body
66
What is the typical particle size for aerosols affected by random molecular motion?
<1um
1-5um
>10um
5-10um
67
What are some drugs that come from minerals?
Copper sulfate, magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts), mineral oil
Thyroid hormone, insulin, pancreatic dornase
Amoxicillin, metformin, acetaminophen
None of the above
68
What is a code name for a drug?
A name assigned by a manufacturer to an experimental chemical
The nonproprietary name approved for public use
The trade name used for marketing
The official name given by a regulatory agency
69
What are five advantages of aerosolized agents given by inhalation?
Larger dose, fewer side effects, longer onset, affects circulatory system
Small dose, few side effects, rapid onset, targets resp sym, painless/safe
Larger dose, longer duration, more side effects, targets systemic circula
Smaller dose, prolonged onset, targets gastrointestinal system
70
How might a breath hold increase the L/T ratio?
By preventing drug absorption in the lungs
By increasing the rate of drug metabolism
By assisting in deposition of aerosol particles
By reducing the total dose administered
71
What type of MDI releases the dose when inhalation is sensed?
DPI
Respimat
Breath-actuated MDI
Standard MDI
72
What is the therapeutic index (TI)?
The time it takes for a drug to reach its peak plasma concentration
The amount of drug needed to produce a therapeutic effect
Ratio of toxic dose to dose providing relief in 50% of subjects
Ratio of maximal effect to minimal effect of a drug
73
What is additivity in the context of drug interactions?
Two drugs act on the same receptors, combined effect is a linear sum
One drug increases the metabolism of another, leading to a greater effect
Two drugs bind to different receptors, causing opposing effects
Two drugs enhance each other's effects through different mechanisms
74
What is the typical inspiratory flow rate needed for DPIs?
20-30 LPM
10-20 LPM
30-90 LPM
90-120 LPM
75
What is the deposition percentage of MDI (HFA)?
53%
65%
25%
14%
76
What is a potential risk associated with pMDI use?
Decreased heart rate
Foreign body aspiration
Increased oxygen levels
Improved coordination
77
What are the key concepts covered in the second part of the pharmacodynamic phase?
Mechanism of drug metabolism and excretion
Doserespon relations, poten, max effect, therapeutic index, drug interac
Absorption rates, elimination pathways, and half-life
Drug formulations, routes of administration, and patient compliance
78
What principle do ultrasonic nebulizers operate on?
Gas compression
Manual vibration
Chemical reaction
Piezoelectric principle
79
What is a disadvantage of pMDIs related to patient technique?
Complex hand-breathing coordination
Always provides a fixed dose
No coordination required
Easy to use
80
What waveform allows for better deposition?
Ascending or flat waves
Sinusoidal or descending waves
Irregular or chaotic waves
Square or triangular waves
81
For what age group are small volume nebs probably best suited?
Over 10 years
Over 5 years
4-5 years
Under 2 years
82
What is the particle size range of interest for pulmonary applications?
20 to 50 μm
10 to 20 μm
1 to 10 μm
0.1 to 1 μm
83
What is a drug's chemical name?
The name indicating the drug's chemical structure
The name assigned by a regulatory agency
The commonly used nonproprietary name
The name given by the manufacturer for marketing purposes
84
What factor is important to consider regarding prescribed drugs and aerosol devices?
Cost of the aerosol device compared to traditional inhalers
Color and design of the device for patient preference
Ability of all prescribed drugs to be delivered by the same device
Noise level of the device during operation
85
What does achieving a "steady state" with drug dosing accomplish?
Increases the rate of drug elimination
Reduces the risk of side effects
Speeds up the absorption of the drug
Keeps the patient in a steady state
86
What is the design of a conventional MDI?
Soft-mist
Automatic
Breath-activated
Press-and-breathe
87
Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases the L/T Ratio?
Efficient delivery devices
Mouth washing, rinsing, spitting
Low drug dose
Inhaled drugs with high first-pass metabolism
88
What percentage of inhaled drugs typically enters the systemic system?
25%
75%
50%
10%
89
What does the L/T ratio represent in aerosol drug delivery?
The time it takes for lung deposition compared to total body absorption
Ratio of liver metabolism to tissue absorption
Proportion of drug av from lung out of the total systemically av drug
The efficiency of the drug in treating lung infections
90
Why is a smaller therapeutic index (TI) concerning?
It indicates that the drug is not absorbed properly
It reduces the effectiveness of the drug
It means the drug has a faster onset of action
It increases the risk of crossing into toxic effects
91
What does deposition describe in the context of aerosols?
The time it takes for aerosol particles to reach the alveoli
The process of aerosol particles entering the bloodstream
Process by which particles deposit out of suspension in the lung
The movement of aerosol particles through the mouth and throat
92
Which of the following is an example of a transdermal route of administration?
Gas
Capsule
Lotion
Patch
93
What form of energy is utilized by the Respimat Soft Mist Inhaler?
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Tension spring energy
Solar energy
94
What is a key characteristic of drugs that usually need to treat side effects?
Limited availability
Low risk
High toxicity
Unpredictable metabolism
95
What does MMAD stand for in the context of aerosols?
Median molecular absorption density
Mass median aerodynamic diameter
Maximum molecular aerosol dose
Minimum measurable aerosol diameter
96
What is the primary goal when using inhaled aerosols in pulmonary disease?
Increase gastrointestinal absorption
Minimize systemic effects
Prolong the drug's half-life
Enhance liver metabolism
97
What is the intraosseous (IO) route of drug administration?
Injection into the vein
Injection into the subcutaneous tissue
Injection into the marrow of the bone
Injection into the muscle
98
What effect does increased particle size due to humidity have on aerosol deposition?
Less impaction in smaller airways, more in larger airways
Increased penetration to the alveoli
Complete evaporation before reaching the lungs
More impaction in smaller airways, less in larger airways
99
What is a DIN?
A classification system for drug interactions
A unique code assigned to a healthcare professional
A computer-generated 8-digit # assigned by Health Canada to a drug product
A standardized measurement of drug dosage
100
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs)?
Require hand-breathing coordination
Built-in dose counter
No cold Freon effect
Small and portable
101
What part of the prescription directs the pharmacist to take the drug listed and prepare the medication?
Subscription
Rx
Inscription
Signa
102
What should you do if there is a small deposition of medication?
Maintain the same dosage
Decrease the dosage of meds
Discontinue treatment
Increase the dosage of meds
103
Which of the following is NOT a common device for inhaled aerosol drug delivery?
pMDI
SVN
Ultrasonic Humidifier
DPI
104
What plant is aspirin derived from?
Willow bark
Belladonna
Eucalyptus
Foxglove
105
What determines the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of an aerosol drug?
Frequency of drug administration
Patient age and weight
The presence of respiratory infections
Route and nature of the drug
106
Which jet nebulizer design includes a collection bag with a one-way valve?
Jet nebulizer with collection bag/elastomeric ball
Ultrasonic nebulizer
Vibrating mesh nebulizer
Breath-actuated jet nebulizer
107
How long does the soft mist of aerosol last when using the Respimat Soft Mist Inhaler?
1.5 secs
0.5 secs
1 sec
2 secs
108
What is an idiosyncratic effect of a drug?
An allergic reaction that occurs immediately after drug administration
A therapeutic effect that occurs only in specific populations
A side effect that is predictable and common in most patients
An unusual or opposite effect compared to the predicted effect
109
What is a limitation of pMDIs regarding drug dosage?
Drug concentrations and doses are fixed
Easily adjustable
No dosage available
Always provides a variable dose
110
What is the most common use for pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs)?
Asthma and COPD
Oxygen therapy
Wound care
Sleep apnea
111
What is the function of a nebulizer?
To measure lung capacity and airflow
To humidify inhaled air for patient comfort
To generate an aerosol from a drug solution
To filter airborne particles from the environment
112
What is a potential risk associated with Isoflurane in genetically susceptible individuals?
Malignant hyperthermia
Respiratory depression
Hepatotoxicity
Acute renal failure
113
What is a potential issue with single-dose DPIs like the Aerolizer?
They must be loaded before each use
They are pre-loaded with multiple doses
They are not affected by humidity
They do not require loading
114
What is the deposition percentage range for DPI?
14.8 to 27.7%
60 to 70%
5 to 10%
30 to 50%
115
Diffusion primarily affects particles of what size?
Less than 1 μm
5-10 μm
2-5 μm
>10 μm
116
What ETT size results in more deposition?
Smaller ETT results in more deposition
Larger ETT results in more deposition
ETT size does not affect deposition
Both sizes result in the same deposition
117
What device is often used with MDIs to overcome limitations?
Spacer or valved-holding chamber
Oxygen tank
Humidifier
Ventilator
118
Diffusion (Brownian motion) is a function of what two factors?
Time and random molecular motion
Temperature and humidity
Airflow and resistance
Particle size and velocity
119
What is the mechanism of action in active mesh nebulizers?
Compressed air forces liquid through a fine nozzle
Ultrasonic waves break up liquid into fine droplets
Vibration of a piezo element pushes liquid through mesh holes
Centrifugal force disperses liquid into an aerosol
120
What is the generic name of a drug also known as?
The trade name
The brand name
The chemical name
The nonproprietary name
121
How does an active humidifier affect delivery to the lung?
Has no effect on delivery to the lung
Increases delivery to the lung because it makes the particles smaller
Increases delivery by improving particle stability
Decreases delivery to the lung because it makes the particle sizes bigger
122
What is required for using MDIs?
Coordination so older than 5
Ability to generate high inspiratory flow
Constant power supply for operation
Assistance from a caregiver for all ages
123
What are the three physical mechanisms considered for aerosol particle deposition in the human lung?
Filtration, absorption, and distribution
Osmosis, active transport, and pinocytosis
Evaporation, condensation, and diffusion
Inertial impaction, gravitational settling, and diffusion
124
What is the primary advantage of a breath-actuated MDI?
Requires precise hand-breath coordination
Requires a spacer
Releases dose on inhalation
Uses propellants
125
What is therapeutics defined as?
The study of drug absorption and distribution
The art of treating disease with drugs
The analysis of genetic influences on drug response
The science of drug interactions
126
What is one criterion for a drug to be considered an orphan drug, besides treating a rare disease?
The drug must be sold at a significantly higher price than other drugs
No reasonable expectation of recovering the cost of drug development
The drug must be available over-the-counter
The drug can only be prescribed by a specialist
127
What should be considered when selecting an aerosol device?
Pt preference
Red, Blue & Yellow
Cost
Drug availability
128
What is the most common source of drug preparation?
Animal tissues
Chemical synthesis
Mineral compounds
Plant extracts
129
Where does drug biotransformation primarily occur?
Lungs
Liver
Kidneys
Brain
130
Where does inertial impaction primarily occur in the respiratory system?
Lower respiratory tract
Terminal bronchioles
Upper airway and early bronchial generations
Alveoli
131
Which of the following is NOT listed as a related drug group in respiratory care?
Central nervous system agents
Neuromuscular blocking agents
Antipsychotic agents
Antiinfective agents
132
When administering inhaled Ventolin, what is the desired local effect?
Attach to beta 2 receptors and relax bronchial smooth muscle
Stimulate alpha receptors to increase heart rate
Bind to histamine receptors to reduce allergy symptoms
Inhibit acetylcholine release to decrease mucus production
133
What is an antagonist in pharmacology?
A drug that binds to a receptor and initiates a cellular response
A drug that accelerates the metabolism of other drugs in the body
A drug that binds to a receptor but causes no response
A drug that enhances the effect of an agonist
134
What does maximal effect refer to in the context of drug effects?
Greatest response that can be produced by a drug
The rate at which a drug is metabolized by the liver
The lowest dose at which a drug becomes effective
The time it takes for a drug to reach its peak concentration
135
Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting metered dose inhaler performance?
Shaking the canister
Timing of actuation intervals
Storage temperature
Patient height
136
Which of the following best describes the desired therapeutic index (TI)?
Small, for potent effects
Narrow, to ensure strong effects
Unrelated to toxicity
Wide, to minimize toxic effects
137
Why do nasal decongestant drugs often have larger particles (e.g., 20-30 μm)?
To bypass the upper airways
To reach the lower respiratory tract
To be easily exhaled
To deposit in the nasal cavity
138
What are examples of inactive ingredients in drug formulations?
Antioxidants, sugars, proteins, colorants
Flavourings, coatings, buffers, solvents
Capsule material, preservatives, propellants, dispersants, carrier agents
Active pharmaceutical ingredients, binding agents, stabilizers, emulsifiers
139
What is the primary difference between intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) drug administration?
IM provides instantaneous access to systemic circulation
IM bypasses absorption
IV is slower than IM
IV provides nearly instantaneous access to systemic circulation
140
What does the pharmacodynamic phase describe?
The process by which drugs are absorbed into the bloodstream
How drugs are eliminated from the body
The drug's interaction with the liver during metabolism
Mechanism of activity by which drugs cause their effects in the body
141
What happens to particles in the 0.8 to 3 μm range in the alveolar regions?
They may not deposit and can be exhaled
They increase inertial impaction
They deposit effectively
They are easily absorbed
142
What is the minimum age for using a DPI?
Over 4
Over 5
Over 10
Under 4
143
In passive mesh nebulizers, how is vibration conducted to the mesh?
Through a thin fluid layer
Through a gas
Direct contact
No vibration
144
What is an agonist in pharmacology?
A drug that has no effect on the body but enhances other drugs' effects
A drug that binds to a receptor and initiates a cellular response
A drug that blocks a receptor and prevents cellular response
A drug that increases the breakdown of other drugs in the body
145
What percentage of the total dose does a traditional aerosol device deliver to the airway?
30% to 35%
40% to 45%
10% to 15%
20% to 25%
146
What part of a prescription contains the drug name and how much of it is needed?
Subscription
Signature
Superscription
Inscription
147
What is the deposition percentage of MDI (CFC) with a spacer?
25.3%
32.1%
14.8%
7.5%
148
What is tolerance in drug responsiveness?
Decreasing intensity of response to a drug over time
An allergic reaction to a drug
A complete loss of response to a drug after the first dose
A heightened sensitivity to a drug after repeated use
149
What does the term "bioavailability" indicate regarding a drug?
The amount of drug that is metabolized by the liver
The speed at which a drug is absorbed into the body
The proportion of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation
The time it takes for a drug to reach its peak effect
150
What is the primary function of mesh nebulizers?
Deliver medication as aerosol
Monitor breathing
Generate oxygen
Remove mucus
151
What particle size tends to deposit in the upper airways and early airway generations?
>10 μm
<1 μm
0.8-3 μm
2-5 μm
152
What type of tidal volumes are better for deposition when using vents?
Irregular tidal volumes are better
Smaller tidal volumes are better
Tidal volume size has no effect
Bigger tidal volumes are better
153
What systemic effect of Ventolin should be minimized?
Bradycardia
Drowsiness
Tachycardia
Hypotension
154
Which field studies the interrelationship of genetic differences and drug effects?
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacogenetics
Toxicology
Pharmacokinetics
155
How does a breath-actuated jet nebulizer conserve medication?
It continuously nebulizes regardless of breathing
It nebulizes more efficiently at higher flow rates
It stores medication in a reservoir between breaths
It only nebulizes during inspiration
156
Which type of SVN is described as being the least expensive and most common in hospitals?
Ultrasonic
Breath-actuated
Jet (pneumatic)
Mesh
157
What component vibrates in active mesh nebulizers?
Thin fluid layer
Piezo element
Flat Mesh
Gas source
158
What is a key advantage of mesh nebulizers in a home care setting?
Needs frequent refills
Does not require a gas source
Complex setup
Requires a compressor
159
What happens to inhaled aerosol drugs in the airway due to temperature and humidity?
They absorb moisture and get larger
They evaporate and decrease in size
They remain unchanged in size
They break apart into smaller particles
160
What does the issuance of a NOC and DIN by Health Canada allow?
The drug to be exclusively used in clinical trials
The drug to be marketed in Canada
The drug to be exported to international markets
The drug to undergo further animal testing
161
What additional step is required after a drug is approved for marketing in Canada to ensure it is covered?
Another application and process to get provinces to fund the drug
A mandatory price reduction by the manufacturer
An automatic inclusion in provincial healthcare plans
A formal request for international distribution rights
162
What particle size range is generally considered to be within the fine particle fraction (FPF)?
<5 μm
>20 μm
5-10 μm
>10 μm
163
What kind of energy does the Respimat Soft Mist Inhaler utilize?
Mechanical
Chemical
Electrical
Nuclear
164
What is the definition of "maintenance dose" in drug administration?
The amount of drug needed to counteract adverse side effects
The dose given to initiate a therapeutic effect quickly
The initial high dose required to rapidly increase drug levels in the body
Dosing must equal the rate of elimination to achieve a steady level of drug
165
What does stability refer to in the context of aerosols?
The time it takes for aerosol particles to reach the lungs
The rate at which an aerosol device releases the drug
Tendency of aerosol particles to remain in suspension
The concentration of active ingredients in an aerosol
166
Approx how much did pharmaceutical companies spend on average to release a drug into the US market?
$1 billion
$2.6 billion
$800 million
$5 billion
167
What is a key consideration when selecting an aerosol device?
The availability of the desired drug in the device
The weight of the device
The color of the device
The brand of the device
168
What is the intrathecal (IT) route of drug administration?
Injection into a muscle
Injection into a vein
Injection into the arachnoid membrane of the spinal cord
Injection into the bone marrow
169
What is the definition of an orphan drug?
A drug that has no known side effects
A drug used for the treatment of common, widespread conditions
A drug or biologic product for the diagnosis or treatment of a rare disease
A drug that is only available through clinical trials
170
What is the clinical relevance of plasma time curves?
They predict the exact dosage needed for all patients
Not used as much clinically. More concerned about desired effect
They measure the speed of drug absorption in the blood
They determine the long-term side effects of a drug
171
What is hypersensitivity in drug responsiveness?
A delayed response to a drug due to slow metabolism
An allergic or immune-mediated reaction to a drug
A predictable side effect caused by a drug’s mechanism of action
A resistance to the therapeutic effects of a drug
172
Which of the following is NOT a major component of a pMDI?
Propellant
Canister
Filter
Metering valve
173
What is the focus of pharmacognosy?
Study of genetic differences and drug effects
Treating disease with drugs
Drug preparation and dispensing
Identification of drug sources from plants and animals
174
What devices can be used with any age?
Spacer and breath-actuated MDI
DPI and nebulizer
MDI and ETT any age
Ultrasonic nebulizer and DPI

Pharmacology - Lecture 1 Flashcards | StudBud