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AS2 Part 1
AS2 Part 1
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Answers
1
Which of the following is not an observational study?
cross sectional
case control
cohort
intervention
2
constant presence +/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population in an area is
sporadic event
pandemic
outbreak
endemic
3
Collection of wrong data is what type of bias?
selection
Information
confounding
4
What is the definition of a random error?
all values equal true value
all values below true value
all values above true value
all values evenly distributed above/below true value
5
An evaluation of the incremental cost per change in outcome & most common form of economic evaluation is
cost minimisation analysis (CMA)
cost effectiveness analysis (CEA)
cost utility analysis (CUA)
cost benefit analysis (CBA)
6
Which of these is an example of risk factor surveillance?
vector trapping
smoking habit surveys
7
What are the 2 types of information bias?
promotion & recall
recall & observer
receiver & observer
recall & recalculation
8
Which of the following is not an issue of a cross sectional study?
current exposure status may not reflect status at time disease occurred
under representation with short duration
representative sample
over representation with long duration
9
What is the duration of S. aureus illness?
24-72 hrs
10-18 hrs
48-96 hrs
12-24 hrs
10
Incorrect rejection of true H
0
is called
Type IV error
Type I error
Type II error
Type III error
11
Which of the following is not a major component contributing to economic analysis?
opinions & attitude
products
people
resources
12
Which of these is not a form of bias?
interaction
information
confounding
selection
13
What is the formula for relative risk?
risk in unexposed/risk in exposed
risk in unexposed/total
risk in exposed/risk in unexposed
risk in exposed/total
14
A test not just used when disease/condition suspected but also when people are at risk of developing disease/condition
screening
diagnostic
15
Which factor does not affect the prevalence of a disease?
mortality/survival rates
sample size
duration
age of participants
16
How well observed values agree with the true value is known as
precision
accuracy
17
How is accuracy improved?
both
using different methods
repeating measurements
18
Both outcomes & costs are calculated & converted to the same units in
cost effectiveness analysis
cost benefit analysis
cost minimisation analysis
cost utility analysis
19
What is a benefit of syndromic surveillance?
late detection
cheap
early detection
constant monitoring
20
What does each slice of pie indicate?
component cause
contributing cause
sufficient cause
necessary cause
21
A study baseline grouping on outcome is
both
cohort
case control
22
Which of the following tests compares variances?
e test
f test
l test
g test
23
What does a small P value imply?
reject null hypothesis
accept null hypothesis
24
How is precision improved?
repeating measurements
using different methods
both
25
What is interaction?
2 dependent factors interacting to produce an exacerbated result
2 factors that interact to cancel out the others effect
2 independent factors interacting to produce an exacerbated result
26
Use of a sample not representative of a population is what type of bias?
information
confounding
selection
27
Which part of the fraction encompasses the population being analysed?
numerator
denominator
28
What is the formula for productivity?
inputs/outputs
outputs x inputs
inputs/outputs
outputs/inputs
29
Which of these is the most effective?
random sampling
hazard based surveillance
controlled sampling
risk based surveillance
30
What is sentinel surveillance?
looking at disease, infection & mortality
focuses on sentient beings
looking at treatment & efficacy
focus on specific sub populations to enhance detection & cost effectiveness
31
Using data to provide descriptions of population either through numerical calculations or graphs/tables is called
inferential statistics
descriptive statistics
32
What is the incubation of staph. aureus?
2-3 hrs
8-10 hrs
1-6 hrs
14-16 hrs
33
What is the formula for incidence rate?
animal time at risk/cases
cases/animal time at risk
34
Financial output- all costs(variable & fixed) =
gross margin
profit
social cost
35
Which of the following does not fall under the term sensitivity?
identify sources & know what they contribute
capacity of detecting immunity in a population
capacity of detecting disease if present
capacity of detecting all cases in a population
36
a disease control programme is an example of
microeconomics
macroeconomics
37
What is the definition of hypothesis testing?
the informal procedure used to accept/reject statistical hypothesis
the process of designing a hypothesis
the formal procedure used to accept/reject statistical hypothesis
38
Confidence intervals, standard deviation & standard error are parts of which type of statistics?
inferential
descriptive
39
What does the whole Rothman's pie signify?
sufficient cause
contributing cause
necessary cause
component cause
40
Which of the following is not an observational study?
implicit
descriptive
retro/prospective
analytical
41
What is the formula for the power of study?
1-δ
1-α
1-γ
1-β
42
What are the definitions of timeliness?
time from confirmation to treatment
time from onset to detection
time from onset to reporting
time from onset to confirmation
43
Hypothesis testing & estimation are included in which type of statistics?
inferential
descriptive
44
What effect does a larger sample size have on the confidence interval?
decreases CI range
increases CI range
45
Which of these is not a factor of case control study?
doesn't require a follow up
never a representation & quicker & cheaper
use OR not RR
generally retrospective & groups categorised based on outcome
46
Evaluation of incremental cost per unit change in outcome is
cost utility analysis
cost effectiveness analysis
cost benefit analysis
cost minimisation analysis
47
Which of these is not an example of random error?
bias
biological variation
sampling errors
48
Which type of EE has no units?
CBA
CMA
CUA
CEA
49
epidemic occurring worldwide & affecting a large population of individuals is
outbreak
pandemic
epidemic
endemic
50
What is biocontainment?
minimising impact of endemic disease within a population
minimising impact of pandemic disease within a population
minimising impact of epidemic disease within a population
minimising impact of sporadic disease within a population
51
Statistics that make inferences & predictions about populations based on sample data are
inferential statistics
descriptive statistics
52
A study with baseline grouping on the determinant is
cohort
both
case control
53
What is the odds ratio formula?
(c/d)/(a/b)
(b/c)/(a/d)
(a/c)/(b/d)
(a/b)/(c/d)
54
Measure & compare costs across alternatives with identical outcomes is
cost utility analysis
cost effectiveness analysis
cost minimisation analysis
cost benefit analysis
55
Which of the following is not a feature of a cross sectional study?
generally retrospective
most common study in vet epidemiology & doesn't require follow up
groups categorised based on outcome & exposure simultaneously
representative sample of all individuals in population
56
What is the risk ratio for a cohort study?
(c/c+d)/(a/a+b)
(a/a+b)/(c/c+d)
57
Which of the following is not a required for data capture?
biases
heterogeneities
homogeneities
dependences & uncertainties
58
What is the crude odds ratio?
without stratification
with stratification
59
What is the formula for prevalence?
no. test +ve/total +ve & -ve
no. test -ve/ total +ve & -ve
60
What are the 4 classifications of surveillance output?
purpose, sensitivity, timeliness, frequency
purpose, unit of interest, frequency, # cases
purpose, timeliness, frequency, # cases
frequency, purpose, specificity, # cases
61
Which type of EE is measured in QALYS?
CUA
CEA
CMA
CBA
62
What is risk based surveillance?
surveillance based on risk
introducing subsequent risks to act as comparisons
using knowledge of hazards to improve safety
using knowledge of risk factors to improve probability of finding disease
63
Which of the following are not ways to minimise confounding?
frequency & pair matching
stratification & statistical modelling
restriction & randomisation
analysis & repetition
64
Which pathogen is contained in rice and pasta?
listeria monocytogenes
clostridium difficile
bacillus cereus
staph aureus
65
vaccinating herd & treating sick animals is an example of
microeconomics
macroeconomics
66
What is the cumulative incidence formula?
how many at risk/how many infected
how many infected/how many at risk
67
Which of the following test compares means?
z test
t test
f test
x test
68
Which of the following is not a criteria for confounding?
independently associated with the disease
should not lie on causal pathway between exposure & disease
associated with the exposure
should lie on causal pathway between exposure & disease
69
What is error?
similarity between true & observed value
difference between true & observed value
difference between precision & accuracy of observed value
difference between accurate & observed value
70
Which of the following does not form part of a research question?
input
determinant
outcome
domain
71
Consequences are a result of
causation
association
72
occurrence of cases of disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a defined community/area is
outbreak
epidemic
pandemic
endemic
73
The relationship between exposure & disease is called
causation
association
74
Private benefit + external benefit =
gross benefit
private benefit
social benefit
social cost
75
What does the fundamental slice of pie indicate?
contributing cause
necessary cause
component cause
sufficient cause
76
In which area do uncertainties not arise from?
bias
sampling variability
population & frequency estimates
tested characteristics
77
Distortion of association between exposure & health outcome by 3rd variable which relates to both is
confounding bias
information bias
selection bias
interaction bias
78
A study looking at a single point in time is a
intervention
case control
cross sectional study
cohort
79
Private cost + external cost =
gross margin
profit
social cost
social benefit
80
What does a CI<1 indicate?
risk factor
defending factor
saving factor
protecting factor
81
What is the definition of the P value?
probability of observed effect if H0 is false
probability of observed effect if H0 is true
probability of observed effect if H1 is true
probability of observed effect if H1 is false
82
an increase, often sudden, in #cases of disease above normal expectation in that population in that area is
pandemic
endemic
epidemic
sporadic event
83
Which of these does not describe systematic error?
bias
not due to chance alone
tendency to be above/below true value
sampling error
84
Which type of economic evaluation (EE) is measured in monetary units?
CMA
CBA
CEA
CUA
85
Which factor does not form part of the epidemiological triad?
environment
agent
gene
host
86
What is the animal time at risk?
no. animals/days
no. animals x days
no.animals + days
no. animals-days
87
How well repeated observations agree with each other is known as
precision
accuracy
88
What is biosecurity?
procedures/measures to protect populations against infections/disease
both
minimising impacts of endemic diseases within a population
89
Which of the following tests compares proportions?
chi squared test
thigh cubed test
why squared test
pie eating test
90
What does a CI >1 indicate?
protecting factor
saving factor
defending factor
risk factor
91
Clinical trials are a type of intervention study
False
True
92
unpredictable, hap hazardous occurrence of disease that is random is
sporadic
pandemic
endemic
epidemic
93
Financial output-variable costs =
gross margin
profit
94
Any kind of medical test to confirm or classify a disease, guide treatment or aid in prognosis of disease is a
diagnostic test
screening test
95
Association = causation
False
True
96
Incorrect retention of a false H
0
is called
Type I error
Type III error
Type II error
Type IV error
97
Which part of the fraction is required to be precise & dynamic?
numerator
denominator
98
Which type of EE is measured in natural units?
CUA
CMA
CBA
CEA
99
Which of these is a example of risk based surveillance?
smoking habit surveys
vector trapping
100
Which of the following is not a descriptive study?
meta-description
case series
meta-analysis
case description
