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cell bio exam 3
cell bio exam 3
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1
what makes up DNA? select all that apply
a phosphate group
1 nitrogen-containing aromatic base
a 5-carbon sugar
a carboxly group
2
methylation serves as a signal for either the activation or repression of gene expression
True
False
3
define simple diffusion
movement of solute molecules w/assistance of energy
passive movement of solute molecules through a membrane
passive movement of solute molecules w/assistance of a transport protein
4
some cells that never replicate very slowly are....
connective tissues
muscles
nerurons
blood cells
5
The endosymbiont theory states that mitochondria were derived from....
sugar
dirt
bacteria
viruses
6
anabolic pathways are.... (select all that apply)
exergonic (releases energy)
synthetic reactions
degradadtive
endergonic (requires energy)
7
definition of osmolality (not osmolarity!!)
the # of solute part. disso in 1kg of water & the ability to cause osmosis
the total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
a substance into which solutes can be dissolved
the diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane
8
the unwinding process involves a number of DNA helicases
very false
very true
false
true
9
definition of solvent
a substance into which solutes can be dissolved
the total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
the diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane
the number of solute particles dissolved in 1 kg of water
10
Which of the following is not an example of facilitated diffusion?
anion exchange protein
oxygen transport
aquaporins
channel proteins
11
channel proteins allow ions to move in & out of the cell faster than carrier proteins
False
True
12
definition of osmolarity
the diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane
the total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
the number of solute particles dissolved in 1 kg of water
a substance into which solutes can be dissolved
13
The movement of water through a membrane, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is known as
active transport
facilitated transport
passive transport
osmosis
14
One mechanism by which ions are specifically transported into the cell is the
uniport transport model
carrier protein transport
gated channel
alternating conformation model
15
The rough ER synthesizes lipids and steroids
False
True
16
carrier proteins are capable of binding many molecules at an active site
True
False
17
how are the microtubles arranged in the cytoskeleton?
in a circle - 9 fused pairs & 2 unfused in the middle
in a circle - 5 fused pairs and 1 single mircrotubule in the middle
9 pairs fused in no particular order
9 single microtubules arranged in a circle with 9 fused in the middle
18
anaphase B is
poles themselves move away from each other
chromatids are pulled apart by shortening kinetochore microtubules
19
The smooth ER synthesizes lipids and steroids
False
True
20
molecules need to collide with one another for a chemical reaction to occur
False
True
21
how can a mutation arise?
mispairing of bases
drinking coffee
damage to individual bases
slippage during replication
22
what are the responsibilities of microfilaments? select all that apply
cell migration & amoeboid movement
strucutal core of microvilli
cytokinesis
muscle contractions
23
define facilitated diffusion
movement of solute molecules w/assistance of energy
passive movement of solute molecules through a membrane
passive movement of solute molecules w/assistance of a transport protein
24
what do lysosomes contain?
catalase which degrades H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) into H2O and O2
contains chromosomes & nucleus (responsible for synthesizing ribosomes)
ATP
enzymes capable of digesting proteins, carbs, fats
25
large molecules diffuse slower than small ones
True
False
26
what is the plasma membrane made form? select all that apply
membrane proteins
glycoproteins
phospholipid bilayer
cholsterol
27
what is the definition of cytoplasm?
the region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
semifluid solution of the cytoplasm
a membrane-bounded central core that houses DNA in the form of chromosomes
protein structure that help maintain the cell’s shape
28
What is the cytoskeleton responsible for? select all that apply
IDK
organelle placement
cell movement
cytokinesis
29
mitochondria is a site of aerobic respiration (oxidation of sugars to produce ATP)
True
False
30
the most abundant form of intermediate filaments is....
elastin
melanocytes
keratin
collagen
31
tonicity is the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering their internal water volume
True
False
32
What are the limitations of cell size? select all that apply
surface volume ratio
mitosis
rate of diffusion
capability to maintain local concentration
33
what does the G1-S transition stage check for?
checks that sister chromatids are attached to the mitotic spindle
checks for extracellular growth factors that should be present
checks for undamaged DNA/chromosomes from the previous event
34
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions in synthesis of
polysaccharides
DNA
proteins
lipids
35
what is the definition of exocytosis?
substances enter the cell through invagination through the cell's membrane
substances leave a cell by a secretory vesicle from the cell's membrane
unassisted movement of a substance from a region of high concen to low conc
36
what happens during metaphase?
chromatids are abruptly separated & move toward opposite poles
Chromatin condenses into chromosome that are visible under microscope
fragmentation of nuclear envelop, spindles make contact with chromosomes
fully condensed chromosomes align at metaphase plate & tugging begins
37
some cells that replicate only when stimulated are....
nerurons
connective tissues
muscles
hepatocytes & lymphocytes
38
what proofreads DNA to ensure accuracy of the new DNA strand?
topoisomerases
RNA polymerase
ridosomes
DNA polymerase
39
the smooth ER synthesizes proteins for use in membrane structure
True
False
40
what happens during prometaphase?
fully condensed chromosomes align at metaphase plate & tugging begins
fragmentation of nuclear envelop, spindles make contact with chromosomes
chromatids are abruptly separated & move toward opposite poles
Chromatin condenses into chromosome that are visible under microscope
41
what does the metaphase-anaphase transition stage check for?
checks that sister chromatids are attached to the mitotic spindle
checks for undamaged DNA/chromosomes from the previous event
checks for extracellular growth factors that should be present
42
Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by a unique enzyme known as
multiplex enzyme system.
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
pyruvate decarboxylase.
transitionase system.
43
definition of a histone?
proteins that play the most important role in chromatin structure
the genetic makeup of an organism
a tightly packed chromatin that is transcriptionally inactive
a loosely packed chromatin that transcriptionally active
44
what is the definition of diffusion?
substances enter the cell through invagination through the cell's membrane
unassisted movement of a substance from a region of high concen to low conc
substances leave a cell by a secretory vesicle from the cell's membrane
45
The gross output of ATP from glycolysis is ________, whereas the net output of ATP is ________.
6; 4
2; 1
4; 1
4; 2
46
During exercise, you may notice that your muscles burn. Which of the following statements best explains this phenomenon?
Carbon dioxide is building up in muscle and changing the pH.
ADP is accumulating, which produces a burning sensation.
Proteins are being digested to provide energy.
Without oxygen, pyruvate is being converted to lactic acid.
47
multiple replication sites are needed in eukaryotes because DNA is longer & the process is slower due to nucleosomes
True
False
48
what do peroxisomes contain?
chromosomes & nucleus (responsible for synthesizing ribosomes)
enzymes capable of digesting proteins, carbs, fats
catalase which degrades H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) into H2O and O2
ATP
49
DNA synthesis happens in both directions creating a replication bubble
True
False
50
definition of osmosis
the number of solute particles dissolved in 1 kg of water
the total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
a substance into which solutes can be dissolved
the diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane
51
Oxygen is toxic to
facultative anaerobes.
strict aerobes.
strict anaerobes.
aerotolerant organisms.
52
nitrogen is found in all of the bases of DNA & RNA
True
False
53
what molecules are the backbone of DNA?
nitrogen
sugar
phosphate
bactrim
54
what is the definition of endocytosis?
substances leave a cell by a secretory vesicle from the cell's membrane
unassisted movement of a substance from a region of high concen to low conc
substances enter the cell through invagination through the cell's membrane
55
what protein helps keep DNA unwound once the separation has begun?
minichromosomal maintenance complex
origin recognition complex
topoismerases
single stranded DNA binding proteins
56
what does the G2-S transition stage check for?
checks that sister chromatids are attached to the mitotic spindle
checks for extracellular growth factors that should be present
checks for undamaged DNA/chromosomes from the previous event
57
Which of the following is/are true with regard to water movement in osmosis?
hypertonic → hypotonic
isotonic → hypotonic
hypertonic → isotonic
hypotonic → hypertonic
58
what base will adenine pair with in DNA?
guanine
uracil
thymine
cytosine
59
According our lectures, glycolysis is divided into three phases. In which phase of glycolysis is ATP not generated?
1 & 2
1
3
2
60
Which of the following is not a product of fermentation?
lactate
sucrose
ethanol
CO2
61
The major structural elements of the cytoskeleton are
the cytoplasm and cytosol.
microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
cleavage furrows and G-actin.
the extracellular matrix and the cell wall.
62
axonemal microtubules are.... (select all that apply)
cilia
basal bodies
villi
flagella
63
what is the definition of cytosol
a membrane-bounded central core that houses DNA in the form of chromosomes
the region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
semifluid solution of the cytoplasm
protein structure that help maintain the cell’s shape
64
what base will cytosine pair with in DNA?
thymine
guanine
uracil
adenine
65
Which of the following is a eukaryotic characteristic?
little processing of RNA
membrane-bound nucleus
cell fission
70S ribosome
66
what proteins facilitate DNA replication by unwinding the double helix?
topoismerases
origin recognition complex
minichromosomal maintenance proteins
single stranded DNA binding proteins
67
what proteins prevent tangling of unwound DNA by creating swivel points in the DNA molecule?
single stranded DNA binding proteins
topoismerases
minichrosomal maintenance proteins
origin recognition complex
68
the rate of facilitated diffusion is limited by the number of transport proteins specific for the solute being moved
True
False
69
β-oxidation
s the second step in the oxidation of glucose.
is a process used to oxidize fatty acids.
is a process used to digest some polysaccharides.
occurs in the cytoplasm
70
what molecule removes the RNA initiation sequence after DNA synthesis?
polymerase 1
ligase
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
71
definition of a heterochromatin?
a loosely packed chromatin that transcriptionally active
proteins that play the most important role in chromatin structure
the genetic makeup of an organism
a tightly packed chromatin that is transcriptionally inactive
72
define telomeres
picture of one’s complement of chromosomes
narrow part of the chromosome
genetic makeup of an organism
tips of chromosomes, contain highly repetitive DNA sequences
73
catabolic pathways are.... (select all that apply)
either aerobic or anerobic
degradative reactions that breakdown cellular components
endergonic
exergonic
74
the addition of an acetyl group to an amino acid promotes chromatin decondensation & gene expression
True
False
75
definition of a euchromatin?
a loosely packed chromatin that transcriptionally active
proteins that play the most important role in chromatin structure
a tightly packed chromatin that is transcriptionally inactive
the genetic makeup of an organism
76
what are some responsibilities of microtubules? select all that apply
chromosome movement
maintain axons
placement & movement of vesicles
formation of mitotic & meiotic spindles
77
Which of the following best describes the special "high-energy" bond of ATP?
ionic
phosphoester
phosphoanhydride
hydrogen
78
have you studied the sodium potassium pump? if not, here is 4 minutes to study it
that's on the test?
yes, i am a nerd
ugh
hell naw
79
some cells that never replicate are....
muscles
nerurons
epithelium
blood cells
80
anaphase B is
poles themselves move away from each other
chromatids are pulled apart by shortening kinetochore microtubules
81
In cells, glucose has four main fates. Which of the following is not one of those fates?
Glucose is transformed into sucrose.
Glucose is used to synthesize glycogen.
Glucose is converted to lactate.
Glucose is catabolized to carbon dioxide and water.
82
define active diffusion
passive movement of solute molecules w/assistance of a transport protein
movement of solute molecules w/assistance of energy
passive movement of solute molecules through a membrane
83
Which sequence reflects the locations that a secretory protein will visit on its way from production to outside the cell
rough ER, Golgi complex, smooth ER, ER vesicle
nucleus, Golgi complex, rough or smooth ER, secretory vesicle
rough ER, secretory vesicle, Golgi complex, ER vesicle
rough ER, ER vesicle, Golgi complex, secretory vesicle
84
some rapidly dividing cells are....
blood cells
epithelium
nerurons
muscles
85
what are the mechanisms to repair damaged DNA? select all that apply
nucleotide excision repair
double-stranded break repair
mismatch repair
bases excision repair
86
which organelle is continuous with the membrane of the nuclear envelope?
rough ER
golgi apparatus
smooth ER
plasma membrane
87
In eukaryotes, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA
when passing through the mitochondrial outer membrane.
in the mitochondrial matrix.
in the intermembrane space.
n the cellular cytosol.
88
what is the definition of cytoskeleton
semifluid solution of the cytoplasm
a membrane-bounded central core that houses DNA in the form of chromosomes
the region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
protein structure that help maintain the cell’s shape
89
select all that apply to the plasma membrane proteins
anchor the cell
allow for substances to cross the membrane
act as receptors to cause reactions inside the cell
act as enzymes
90
what happens during telophase?
fully condensed chromosomes align at metaphase plate & tugging begins
chromatids are abruptly separated & move toward opposite poles
fragmentation of nuclear envelop, spindles make contact with chromosomes
daughter chromosomes begin to uncoil & cytokinesis begins
91
what happens during prophase?
fully condensed chromosomes align at metaphase plate & tugging begins
Chromatin condenses into chromosome that are visible under microscope
chromatids are abruptly separated & move toward opposite poles
fragmentation of nuclear envelop, spindles make contact with chromosomes
92
what happens during anaphase?
Chromatin condenses into chromosome that are visible under microscope
chromatids are abruptly separated & move toward opposite poles
fully condensed chromosomes align at metaphase plate & tugging begins
fragmentation of nuclear envelop, spindles make contact with chromosomes
93
Which of the following organelles is not part of the endomembrane system?
golgi apparatus
lysosome
ER
ribosome
94
what is the cytoskeleton comprised of? select all that apply
microfilaments
intermediate fibers
microtubules
monocytes
