You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which

demonstrates an illusory correlation

What is not a characteristic of groupthink?

gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)

The function of sensory memory is to...

hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer

Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...

personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level

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AP Exam Review

150 termsStudBud Administration32 plays

A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
narcotics
sedatives
alcohol
2
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
intelligence; personality
intelligence; standardized
3
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
dopamine
endorphin
acetylcholine
4
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
the unconscious
the brain
conscious experience
5
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
6
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
light
food/meat powder
salivation
tone
7
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
accuracy of inference
representativeness
predictability
8
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
change
conflict
pressure
9
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
insight
intelligence
reasoning
10
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
prenatals
pathogens
teratogens
opiates
11
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
Rene Decartes
William James
G. Stanley Hall
12
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
time of testing
sequential
cross-sectional
13
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
conversion disorder
panic disorder
fugue
bipolar disorder
14
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
bipolar
dissociative
cyclical
unipolar
15
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
16
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
subliminal perception
a superimposed stimulus
17
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
18
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the law of cognitive dissonance
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
19
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
20
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
mood
anxiety
personality
21
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
22
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
mean
midpoint
median
23
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
lens
vitreous humor
iris
24
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
avoidance therapy
psychotherapy
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
25
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
26
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
REM
stage 2
stage 4
stage 1
27
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
state-dependent learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
28
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Broca's area
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
Wernicke's area
29
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
perception
attention
sensation
processing
30
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
a sedative
an amphetamine
31
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
32
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
extinction
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
33
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
34
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
35
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
decibels
pitch
loudness
36
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
schematizing
cultural direction
37
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
lesioning
tumor ligation
ESB
38
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
39
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
action potentials
agonists
antagonists
40
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
construct
criterion-related
absolute
41
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
a personality test
an aptitude test
an achievement test
an intelligence test
42
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
retrieved
modeled
encoded
43
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
humanistic
psychoanalytic
cognitive
44
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
percentiles
45
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia
marital problems
bipolar disorder
46
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
seeing a flash of light
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
hearing a sound
47
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
48
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
social scripts
investment differentiations
parental investments
display rules
49
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
50
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
postconventional
preconventional
concrete
51
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
symmetry
constancy
closure
52
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
observational learning
positive reinforcement
53
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
fear reaction
rat
loud noise
54
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
conformity
55
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
schema
semantic network
chunk
56
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
57
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
syntax
morphemes
58
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
59
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
crystallized
episodic
procedural
fluid
60
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
has two different psychological disorders
experiences mild manic states
61
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
62
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test levels
test scores
test norms
63
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
64
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
feeling is to thinking
thought is to perception
65
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
criterion-related validity
standardized validity
content validity
66
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
delta
gamma
beta
alpha
67
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
68
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
a headache
been dreaming
69
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
gender roles
gender differences
70
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
spatial
musical
71
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
transduction capacity
72
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
drive theory
instinct theory
73
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
IQ
a potential score
mental age
74
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
abstract operations
75
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
recognition
reiteration
relearning
76
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
group polarization
conformity
deindividuation
77
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
78
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
79
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a developmental psychologist
80
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
reinforcement
81
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
feeding
memory
the endocrine system
82
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
delusions
hallucinations
obsessions
83
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
cultural practices
amount of time awake
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
84
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
escape learning
85
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
86
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
low in openness
low in extraversion
87
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
88
What is somnambulism?
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-walking
89
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
90
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
91
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
mnemonic
phonemic
platonic
92
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
repression
suppression
93
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
cookie
give cookie
i wanted a cookie
94
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a situational attribution
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
an external attribution
95
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
endocrine system
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
96
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
classical conditioning
punishment
operant conditioning
97
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
98
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
psychological instability
physiological instability
psychological stability
99
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
100
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
reversibility
centration
conservation
101
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
behaviorism
psychoanalysis
functionalism
102
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
medulla
103
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
shared inhibition
strange situation
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
104
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
sensory
long-term
short-term
105
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
a delusion
an obsession
a phobia
106
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
107
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
108
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
109
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
irrational thoughts
110
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
111
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
color
saturation
light purity
112
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the observational group
the control group
the experimental group
the correlational group
113
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become aggressive
remain in continuous sleep
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
114
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
boat-goat
tree-bird
car-nose
115
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
116
The superego is Freud's term for...
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
117
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
complete storage failure
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
118
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
psychological tests
direct observation
questionnaires
physiological recordings
119
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
120
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
insight learning
latent learning
121
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
compensation
fixation
regression
122
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
cocaine
heroin
marijuana
123
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
cerebellum
reticular formation
limbic system
brainstem
124
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
125
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
126
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
personality
temperament
behavioral quality
127
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
128
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
cognition
introspection
intelligence
129
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
happiness
fear
surprise
130
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
consciousness
perception
sensation
131
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
132
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
133
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
pancreas
thyroid gland
sebaceous gland
134
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
135
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
self-serving bias
stereotypes
prejudices
attributions
136
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
stimulus discrimination
step-wise conditioning
selection
shaping
137
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
aggressiveness
social charm
manipulative behavior
138
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
thalamus
pineal gland
139
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
location of injury
spinal cord
cortex
140
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
141
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
gonads
pituitary
thyroid
142
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
fast-mapping
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
143
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
functionalism
individualism
attributionism
144
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
temporal lobe
oval window
cochlea
145
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
146
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
top-down processing
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
lateral processing
147
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
148
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
oral
anal
latency
149
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
fear the dark
print letters
sing a song
tie shoe laces
150
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
overestimating the improbable
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy

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