what is chemical weathering?

involves chemical transformation of rocks into 1 or more new components

what is ground water?

subsurface water that occurs beneath the water table

moderately weathered soil formed in decidous forests

what is the E horizon?

generally light colored due to leaching (zone of eluviation)

what is a local tsunami?

travels to land quickly and gives people little time to react

what is the B horizon?

zone of accumulation (illuviation)

what are inceptisols?

soil profile is beginning to form

what is the S (secondary/shear) body wave?

only moves through solid rock and up and down or side to side (2nd fastest)

a deep hole used to access water from an aquifer

what is the P (primary/compressional) body wave?

can move through solid and liquid and pushes and pulls (fastest)

what is porosity (n = Vvoids/Vtotal)?

a measure of the amount of void spaces in an aquifer material

what is a distant tsunami?

travels out to sea and can travel long distances with little energy loss

what is the love surface wave?

moves the ground laterally from side to side

what is organic activity?

plant roots split rocks and animals dig holes breaking up rocks

a geologic unit that can store and transmit water

what is the focus (hypocenter)?

source of energy/point of rupture

what is hydraulic gradient (h1 - h2/d)?

the ratio of difference of hydraulic head of 2 wells to distance

what is permeability?

ease with which water will flow through porous material

what are the 2 kinds of factors controlling rates of weathering?

climate/biotic and rock characteristics

what is soil taxonomy?

the soil classification system (also known as soil order)

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ESCI 121 - Final Exam Study Guide

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Questions 106

Answers

1
what are the short term predictions of earthquake?
all of the above
slight tilting or swelling of ground surface
increase in foreshock
fluctuating water levels and increased level of radon gas
2
what is chemical weathering?
involves chemical transformation of rocks into 1 or more new components
no change in a rocks mineral composition
3
frogs migrating away and elephants displaying as troubled and worried are examples of unusual animal behavior
False
True
4
what are entisols?
soil in grassy vegetation
moderately developed soil
organic soils
self mixing soil
5
the granite dome in yosemite national park is an example of pressure release and thermal effects
False
True
6
silicate minerals weather in the same order they crystallize on bowen's reaction series
False
True
7
what are pressure release and thermal effects?
water freezes in the cracks of a rock and wedges it apart
rocks breaking or wearing down by direct actions of other rocks
sheeting and exfoliation
plant roots split rocks and animals dig holes breaking up rocks
8
surface water is used more than ground water due to easy accessibility
True
False
9
what are the factors controlling soil formation?
organisms (plants and animals) and climate
all of the above
topography and time
parent material
10
what is ground water?
water that occurs above the water table
water that cannot be consumed by humans
subsurface water that occurs beneath the water table
a geologic unit that can store and transmit water
11
what are alfisols?
organic soils
self mixing soils
moderately weathered soil formed in decidous forests
volcanic ash
12
what is the importance of weathering?
all of the above
releases elements from rocks
weathering of ore deposits
important soil formation process and process of rock cycle
13
what is the E horizon?
zone of accumulation (illuviation)
un-weathered parent rock
generally light colored due to leaching (zone of eluviation)
contains lumps or large shelves of un-weathered rock (no organic matter)
14
what is a local tsunami?
travels to land quickly and gives people little time to react
travels out to sea and can travel long distances with little energy loss
15
what percentage of earth's fresh water is ice and is not readily available
0.5%
22.1%
77.4%
16
what are vertisols?
organic soils
self mixing soils
highly weathered soil
moderately developed soil
17
an earthquake needs > M7.5 to create enough displacement to cause tsunami
True
False
18
what is seismology?
tool used to record earthquakes
the study of tsunamis
record of an earthquake
the study of earthquakes
19
what is the B horizon?
zone of accumulation (illuviation)
primarily composed of organic matter (loose and partly decomposed)
un-weathered parent rock
contains lumps or large shelves of un-weathered rock (no organic matter)
20
what are aridisols?
organic soils
soil profile is beginning to form
dry regions
moderately developed soil
21
what are inceptisols?
soil in grassy vegetation
soil formed in permafrost
self mixing soil
soil profile is beginning to form
22
all 3 components must be present in order for ground water to be considered a viable source
True
False
23
what is the S (secondary/shear) body wave?
it rolls, up and down and side to side in same direction as the wave
moves the ground laterally from side to side
only moves through solid rock and up and down or side to side (2nd fastest)
can move through solid or liquid and pushes and pulls (fastest)
24
what are the 2 soil orders found in connecticut?
entisols and inceptisols
aridisols and alfisols
oxisols and vertisols
histosols and gelisols
25
what is a well?
a deep hole used to access water from an aquifer
a shallow hole used to access soil for planting
a shallow hole used to plant seeds deeper in ground
26
what are stalagmites?
hanging from the ceiling
mounds on the floor built up
formed when stalctites and stalagmites connect
27
what is the P (primary/compressional) body wave?
it rolls, up and down and side to side in same direction as the wave
only moves through solid rock and up and down or side to side (2nd fastest)
can move through solid and liquid and pushes and pulls (fastest)
moves the ground laterally from side to side
28
what is porosity (n = V_voids/V_total)?
based of the permeability of the material and the properties of the fluid
ease with which water will flow through a porous material
a measure of the amount of void spaces in an aquifer material
29
what is a distant tsunami?
travels to land very quickly and gives people little time to react
travels out to sea and can travel long distances with little energy loss
30
what are spodosols?
soil in grassy vegetation
significant weathering
self mixing soils
organic soils
31
what are the effects of pumping wells?
cone of depression (in water table)
drawdown (lowering of water table)
all of the above
accelerates flow near wall and may reverse ground water flow
32
what is the love surface wave?
moves the ground laterally from side to side
it rolls, up and down and side to side in same direction as wave
can move through both solid and liquid and pushes and pulls
only moves through solid rock and up and down or side to side
33
what is organic activity?
plant roots split rocks and animals dig holes breaking up rocks
rocks breaking and wearing down by direct actions of other rocks
sheeting and exfoliation
water freezes in the cracks of rock and wedges it apart
34
what is an aquifer?
a tool used to measure and mointor earthquakes
a geologic unit that can store and transmit water
a tool that detects minute changes in water pressure
a tool that measures the magnitude of earthquakes
35
the B horizon is also known as the subsoil
False
True
36
what percentage of earth's fresh water is surface water and readily available?
22.1%
77.4%
0.5%
37
what are ultisols?
volcanic ash
self mixing soils
significant weathering
dry regions
38
what are anidsols?
soil formed in permafrost
volcanic ash
significant weathering
highly weathered soil
39
the hydrologic cycle is NOT the source of all fresh water
False
True
40
what are the long term predictions of earthquakes?
both A and B
neither are correct
unusual/anomalous animal behavior
seismic gap
41
what are molissols?
highly weathered soil
self mixing soil
dark, soft soil
organic soils
42
what are the methods of mitigating soil loss?
reducing wind erosion, no till farming, and grassed waterway
silt fences and retention basin
strip cropping, terracing, and contour plowing
all of the above
43
what is the focus (hypocenter)?
source of energy/point of rupture
surface point lying directly above the focus (ground motion is greatest)
44
a saturated zone is the area that contains ground water
False
True
45
what is hydraulic gradient (h₁ - h₂/d)?
the level to which water will rise in a well above a reference datum
the ratio of difference of hydraulic head of 2 wells to distance
46
what are factors affecting ground shaking?
all of the above
local soils and rock conditions
distance away from focus and ground amplification
earthquake magnitude and focal depth
47
what is permeability?
ease with which water will flow through porous material
a measure of the amount of void spaces in an aquifer material
based on the permeability of the material and the properties of the fluid
48
what are histosols?
dark, soft soil
highly weathered soil
significant weathering
organic soils
49
what are the 2 kinds of factors controlling rates of weathering?
climate/biotic and rock characteristics
air and water factors
physical and chemical factors
50
what are the factors that determine of ground water is viable?
the ease with which it can be withdrawn
all of the above
the quality of the water
the quantity that exists
51
what is soil taxonomy?
dynamic natural body composed of mineral and organic matter
the vertical section exposing a set of layers
the soil classification system (also known as soil order)
52
what are gelisols?
volcanic ash
soil formed in permafrost
moderately weathered soil formed in decidous forest
soil in grassy vegetation
53
what is the tool used to monitor earthquakes?
geophones (underground)
neither are correct
both A and B
seismograph/seismometer
54
what is the engineering classification based on?
temperature
mineral composition
chemical composition
particle sizes or abundance of organic material
55
what are oxisols?
significant weathering
highly weathered soil
soil formed in permafrost
dry regions
56
what is a soil profile?
the vertical section exposing a set of layers (consisting if horizins)
the soil classification system
habitat for soil organism
the prerequisite of soil formation
57
what is a perched aquifer?
receive infiltration/recharge from land surface
a horizontal permeable zone with impermeable zones above and below
a layer of saturated soil formed above the water table
58
what is oxidation?
rusting
just add water
dissolving
59
what is the O horizon?
zone of accumulation (illuviation)
primarily composed of organic matter; loose and partly decayed
un-weathered parent rock
generally light colored due to leaching (zone of eluviation)
60
what is abrasion?
plant roots spilt rocks and animals dig holes breaking up rocks
water freezes in the cracks of a rock and wedges it apart
rocks breaking or wearing down by direct actions of other rocks
sheeting and exfoliation
61
what is the hydrologic (water) cycle?
describes the existence and movement of water
a geologic unit that can store and transmit water
subsurface water that occurs beneath the water table
process by which aquifers are replenished
62
ground water moves from regions of higher energy to regions of lower energy (hydraulic head)
False
True
63
what is hydrolysis?
rusting
dissolving
just add water
64
what is the result of ground water erosion?
tsunamis
sinkholes
earthquakes
landslides
65
what are stalactites?
mounds on the floor built up
formed when stalactites and stalagmites connect
hanging from the ceiling
66
what are the human and natural influences of soil erosion?
all of the above
urbanization and desertification
floods, dust storm, and hurricane
deforestation and surface mining
67
what are dripstone columns?
mounds on the floor built up
formed when stalactites and stalagmites connect together
hanging from the ceiling
68
what is the rayleigh surface wave
it rolls, up and down and side to side in the same direction as wave
only moves through solid rock and up and down or side to side
moves through liquid and solid and pushes and pulls
moves the ground laterally from side to side
69
sedimentary rocks WOULDN'T exist without weathering and erosion
True
False
70
what is the result of carbon dioxide (CO₂) dissolution?
feldspar
carbonic acid
calcite (limestone)
kaolinite
71
physical/mechanical and chemical weathering occur simultaneously (compliment each other)
False
True
72
what are the 2 different types of weathering?
chemical and elemental
physical and chemical
textural and physical
elemental and textural
73
what are the components of seismic risk analysis?
all of the above
quake history (statistics)
competency of surficial materials (soil and rock)
create probability map and locate active faults
74
what is the composition of soil?
25% air, 5% water, 45% organic matter, and 25% mineral matter
25% air, 25% water, 5% organic matter, and 45% mineral matter
5% air, 45% water, 25% organic matter, and 25% mineral matter
45% air, 25% water, 25%, organic matter, and 5% mineral matter
75
rock permeability is proportional to fracture size, interconnectivity, and number
True
False
76
what is the C horizon?
un-weathered parent rock
zone of accumulation (illuviation)
contains lumps or large shelves of un-weathered rocks (no organic matter)
generally light colored due to leaching (zone of eluviation)
77
landslide/liquefaction (sand material turning into liquid) is NOT and effect of earthquakes
False
True
78
what is the elastic rebound theory?
all of the above
when initial strength is reached, vibrational energy is released
explains fault rupture and earthquake generation
rocks experiencing deformation store energy and bend
79
what is ease of flow/hydraulic conductivity?
a measure of the amount of void spaces in an aquifer material
ease with which water flows through porous materials
based on the permeability of the material and the properties of the fluid
80
what are gaining/effluent streams?
water flows from streams to ground water
greater infiltration causes ground water to flow into streams
81
the P-S interval indicates the distance to the epicenter
False
True
82
what is frost (ice) wedging?
sheeting and exfoliation
rocks breaking or wearing down by direct actions of other rocks
water freezes in the cracks of a rock and wedges it apart
plant roots spilt rocks and animals dig holes breaking up rocks
83
what is the process of triangulation?
calculates the magnitude of an earthquake
calculating where the earthquakes farthest point will reach
3 seismic stations and intersection indicates the epicenters location
84
what is solution/carbonation?
just add water
rusting
dissolving
85
what is base flow (method of ground water recharge)?
dry weather flow from a stream or river to the nearby soil (vice versa)
leads to the formation of sinkholes
precipitation and infiltration
86
what is an unconfined/water table aquifer?
receive infiltration/recharge from land surface
a layer of saturated soil formed above the water table
a horizontal permeable zone with impermeable zones above and below
87
soil loss in the U.S. occurs mainly along major river valleys
False
True
88
what is the R horizon?
un-weathered parent rock
zone of accumulation (illuviation)
generally light colored due to leaching (zone of eluviation)
marks the beginning of the true mineral soil
89
what is the A horizon?
contains lumps or more likely large shelves of un-weathered rocks
marks the beginning of the true mineral soil; typically dark colored
zone of accumulation (illuviation)
un-weathered parent rock
90
what percentage of earth's fresh water is ground water and is readily available?
0.5%
77.4%
22.1%
91
what is the richter intensity scale?
subjective observations of damage and ground shaking (not quantitative)
indicates ground motion amplitude (logarithmic)
92
what is the epicenter?
surface point lying directly above the focus (ground motion is greatest)
source of energy/point of rupture
93
what percentage of earth's water is fresh water?
77.4%
97.2%
22.1%
2.8%
94
what is exfoliation?
gradual peeling of layers due to uplift, expansion, and contraction
the fracturing of igneous mass to thin slab
95
what is a confined aquifer?
receive infiltration/recharge from land surface
a horizontal permeable zone with impermeable zones above and below
a layer of saturated soil formed above the water table
96
the composition of soil can be 100% water
False
True
97
during soil loss/erosion organic matter and clay particles are preferentially lost
True
False
98
the O and A horizon combined are the topsoil
False
True
99
the water table is the upper boundary of ground water
True
False
100
what is sheeting?
gradual peeling of layers due to uplift, expansion, and contraction
the fracturing of igneous mass into a thin slab
101
what is ground water sourced from?
precipitation (rain/snow) infiltrating the subsurface
large bodies of water (oceans/rivers/lakes) infiltrating the subsurface
melting ice (glaciers) infiltrating the subsurface
small bodies of water (ponds/streams) infiltrating the subsurface
102
what are losing/influent streams?
greater infiltration causes ground water to flow into streams
water flows from streams to ground water
103
what is the modified mercalli intensity scale?
subjective observations of damage and ground shaking (not quantitative)
indicates ground motion amplitude (logarithmic)
104
what is physical/mechanical weathering?
no change in a rocks mineral composition
involves chemical transformation of rocks into 1 or more new components
105
what is a tsunami?
vigorous ground shaking as a result of plate tectonic movement
caused by a sudden vertical displacement of ocean water
106
what is soil?
dynamic natural body composed of mineral and organic matter
the portion of regolith that supports the growth of plants
the most abundant mineral group
vertical section exposing a set of layers

ESCI 121 - Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards | StudBud