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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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1
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
medulla
occipital cortex
hypothalamus
2
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the control group
the observational group
the experimental group
3
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
fear
sadness
surprise
happiness
4
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
agonists
5
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
6
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
concrete
preconventional
postconventional
7
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
8
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
9
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
suppression
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
10
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
unipolar
bipolar
dissociative
cyclical
11
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold information for a lifetime
12
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
defense mechanisms
offense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
13
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
electrographic tomography
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
14
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
sedatives
alcohol
narcotics
cannabis
15
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
stimulus discrimination
step-wise conditioning
shaping
16
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
17
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
absolute threshold
18
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
19
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
groupthink
conformity
cognitive dissonance
20
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
constancy
symmetry
closure
21
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
encoded
retrieved
modeled
22
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
perception
hypnosis
sensation
consciousness
23
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
medulla
24
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
25
Anhedonia is when a person...
has trouble getting along with people
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
experiences mild manic states
has two different psychological disorders
26
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
27
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
loud noise
fear reaction
rat
28
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
low in openness
29
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
30
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous sleep
remain in continuous wakefulness
31
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
32
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
33
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
mescaline
heroin
marijuana
34
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
give cookie
i wanted a cookie
cookie
I eated a cookie
35
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
36
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
37
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
REM
stage 2
stage 1
38
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
39
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
loudness
pitch
timbre
decibels
40
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
41
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
feeding
the endocrine system
memory
42
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
prenatals
teratogens
pathogens
43
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
absolute
content
criterion-related
44
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
45
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
46
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
shared inhibition
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
strange situation
47
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
48
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
49
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
50
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
conversion disorder
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
fugue
51
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
social scripts
investment differentiations
display rules
52
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
observational learning
53
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
social loafing
deindividuation
conformity
54
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
mood
personality
schizophrenic
anxiety
55
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
representativeness
accuracy of inference
consistency
predictability
56
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
platonic
morphemic
mnemonic
phonemic
57
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
IQ
a percentile score
a potential score
mental age
58
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
59
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pancreas
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
60
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
61
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
62
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
the conscious
maladaptive behaviors
63
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the moral component of personality
the conscious aspect of personality
64
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
latency
genital
oral
anal
65
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
66
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
saturation
brightness
color
light purity
67
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
68
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
overextension
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
metalinguistic awareness
69
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
conservation
centration
reversibility
70
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
limbic system
reticular formation
endocrine system
71
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
chunk
schema
semantic network
72
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
acetylcholine
endorphin
dopamine
73
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
spatial
mechanical
musical
74
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
drive theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
75
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mean
midpoint
median
mode
76
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
a personality test
an aptitude test
an achievement test
77
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
an amphetamine
a sedative
78
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological stability
psychological instability
physiological instability
79
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
short-term
long-term
sensory
intermediate-term
80
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
marital problems
bipolar disorder
81
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
82
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
moving a part of his body
seeing a flash of light
hearing a sound
smelling an odor
83
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
post-conventional moral reasoning
development of secondary sex characteristics
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
84
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test norms
test scores
test levels
85
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
attention
processing
perception
86
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
positive reinforcement
observational learning
superstitious behavior
87
What is cognitive dissonance?
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
88
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
89
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
syntax
90
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
time of testing
sequential
cross-sectional
91
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender behaviors
gender stereotypes
gender differences
gender roles
92
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
cultural direction
schematizing
stereotypes
93
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
regression
compensation
fixation
displacement
94
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
cognitive
humanistic
psychoanalytic
behavioral
95
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
mentalism
introspection
cognition
96
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
vitreous humor
lens
cornea
97
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a delusion
an obsession
a phobia
a compulsion
98
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
tumor ligation
lesioning
99
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
attributionism
individualism
collectivism
functionalism
100
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
reinforcement
observational learning
101
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
punishment
102
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
creativity
intelligence
reasoning
103
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
104
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
been dreaming
a headache
not been dreaming
105
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
corpus callosum
pineal gland
parietal lobe
106
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recognition
relearning
recall
reiteration
107
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
behavioral quality
personality
temperament
attachment
108
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
food/meat powder
light
salivation
109
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
attributions
prejudices
self-serving bias
stereotypes
110
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
avoidance therapy
psychotherapy
111
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
112
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
113
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
car-nose
tree-bird
boat-goat
114
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
are using the representativeness heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the availability heuristic
115
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
smell buds
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
116
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
117
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
activation-synthesis theory
None of the Above
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
118
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
119
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
hallucinations
delusions
illusions
120
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
sing a song
fear the dark
tie shoe laces
print letters
121
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
functionalism
neodynamism
behaviorism
psychoanalysis
122
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Rene Decartes
G. Stanley Hall
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
123
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
basis for performing pro-social behavior
124
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thyroid
pituitary
thalamus
gonads
125
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
latent learning
insight learning
126
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
manipulative behavior
social charm
excessive guilt
aggressiveness
127
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
behavior
the brain
the unconscious
128
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
delta
gamma
beta
alpha
129
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
a deceptive test
130
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
questionnaires
psychological tests
physiological recordings
131
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
temporal lobe
oval window
stirrup
cochlea
132
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
crystallized
fluid
episodic
133
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
crowded living conditions
134
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
episodic memories
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
135
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
136
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
137
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
138
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
behavior is to motive
139
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a social psychologist
a forensic psychologist
140
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule
141
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
a false alarm
142
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
reticular formation
cerebellum
limbic system
143
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
location of injury
cortex
thalamus
144
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
physical interaction
abstract operations
145
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
percentiles
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
146
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
a variety of environmental factors
147
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
pressure
conflict
frustration
148
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
top-down processing
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
149
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
content validity
predictive validity
150
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the cephalocaudal trend
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
