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Krista Version Duplicate of 2006PSY Week 9 - Language Flashcards | StudBud
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Krista Version Duplicate of 2006PSY Week 9 - Language
Krista Version Duplicate of 2006PSY Week 9 - Language
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1
The trace model (of speech perception) assumes three processing units or nodes at three different levels:
Features of words
Features of the sounds of words
Features of phonemes
All of the above
2
Sound exchange errors (spoonerisms) =
“Don’t bold hack.”
"Ton'd dolb kach."
"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet"
"Don't dold dack."
3
The sound represented by the letter /t/ is an example of a phoneme
True
False
4
Rapid saccades across text are separated by periods of fixation. It is in this fixation that...
The eyes become blind to the text momentarily
The brain takes in what has been received during saccadic activity
The eyes take in the text as a whole
The eyes actually extract information from the text (reading)
5
Typically, we speak at a rate of...
55-125 words per minute
150-200 words per minute
750-1000 words per minute
200-300 words per minute
6
“Syntactic traffic cop” do what?
Inhibits words not belonging (syntactically or grammatically)
Help us from inadvertently sounding like stereotypical Australians
Are the cause of the stuttering phenomenon
7
In testing activation of orthographic information, the lexical decision task showed...
I don't remember what phonology and orthography mean
Slower performance when a word's phonology differed from its orthography
All words uttered (performed) at roughly the same rate
Faster performance when a word's phonology differed from its orthography
8
Expert speakers plan ahead less than non-expert speakers (anticipatory)
True
False
9
Word frequency effect refers to...
If a word appears less frequently we recognise it faster (sore thumb)
Words that we are more familiar with being recognised faster
Words on the same frequency are grouped in our minds for efficiency
The sound frequency of a word dictates how well and how fast we hear it
10
When cognitive load is low, we plan our sentences the most.
Maybe
So
Yes
No
11
Pragmatics = we use context and other information to comprehend sentences correctly.
True
False
12
Readers fixate around 80% on ________
Function words (e.g., articles, prepositions)
Content words (e.g., bird, fly)
Content words (e.g., nouns, verbs)
13
What factors contribute to reading speed?
Speed can be predicated on one's reason for reading in the first place
All of the above
Ease/readability of text
Individual differences
14
Number-agreement errors refer to...
Grammatical errors involving singular and plural structures
Purposely stating an incorrect number to denote emphasis
"I've told you that a thousand times already."
15
Listeners with high inhibitory control and ASD are less likely to ignore/have difficulty with common ground
True
False
16
Spreading activation theory = information about several words activated at same time, can have facilitation effect
False
True
17
Orthography refers to...
Orientation
Listening techniques
Spelling
Writing style
18
Phonology refers to...
Fission
Pronunciation
Annunciation
Diction
19
Bertram and Hyona (2003) proposed...
Short words are more likely to be part of the mental lexicon
High frequency words are more likely to part of the mental lexicon
All of the above
Difficult polymorphemic words (e.g., honeymoon) more likely to be stored
20
Spatial and temporal information on reading refers to...
Where people look and with whom they look
Where people look and why they look
Where people look and when they look
Where people look and how angrily they look
21
There are no individual differences in the number and nature of errors made when speaking
True
False
22
Average reading rate (200-300 words per minute) is slower than speech perception.
True
False
23
How are morphologically complex words (e.g., undrinkable) pronounced and understood?
Complex words draw our attention and greater concentration
It is still unknown why and how these words are understood
Mental images are used to make sense of derivations
These words are stored in a mental lexicon or assembled "on the spot"
24
Techniques used to help complex process of discourse include...
Parentheticals
Parsing
Real world knowledge and Schemas
25
Problems facing the perceptual system in regards to speech include...
Segmentation is difficult
All of the above
Language is spoken rapidly
Background noise
26
Read the below words, which one is formed by derivation?
Super-cali-fragi-listic-expi-ali-do-cious
Whole-hearted-ly
de-riv-a-tion
27
Sentence parsing
refers to our understanding of how words are combined in a sentence (i.e., grammatical structure)
False
True
28
In solving ambiguities in a sentence, Garden path theory argues...
We apply semantic information to deal with misinterpretations
Semantic information is ignored (left to grow) until meaning is revealed
"Students cook and serve grandparents" LMAO
We use it to do thing with that
29
Other influences on word processing speed include...
All of the above
Age of acquisition
Word length
Context effects (faster if word matches context of sentence semantically)
30
Findings suggest complex sentences are planned at the phrase level, taking longer to form in our minds
False
True
31
Fast speakers tend to plan more than slow speakers, thus making them faster
True
False
32
Which sentence would demonstrate syntactic priming?
The practice exam is done
The exam was finished
33
The letter /t/ can represents the same phoneme(s) regardless of the language
True
False
34
Of the word pairs presented in rapid succession by Barrs et al. (1975), "deep cot" led to the most frequent errors
False
True
35
What makes tip-of-the tongue happen?
Phonological processing successful but predicate is not formed correctly
Semantic processing successful but phonological processing unsuccessful
Semantic processing successful but agglutination unsuccessful
Phonological processing successful but semantic processing unsuccessful
36
Facilitation effect is exhibited when a picture of an arm is presented beside a picture of dog but not a picture of art.
False
True
37
Does this picture refer to the distributed cohort model? Discuss what this image represents.
True
False
38
Low cognitive load = more planning of sentences
False
True
39
"The ball moves above the tree and the finger"
Simple
Complex
Incorrect
40
a main finding of Mattys et al. (2009)?
Neither types of masking impaired task (listening) performance
Bottom-up, but not top-down, processing is used in speech perception
Both types of masking impaired task (listening) performance
41
What are some things that assist us build appropriate schema or background knowledge?
Less text
Pictures and Titles
More text
42
Spreading activation level - Semantic
Concrete representation of ideas
Abstract description of meaning
Concrete description of meaning
Abstract representation of ideas
43
Which is NOT a function of language...part #2
Pretending to be human
recording information
Pretending to be animals
expressing emotions
44
What is meant by speech planning at the phrase level?
We plan the words within the phrase that contain the subject and verb
We plan the independent and the dependent clauses that express an idea
We plan the group of sentences that express an idea
We plan the group of words that express an idea
45
Which is NOT a function of language?
Social interaction
Communication
Social learning
Thinking
46
Semantic substitutions refer to...
“Where is my tennis bat?”
"Where is my fruit bat?"
Unrelated words change the intended meaning of the sentence
47
Instead of a hard-and-fast rule about the amount of planning we do pre-speech, we actually have some flexibility.
False
True
48
Syntactic priming is...
The manipulation of another's speech patterns through verbal correction
A tactically formulated, synthetic sentence, which forms its own logic
An archaic strategy of sentence formation which denotes formality
Tendency for speaker's sentence to copy structure of a prior sentence
49
Presenting words that share the first syllable with the correct word is one strategy to mitigate tip-of-the tongue
False
True
50
Which of the following is a function of language?
Expressing identity
Expressing indignation
51
According to Pickering and Ferreira (2008), we are mostly conscious of syntactic priming.
False
True
52
What do word exchange errors reveal about planning?
We pick each word as it is necessary, but make mistakes when stressed
We plan our words early, perhaps clause-by-clause
We do not make daily efforts to speak in conscious interactions
We do not make conscious efforts to speak in daily interactions
53
Spreading activation level - Syntactic
Grammar, structural outline
Gemination
Nonverbal communication structures
System of word creation/formation
54
In solving ambiguities in a sentence, other theories argue...
We use all sources of information - syntactic, semantic, world knowledge
Ambiguities are subjective and can't necessarily measured
55
Egocentric Heuristic refers to...
Thinking/understanding speaker based on what one wants to hear
Listeners rely solely on their own knowledge to interpret speaker
Considering one's own opinion before listening to the speaker
56
Viggliocco and Hartsuiker (2002) estimate that the average person makes a speech error once every 1,000 words.
False
True
57
One of two categories of speech errors include...
Adultery
Anticipatory
Inhibitory
58
Spreading activation level - morphological
Sounds
Concrete ideas
Vocabulary
Spelling
59
Confusion in solving ambiguities may occur when the incorrect syntactic structure is activated more than the correct one
True
False
60
Models of Speech Perception - Psychologists may use computational models to simulate speech perception processes
True
False
61
Focusing on planning increases cognitive load, however failing to plan leads to mistakes.
True
False
62
‘Tuning in’ to the phonemes of our native language begins from about the first year of life
True
False
63
Strategies to to reduce processing demands include...
Overspecification – typically via nouns and proper nouns
Prefabrication – typically via word contractors
Preformulation and Underspecification
64
Spreading activation refers to...
If activation of the incorrect item is higher than the correct item = error
The generation of synymous words at an increasing rate
The expansion of an idea into a coherent explanation
65
Common ground refers to...
A euphemism for pragmatic-house
Extent knowledge and beliefs are shared between speaker and listener
Space for the commoners to grovel
The most common spaces we gather to speak and use pragmatics
66
If the word "candid" was on the tip-of-my tongue, which of the following words would help me remember it?
cantankerous
Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch
antidisestablishmentarianism
honest
67
Spreading activation level - Phonological
Renunciation
Commiseration
Annunciation
Pronunciation
68
Why does "deep cot" induce the most errors?
It creates a vivid image in participants' minds that can be confronting
Via spreading activation, it has the most possible word alternatives
It is the funniest sounding word combination
It was presented more rapidly than the other word combinations in the test
69
Tip-of-the-tongue state
If you get this wrong you will bring dishonour to your pet
Idea or concept in mind but can’t find the correct word to express it
70
Dell (1986) argued we make speech errors due to narrowing activation
True
False
71
Word exchange errors =
"Air here: damp in smell."
"The air in here smells damp."
"Here; the damp smell of the air."
“The damp in here smells air."
72
Syntactic priming is NOT a method of reducing speech load.
False
True
73
Lexical Bias Effect refers to...
We have words we know and hate to use above all else
We have words we know and like to use above all else
Even if speech errors are made, it is rare that we substitute nonwords
If speech errors are made, it is common that we substitute nonwords
74
What is meant by speech planning at the clause level?
Plan the group of words within the phrase that contain the subject only
The expression of an idea using the present-progressive within a clause
Plan the group of words within the phrase that contain the object only
Plan the group of words within the phrase that contain the subject and verb
75
Regression (i.e., going back) in the text accounts for 10% of saccades
True
False
76
How are humans generally faster at reading than perceiving speech?
We don't have to pretend to be interested in what we are reading
Faster reading ability only applies to introverted personalities
Words in written form (at least in English) are separated by a space
77
What do sound exchange errors reveal about planning?
Humans are not plans of fanning
sounds of words are potentially only planned shortly in advance
The results are inconclusive
78
Languages most often use between 20-50 phonemes
False
True
79
A major listening difficulty was established by Mattys et al. (2009)?
Informational masking (top-down)
Stimulus masking (bottom-up)
Semantic masking (top-down)
80
In their experiment on speech rate, Ferriera and Swets(2002) found...
Speakers do not do as much planning as possible prior to speaking
Task type affected the rate of speaking
(Math) task difficulty affected time to start speaking but not time to say
(Word) task difficulty affected time to start speaking and finish speaking
81
Research has clearly shown that we read in a serial, as opposed to a parallel, manner when reading.
False
True
82
Mixed-error Effect refers to...
Incorrect word related to correct word both semantically and phonemically
"I thought there would still be some cookies left but there CAN."
Incorrect word unrelated to correct word both semantically and phonemically
83
Complex sentences are planned more than simple ones
False
True
84
What is a challenge for parsers (readers and listeners)?
Personal understanding of grammar
Ambiguity of meaning in a sentence
How archaic or novel one's language use is
The degree to which grammatical rules are agreed upon
85
What is a phoneme?
Meaningful errors in a spoken language
Meaningful sounds in a spoken language
Meaningful words in a spoken language
Meaningful phenotypes in a spoken language
86
“The ball and the tree move above the finger”
Complicado
Złożony
Complex
Karmaşık
