Predefined vs custom IAM roles?

Predefined = built-in, Custom = specific needs

What is the opportunity cost of avoiding cloud?

Slower innovation and lost flexibility

What tools support IaC?

Terraform, Deployment Manager, CloudFormation

What is Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE)?

Managed Kubernetes for scalable container deployment

How does shared responsibility in cloud security work?

Provider secures infra; customer configures usage

How can you reduce latency in cloud apps?

Use edge locations, CDNs, & regional instances

Difference between IAM roles and policies?

Roles = permissions, Policies = who gets them

Why is autoscaling good for cost control?

Matches resource use to actual need

What is Cloud Monitoring?

GCP tool for metrics, dashboards, alerts

What are sustained use discounts?

GCP discounts for long-running resources

What are hidden costs of on-prem infrastructure?

Power, cooling, staffing, downtime

What are foundations of transformation cloud?

Data, trust, collaboration, open infra, sustainability

What does it mean that the cloud is a metaphor?

Apps & data run on global data centers

What is a content delivery network (CDN)?

Delivers content from the nearest server

What triggered the VM Cloud Era?

Shift from physical to virtual servers

What is the purpose of monitoring in cloud ops?

Track performance, errors, and uptime

What is a service account in cloud IAM?

Identity used by apps/VMs for service access

What is cost optimization in the cloud?

Manage usage to minimize waste & spending

What is a billing alert?

Notifies when spending passes a threshold

What does the ‘Learn’ pillar focus on?

Upskilling teams & cloud fluency

Why are containers popular?

Portability, fast startup, efficiency

What defines on‑premises infrastructure?

Org owns & runs servers in own data center

Why is a reliable network critical in hybrid or multicloud?

Ensures secure app/user connectivity

What are microservices?

Apps split into independent deployable services

What does the ‘Scale’ pillar focus on?

Repeatable processes & scalable infra

What is sustainable technology in cloud?

Cloud solutions using clean energy

Practice of merging dev & ops for faster delivery

What are containers in cloud computing?

Code packages that run consistently across environments

What is a regional cloud service?

Service hosted in a specific region

What is Identity and Access Management (IAM)?

Security system to control who can do what

Why is a Trusted Cloud important?

Built-in tools for global threat protection

How does cloud computing enable agility?

Rapid app dev without infra delays

What does it mean when we say “the cloud is a metaphor”?

Apps run on global data centers

How does cloud flexibility help businesses?

Adapt to demand quickly from anywhere

What is the CapEx to OpEx shift in cloud?

Moving from big purchases to usage-based costs

What is the Google Cloud Adoption Framework?

A roadmap to align cloud with business goals

What is SRE (Site Reliability Engineering)?

Uses software to automate system reliability

What is disaster recovery in cloud?

Strategy to restore services after outages

How does public cloud differ from private cloud?

Uses shared infra by providers, scalable w/o owning hardware

What is a committed use discount?

Discount for committing to 1 or 3 years of use

What is hybrid cloud used for?

Combining on‑prem & cloud for flexibility

What is resource hierarchy in GCP?

Org > Folder > Project > Resource structure

What does scalability mean in the cloud?

Access more computing without setup

What are SLOs, SLIs, and SLAs?

Metrics & goals for service performance

What is the network’s edge?

Where user traffic enters the cloud provider’s network

What does the ‘Secure’ pillar focus on?

Integrating security & compliance

Benefits of multi-region deployment?

Disaster recovery, low latency, high availability

What is high availability in cloud?

Redundant architecture to stay online

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Module 1 Questions

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Questions 98

Answers

1
Predefined vs custom IAM roles?
Custom = admin defaults
Predefined = built-in, Custom = specific needs
Predefined = user groups
Predefined = budgets
2
What is the opportunity cost of avoiding cloud?
Improved local performance
Lower monthly costs
Less internet usage
Slower innovation and lost flexibility
3
What tools support IaC?
Terraform, Deployment Manager, CloudFormation
MySQL, PowerShell, GitHub
Ansible, Slack, Jenkins
Notepad, Paint, Excel
4
What is Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE)?
Static content engine
Managed Kubernetes for scalable container deployment
Private cloud tracker
Cloud billing system
5
How does shared responsibility in cloud security work?
Customer does everything
Provider manages all data
Shared billing only
Provider secures infra; customer configures usage
6
How can you reduce latency in cloud apps?
Use edge locations, CDNs, & regional instances
Upgrade CPUs
Add more billing tags
Use larger instances
7
Difference between IAM roles and policies?
Policies create firewalls
Roles = permissions, Policies = who gets them
Policies track billing
Roles are passwords
8
Why is autoscaling good for cost control?
Doubles peak usage
Forces flat billing
Keeps apps offline
Matches resource use to actual need
9
What are the benefits of public cloud?
Pay‑as‑you‑go pricing
No need for providers
Owning hardware
Fixed capacity
10
What is Cloud Monitoring?
VPN tracker for users
Container orchestration app
Cloud migration toolkit
GCP tool for metrics, dashboards, alerts
11
What are sustained use discounts?
GCP discounts for long-running resources
API subscription rebates
VM speed boosts
Storage overage penalties
12
Why is cloud computing cost-effective?
Fixed monthly hardware fee
Only pay for what you use
High upfront hardware cost
Buy more servers each year
13
What are hidden costs of on-prem infrastructure?
SaaS license sharing
Unlimited cloud storage
Power, cooling, staffing, downtime
Free upgrades from vendors
14
What are foundations of transformation cloud?
Only infrastructure
CPU, storage, networking
Data, trust, collaboration, open infra, sustainability
Build, deploy, monitor
15
What does it mean that the cloud is a metaphor?
Apps & data run on global data centers
It’s a desktop backup service
It’s stored on personal servers
It means public Wi-Fi
16
What is a content delivery network (CDN)?
Delivers content from the nearest server
Stores cold backups
Syncs admin policies
Encrypts all traffic
17
What triggered the VM Cloud Era?
Shift from physical to virtual servers
Growing hybrid setups
Launch of mobile apps
Need for in-house racks
18
What is the purpose of monitoring in cloud ops?
Enable file downloads
Manage user passwords
Add firewall rules
Track performance, errors, and uptime
19
What is a service account in cloud IAM?
Admin’s backup login
Identity used by apps/VMs for service access
Customer billing profile
Network gateway tag
20
What is cost optimization in the cloud?
Encrypt all billing traffic
Maximize instance uptime
Manage usage to minimize waste & spending
Reduce app scaling
21
What is a billing alert?
Grants access to logs
Enables API calls
Blocks VM snapshots
Notifies when spending passes a threshold
22
What does the ‘Learn’ pillar focus on?
Reducing IT staff
Upskilling teams & cloud fluency
Launching billing tools
Writing compliance rules
23
Why are containers popular?
Low security, high latency
Long boot times
Fixed RAM usage
Portability, fast startup, efficiency
24
What defines on‑premises infrastructure?
Uses public cloud
Provider runs servers
Runs only in multicloud
Org owns & runs servers in own data center
25
Why is a reliable network critical in hybrid or multicloud?
Reduces electricity cost
Enables manual scaling
Ensures secure app/user connectivity
Increases cloud licenses
26
What are microservices?
Apps split into independent deployable services
Lightweight firewalls
A new form of IaaS
Small user access policies
27
What does the ‘Scale’ pillar focus on?
Writing internal memos
Repeatable processes & scalable infra
Reducing headcount
Manual patching
28
What is sustainable technology in cloud?
Energy from diesel backup
Offline-first software
Hardware-only focus
Cloud solutions using clean energy
29
What is DevOps?
Practice of merging dev & ops for faster delivery
VM autoscaling method
Security operations team
DNS tuning strategy
30
What are containers in cloud computing?
Virtual routers
CDN storage disks
Admin permission sets
Code packages that run consistently across environments
31
What is a regional cloud service?
On-premise only tool
Offline-ready backup
Service hosted in a specific region
One used across all clouds
32
What is Identity and Access Management (IAM)?
Tool for backups
A type of DNS record
Network bandwidth meter
Security system to control who can do what
33
Why is a Trusted Cloud important?
Prioritizes only uptime
Requires zero compliance
Built-in tools for global threat protection
No innovation support
34
How does cloud computing enable agility?
Uses manual provisioning
Rapid app dev without infra delays
Delays experimentation
Forces large up-front costs
35
What does it mean when we say “the cloud is a metaphor”?
It’s just marketing
It’s a hardware device
It’s only on-prem resources
Apps run on global data centers
36
How does cloud flexibility help businesses?
Forces fixed capacity use
Blocks mobile access
Adapt to demand quickly from anywhere
Requires local datacenters
37
What is the CapEx to OpEx shift in cloud?
Buying more capital assets
Spending less on internet
Moving from big purchases to usage-based costs
Adding more permanent servers
38
What is the Google Cloud Adoption Framework?
A billing calculator
A roadmap to align cloud with business goals
A backup-only tool
A legacy cloud migration guide
39
What is SRE (Site Reliability Engineering)?
Backup naming standard
Uses software to automate system reliability
Manual log rotation
Vendor assessment policy
40
What is disaster recovery in cloud?
DNS caching method
Manual reboot of servers
Strategy to restore services after outages
Monthly backup invoice
41
How does public cloud differ from private cloud?
Not scalable
Dedicated to one org
Must own all servers
Uses shared infra by providers, scalable w/o owning hardware
42
What is a committed use discount?
Signup incentive
Storage encryption coupon
Discount for committing to 1 or 3 years of use
Cost per login session
43
What is hybrid cloud used for?
Just for backups
Sharing hardware publicly
Only on‑prem legacy
Combining on‑prem & cloud for flexibility
44
What is resource hierarchy in GCP?
Folder > Bucket > Region > Key
VM > User > Group > Role
Org > Admin > IP > User
Org > Folder > Project > Resource structure
45
What does scalability mean in the cloud?
Access more computing without setup
Migrate to on-prem servers
Buy more physical hardware
Use less storage over time
46
What are SLOs, SLIs, and SLAs?
Storage encryption tools
Metrics & goals for service performance
IAM group policies
API endpoint errors
47
What is the network’s edge?
Where user traffic enters the cloud provider’s network
ISP’s modem location
Admin dashboard in the cloud
A home router’s firewall
48
What does the ‘Secure’ pillar focus on?
Hiring cloud sales staff
Integrating security & compliance
Budgeting tools
Only building apps
49
What are examples of compliance standards?
GCP, AWS, Azure, IBM
HIPAA, GDPR, FedRAMP, SOC 2
Java, HTML, PCI, SQL
DNS, TCP, SSL, SSH
50
Benefits of multi-region deployment?
No compliance needed
Disaster recovery, low latency, high availability
Cheaper licensing
Higher security only
51
What is high availability in cloud?
Adding SSL certificates
Paying for more memory
Redundant architecture to stay online
Always using one VM
52
How does encryption enhance cloud security?
Optimizes CPU usage
Blocks IP addresses
Prevents billing fraud
Protects data in transit and at rest
53
What are characteristics of the Infrastructure Cloud Era?
Cost savings, faster deployment, reduced infra mgmt
Highest latency performance
Fully on‑prem servers
Manual scaling and management
54
What are Capital Expenditures (CapEx)?
Monthly SaaS costs
Subscription fees
Upfront infrastructure investments
Developer training funds
55
What is autoscaling?
Freezing resource allocation
Adjusting resources based on demand
Backup rotation
Upgrading physical switches
56
What are the five types of IT infrastructure setups?
On‑prem only
Private only
On‑prem, private, public, hybrid & multicloud
Public, hybrid only
57
What are zones and regions in cloud?
Zones are billing units
Regions have isolated zones for fault tolerance
Each region is one server
Zones are for training only
58
Why use multiple zones?
Add users to IAM faster
Ensure uptime during failures
Save network bandwidth
Encrypt APIs automatically
59
What is policy as code?
Share policies via email
Store IAM policies in documents
Define/enforce rules using code
Manage budgets in YAML
60
What is Cloud Logging?
Storage backup folder
DNS label service
Centralized log system for audit & analysis
User login manager
61
What is digital transformation in business?
More IT staff
Strategic use of modern tech
Buying new hardware
Moving apps to cloud
62
How is observability different from monitoring?
It adds user feedback
It just checks uptime
Understand internal states via logs, metrics, traces
It tracks disk usage only
63
What is a VPC?
File system for containers
Cloud backup service
Private VPN gateway
Virtual network to securely connect resources
64
What is CI/CD in cloud development?
Git backup system
Using manual test scripts
Building in Excel
Automated pipelines for testing & delivery
65
What is a private cloud?
Open internet cloud
Dedicated cloud for one org with control & compliance
Shared public cloud
On‑prem only
66
What are subnets?
Billing zones
Network firewall rules
IP ranges/zones within a VPC
Regional access controls
67
What are the pillars of the Cloud Adoption Framework?
Cost, Usage, Risk, Time
Plan, Budget, Staff, Train
Learn, Lead, Scale, Secure
Build, Run, Own, Support
68
Why are SLAs important in cloud?
Define expectations for uptime and support
Set salaries for admins
Define user bandwidth
Limit storage space
69
How does cloud improve procurement?
Needs hardware shipping first
Wait weeks for approvals
Require vendor site visits
Users can launch resources instantly
70
What is Kubernetes?
VPN tool
Billing dashboard
Load testing script
System for automating container deployment & scaling
71
How does cloud improve security posture?
Manual firewall updates
Full client-side defense
Enterprise-grade security & monitoring
Public internet protection only
72
What is vertical scaling?
Load balancing
Adding more CPU/RAM to one server
Launching extra zones
Building a second data center
73
What are key drawbacks of on‑premises infrastructure?
Free to maintain
Fully cloud-based
Unlimited scalability
Needs space, staff, hard to scale & over‑provisioning
74
What is zero trust security?
Always allow internal traffic
Never trust, always verify every request
Allow access after login
Only encrypt storage
75
What is cloud compliance?
Encrypting all traffic
Buying licensed tools
Logging VM restarts
Meeting legal, regulatory, industry standards
76
What is serverless architecture?
Code runs without managing infrastructure
Requires physical servers
Cloud costs are fixed
Only works offline
77
Why isn’t migration alone full digital transformation?
Is expensive
Uses more staff
Improves customer value
Doesn’t rethink work processes
78
When should you use serverless?
For large monolith apps
For hardware upgrades
For static content only
For short, event-driven functions
79
What are stages of digital transformation maturity?
Plan → Build → Pause
Experiment → Transform → Lead in innovation
Trial → Repeat → Shutdown
Invest → Scale down → Rethink
80
Why is automation important in cloud ops?
Reduces coding time
Increases consistency & reduces errors
Makes apps run faster
Adds more servers
81
What is Cloud Run?
VPN configuration tool
Batch job scheduler
Serverless email manager
Fully managed platform to run auto-scaling containers
82
Why tag cloud resources?
Blocks new IPs
Creates audit logs
Helps track and manage costs by team or project
Syncs regions
83
What are common cloud security tools?
API keys and dashboards
IAM, encryption, logging, threat detection
Cloud resumes
Spreadsheets and VPNs
84
What is the principle of least privilege?
Grant all access to admins
Users only get access needed for their job
No access until audit
Use one account for all tasks
85
What is Google Cloud Functions?
A storage backup tool
A DNS resolver
Lightweight compute for event-based microservices
A VPN tunnel service
86
What slows down digital transformation?
Poor data usage & rigid infra
Unlimited budgets
High customer demand
Fast deployment
87
How do audit logs support governance?
Track access and changes for compliance
Block users from regions
Manage team training history
Add debug logs to apps
88
What triggered the shift in the VM Cloud Era?
Moving apps to public cloud
Hybrid setups
Automation adoption
Businesses shifted from physical servers
89
What role do ISPs play in cloud access?
Secure user accounts
Sell domain names
Connect devices to cloud by routing traffic
Manage encryption keys
90
What are traits of Infrastructure Cloud Era?
Fast deployment & cost savings
Manual infra management
Higher latency
No security features
91
Why is visibility important in cloud security?
Report license expirations
Detect threats, monitor performance
Track app usage for billing
Test latency via ping
92
What is Infrastructure as Code (IaC)?
Writing SQL for VMs
Billing automation
Managing infra using config files
Manually setting up networks
93
What is horizontal scaling?
Increasing disk speed
Using faster cables
Adding instances to distribute load
Adding RAM to one machine
94
Why use a multicloud strategy?
Avoid all cloud use
Maximize vendor dependency
All-in-one provider
Reduce vendor lock‑in
95
How does digital transformation help organizations?
Removes customer value
Enables automation & collaboration
Requires only migrations
Lowers staff count
96
How does cloud change cost recognition?
Requires prepaying for servers
Infra becomes a flexible service
Increases fixed asset spending
Moves to CapEx only
97
Why use microservices?
Slow app delivery
Reduce app uptime
Increase vendor lock-in
Improve scalability and team agility
98
What is fault tolerance?
Overwrites corrupt logs
System works even when parts fail
Reduces billing speed
Makes apps load slower

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