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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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1
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
similiarity
closure
symmetry
2
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
sensory memories
episodic memories
3
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
extinction
4
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
5
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
sequential
time of testing
cross-sectional
6
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
systematic desensitization
avoidance therapy
7
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
8
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
offense mechanisms
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
9
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
reticular formation
limbic system
10
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
11
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
conflict
pressure
change
12
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
13
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
pseudoinsomnia
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
14
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
15
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
fear reaction
rat
loud noise
16
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
medulla
17
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
Sperry's area
18
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
accuracy of inference
predictability
representativeness
19
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
20
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
saturation
light purity
color
brightness
21
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
the endocrine system
memory
22
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
reasoning
creativity
intelligence
23
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
individualism
collectivism
attributionism
24
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
25
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
26
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
sing a song
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
print letters
27
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
modeled
ablated
encoded
retrieved
28
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
functionalism
neodynamism
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
29
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
30
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
regression
fixation
displacement
31
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
has been standardized but not normed
is consistent
is reliable
32
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
punishment
operant conditioning
observational learning
classical conditioning
33
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
corpus callosum
thalamus
parietal lobe
34
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
location of injury
cortex
thalamus
35
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
36
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
midpoint
median
mode
mean
37
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
38
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
39
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
latent learning
insight learning
operant conditioning
40
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
lesioning
tumor ligation
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
41
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
introspection
cognition
intelligence
42
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
stage 2
REM
stage 1
43
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
44
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
crowded living conditions
45
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a deceptive test
a projective test
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
46
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
47
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
content validity
standardized validity
48
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
49
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
cookie
give cookie
i wanted a cookie
50
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
overestimating the improbable
the gambler's fallacy
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
51
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
conscious experience
behavior
the brain
the unconscious
52
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the law of cognitive dissonance
the reciprocity norm
53
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
medulla
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
54
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
the relative threshold period
transduction incapacity
55
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
psychological instability
physiological instability
psychological stability
56
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
57
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
hallucinations
illusions
delusions
58
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
59
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
pathogens
opiates
prenatals
teratogens
60
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
a personality test
61
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
crystallized
fluid
procedural
episodic
62
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
63
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
thyroid gland
pancreas
sebaceous gland
pituitary gland
64
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
brainstem
reticular formation
cerebellum
65
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
schema
semantic network
script
66
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
personality; standardized
67
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an external attribution
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
a distinctive attribution
68
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
conservation
egocentrism
centration
reversibility
69
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
recognition
recall
reiteration
70
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
cognitive
humanistic
psychoanalytic
71
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
G. Stanley Hall
Wilhelm Wundt
Rene Decartes
William James
72
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
overextension
fast-mapping
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
73
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
74
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
75
Anhedonia is when a person...
has trouble getting along with people
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
experiences mild manic states
has two different psychological disorders
76
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
content
criterion-related
absolute
77
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test scores
test norms
test levels
78
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
car-nose
tree-bird
fill-feed
79
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
80
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
strange situation
attachment probing
81
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
intermediate-term
long-term
short-term
sensory
82
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
a headache
been dreaming
83
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
an amphetamine
a narcotic
a sedative
84
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
investment differentiations
display rules
social scripts
85
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
conversion disorder
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
fugue
86
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
sensation
perception
processing
87
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
trust vs. mistrust
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
88
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
89
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
resistance to pain
90
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
moving a part of his body
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
hearing a sound
91
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
shaping
selection
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
92
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the observational group
the control group
the correlational group
93
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
happiness
fear
sadness
surprise
94
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
the cephalopedal trend
the proximodistal trend
95
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
vitreous humor
iris
cornea
lens
96
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
bipolar
cyclical
dissociative
unipolar
97
What is somnambulism?
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
98
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender roles
gender behaviors
gender differences
gender stereotypes
99
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
100
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
101
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
102
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a false alarm
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
103
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
gonads
pituitary
thyroid
104
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
105
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
personality
anxiety
mood
106
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
attributions
prejudices
stereotypes
self-serving bias
107
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
amount of time awake
exposure to light
108
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting irrelevant information
109
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
cultural direction
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
110
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
an obsession
a compulsion
a phobia
a delusion
111
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
cannabis
narcotics
sedatives
112
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
direct observation
physiological recordings
psychological tests
113
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
mental age
IQ
a potential score
114
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
unrealistic demands from family/friends
115
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
wish fulfillment theory
116
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
loudness
pitch
timbre
decibels
117
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
the conscious
118
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
119
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
conformity
120
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
retroactive interference
pseudoforgetting
121
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
temporal lobe
cochlea
oval window
122
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
instinct theory
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
123
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
mnemonic
platonic
morphemic
124
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
temperament
behavioral quality
attachment
125
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
126
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
127
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
musical
spatial
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
128
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
gamma
alpha
delta
beta
129
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
concrete
preconventional
postconventional
conventional
130
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
tone
light
food/meat powder
131
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
endorphin
acetylcholine
dopamine
132
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
perception
hypnosis
sensation
133
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
linguistic heuristics
morphemes
syntax
phonemes
134
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
antagonists
agonists
action potentials
135
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
avoidance
repression
neurogenic amnesia
136
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
abstract operations
logical reasoning
137
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
social charm
manipulative behavior
138
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
139
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
140
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
heroin
marijuana
mescaline
141
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
anal
genital
latency
142
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
143
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
percentiles
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
144
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
145
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
observational learning
146
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
147
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
olfactory cilia
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
148
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
efferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
afferent nerves
149
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
deindividuation
conformity
social loafing
150
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
