If selective bias occurs, what would be its primary effect on the results?

Underestimation of the treatment effect

In epidemiology, what does "morbidity" refer to?

The burden of disease in terms of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps

What does the term "data" refer to in the context of biostatistics?

Pieces of information about individuals

What is selection bias in epidemiology?

Occurs when the study cohort is not representative of the population

What is the primary aim of the practice of public health?

To reduce health inequalities in a population

the primary difference between incidence and prevalence

Inc considers the duration of illness, while prevalence doesn't

In epidemiology, what does the term "point prevalence" refer to?

The proportion of existing cases at a specific moment in time.

What are the key elements to consider when assessing causation in epidemiology?

Temporality, Consistency, Dose Response

In epidemiology, what does "temporality" refer to?

The order of events, with the cause preceding the effect

What is the primary purpose of identifying and addressing confounding variables?

To ensure accurate estimation of the effect of the exposure on the outcome

What does the Kaplan-Meier curve help display in epidemiology?

Survival data from a study's results over time.

In a crosstabulation (crosstab) table, what does the row percentage represent?

Percentage within each category

What is the difference between "continuous" and "discrete" variables?

C v can take fractional values, while D v can only take whole n

In a scatterplot, what type of data is typically displayed on the x and y axes?

Numerical data on the x-axis and categorical data on the y-axis

What is the Z-score in statistics used to represent?

The number of standard deviations a data point is from the mean

How can Z-scores be interpreted in the context of a normal distribution?

Z-scores indicate how many st.d a data point deviates from the mean.

What is the primary difference between probability and non-probability sampling methods?

P sampling methods rely on random selection, while non-p methods do not.

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BMS1042 W1-3

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Questions 27

Answers

1
If selective bias occurs, what would be its primary effect on the results?
No effect on the treatment effect
Underestimation of the treatment effect
Skewing the results towards the null hypothesis
Overestimation of the treatment effect
2
Which of the following is not a characteristic of causation in epidemiology?
A necessary and sufficient cause
A necessary cause
A sufficient cause
A risk factor is neither necessary nor sufficient
3
Which type of summary statistics is most suitable for data that is not normally distributed and may contain outliers?
standard deviation
mode
mean
median
4
In epidemiology, what does "morbidity" refer to?
The proportion of existing cases of a disease in a population
The rate of occurrence of new cases of a disease in a specified time period
The burden of disease in terms of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps
The number of deaths within a population
5
Which of the following is an example of a "categorical nominal" variable?
Height
Gender
Age
Blood pressure
6
What does the term "data" refer to in the context of biostatistics?
Non-numerical labels
Observations collected from experiments
A set of random numbers
Pieces of information about individuals
7
What is selection bias in epidemiology?
Occurs when outcome assessment differs between comparison groups
Occurs when the study cohort is not representative of the population
A systematic error in the measurement of information
Results from systematic differences in care provided to different groups
8
Which type of graph is best for displaying distribution of a single continuous variable?
pie chart
histogram
Scatterplot
Box plot
9
What is the primary aim of the practice of public health?
To focus solely on clinical treatments
To reduce health inequalities in a population
To improve the health of individuals
To enhance medical research methods
10
the primary difference between incidence and prevalence
Inc is useful for high casefatality conditions, prev for low casefatality
Inc measures the frequency of existing cases, while Prev measures new cases
Inc considers the duration of illness, while prevalence doesn't
Inc considers impairments and disabilities, Prev focuses on casefatalities.
11
In epidemiology, what does the term "point prevalence" refer to?
The rate of new cases of a disease within a population.
The proportion of existing cases at a specific moment in time.
Prevalence measured over a short period of time.
The duration of illness in a specified population.
12
What are the key elements to consider when assessing causation in epidemiology?
Strength, Reversibility, Plausibility
Temporality, Consistency, Dose Response
Precision, Sampling, Validity
Bias, Confounding, Chance
13
Which measure of disease occurrence is useful for assessing the impact of acute conditions?
Prevalence
Incidence
Attack rate
Morbidity
14
In epidemiology, what does "temporality" refer to?
The order of events, with the cause preceding the effect
The likelihood of bias in the study
The consistency of findings in different studies
The strength of the association between cause and effect
15
What is the primary purpose of identifying and addressing confounding variables?
To ensure accurate estimation of the effect of the exposure on the outcome
To improve data visualization
To eliminate selection bias
To mask the true effect of a primary risk factor
16
What does the Kaplan-Meier curve help display in epidemiology?
Survival data from a study's results over time.
The relationship between exposure and outcome.
The frequency of impairment, disability, and handicap.
Disease burden measured in DALYs.
17
Which type of bias occurs when participants do not remember previous events or experiences accurately or omit details?
Recall bias
Measurement bias
Attrition bias
Performance bias
18
In a crosstabulation (crosstab) table, what does the row percentage represent?
Percentage of missing data
Percentage of total observations
Percentage within each combination of categories
Percentage within each category
19
What is the difference between "continuous" and "discrete" variables?
Continuous variables and discrete variables are synonymous terms.
C v can take only whole number values, while D v can take fract
C v can take fractional values, while D v can only take whole n
C v have a limited range of values, while D v can take any valu
20
What is the term for a cause that, when present, alone is enough to result in a disease?
Risk factor
Necessary cause
Precipitating cause
Sufficient cause
21
In a scatterplot, what type of data is typically displayed on the x and y axes?
Numerical data on the x-axis and categorical data on the y-axis
Categorical data on both axes
Categorical data on the x-axis and numerical data on the y-axis
Numerical data on both axes
22
Which type of bias in epidemiology is often seen in case-control studies and retrospective cohort studies?
Recall bias
Attrition bias
Measurement bias
Detection bias
23
What is the Z-score in statistics used to represent?
The number of standard deviations a data point is from the mean
The total range of the data
The mean value of the dataset
The probability of a specific data point
24
Which of the following is a risk factor for non-communicable diseases?
Vaccination
Safe drinking water
Antibiotic use
Poor nutrition
25
How can Z-scores be interpreted in the context of a normal distribution?
Z-scores show the difference b/w the sample mean and the population mean.
Z-scores indicate how many st.d a data point deviates from the mean.
Positive Z-scores indicate data points below the mean.
Negative Z-scores indicate data points above the mean.
26
What is the primary difference between probability and non-probability sampling methods?
P sampling methods rely on random selection, while non-p methods do not.
Probability sampling methods are limited to small subgroups.
Non-probability sampling methods are more widely used in research studies.
Probability sampling methods are always more cost-effective.
27
When calculating a Z-score, what is the denominator in the formula used to standardize data?
The population mean
The sample standard deviation
The sample mean
The number of data points

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