How should researchers handle outdated studies?

Include if relevant despite age

What is a best-evidence synthesis?

A review that can include both qualitative and quantitative research

What does margin of error measure?

repeated random samples will deviate from the population

What are the limitations of using personal experience as a source of knowledge?

It may involve biases and inaccurate observations

What does the hermeneutical phenomenology lead educational agents to do?

To reflect on their personal experience

What is the main characteristic of a norm-referenced test?

Scores compared to other participants

What is the purpose of the conversational interview in hermeneutical phenomenology?

To obtain the lived meaning of a specific experience

What is the purpose of stratified random sampling?

representative of the population with respect to the subgroups

In qualitative research, why might researchers limit their initial literature review?

To avoid bias from previous findings

How should researchers handle theoretical frameworks in literature reviews?

Establish clear theoretical context

What is a key characteristic of non-probability sampling techniques?

The probability of being selected is unknown.

How should researchers approach the organization of long reviews?

Use major and minor headings with periodic summaries

Primary sources are best described as:

Original research articles communicating methods and results directly

In quantitative research, what does "probability sampling" mean?

Selecting participants randomly with known probabilities.

What is the main purpose of the discussion section in research?

To interpret findings and provide conclusions

Which principle of scientific inquiry emphasizes replicating studies to validate findings?

Replicate and generalize across studies

What is a key feature of educational research?

It is open to scrutiny by others

What is considered a priority when using the phenomenological method?

To accept the importance of the method

When would a researcher use stratified purposeful sampling?

When the researcher is using mixed methods.

What does hermeneutical phenomenology emphasize with regards to sense?

The sense surrounding the everyday

What characterizes qualitative reviews of literature?

They are more integrated throughout the article

What is the primary purpose of including research methodology in a review?

To show successful and unsuccessful methods

How should research hypotheses be developed?

Based on literature review or theory

What is the primary purpose of a literature review?

To relate previous research and theory to the problem under investigation

What is a key characteristic of "concurrent sampling" in mixed-methods research?

Quantitative and qualitative data are collected independently.

How should researchers approach Internet sources?

Evaluate based on specific criteria

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! VO Prüfung Methodik Fragen Senad B.

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Answers

1
How should researchers handle outdated studies?
Include if relevant despite age
Summarize without citation
Only use studies from last 5 years
Always exclude them
2
Which non-probability sampling technique is used to select individuals based on their availability?
Purposive sampling
Quota sampling
Convenience sampling
Stratified sampling
3
Which of the following is NOT a specific purpose of reviewing literature?
Identifying methodological limitations
Refining the research problem
Developing significance
Collecting new data
4
What is a best-evidence synthesis?
A review that can include both qualitative and quantitative research
A review that includes only qualitative studies
A review of only experimental studies
A review that includes only quantitative studies
5
What does margin of error measure?
The number of volunteer subjects
repeated random samples will deviate from the population
The difference between one subgroup and another
The number of people who did not respond to the research
6
What are the limitations of using personal experience as a source of knowledge?
It may involve biases and inaccurate observations
It's always objective
It eliminates the need for further research
t relies on group opinions
7
What is the recommended approach for handling methods sections in literature reviews?
Copy them verbatim
Summarize them briefly
Ignore them completely
Focus only on methods
8
What does the hermeneutical phenomenology lead educational agents to do?
To reflect on their personal experience
To accept generalizations
To be only concerned about the practical
To not be concerned with their personal experiences
9
Who significantly contributed to modern hermeneutics?
Edmund Husserl
Sigmund Freud
Hans-Georg Gadamer
Jean Piaget
10
What is the main characteristic of a norm-referenced test?
Scores compared to other participants
Scores indicating only pass or fail
Scores compared to a standard criterion
Scores generalized for all situations
11
Which source is considered a secondary source?
Laboratory report
Original research article
Professional books
Field study
12
What is the purpose of the conversational interview in hermeneutical phenomenology?
To impose our point of view
To only collect information
To interpret data based on scientific knowledge
To obtain the lived meaning of a specific experience
13
What is the purpose of stratified random sampling?
To select individuals with certain characteristics
To select a unique or atypical person
representative of the population with respect to the subgroups
To select a sample based on who is available
14
What type of questionnaire scale uses bipolar adjectives?
Open-ended scale
Checklists
Likert scale
Semantic differential scale
15
In qualitative research, why might researchers limit their initial literature review?
To meet word limits
To avoid bias from previous findings
To reduce workload
To save time
16
How should researchers handle theoretical frameworks in literature reviews?
Ignore them
Establish clear theoretical context
Focus only on theory
Avoid theoretical discussion
17
What is a key characteristic of non-probability sampling techniques?
The probability of being selected is unknown.
Requires stratification of the population
The probability of being selected is known.
Participants are selected randomly.
18
Where does the word “pedagogy” originate?
French
Latin
Spanish
Greek
19
Statistical significance should NOT be confused with:
Practical significance
Research hypothesis
Literature review
Sample size
20
Which of the following is NOT a type of probability sampling?
Simple Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Convenience Sampling
21
How should researchers approach the organization of long reviews?
Use major and minor headings with periodic summaries
No structure needed
Single continuous text
Alphabetical organization
22
What kind of material does the hermeneutical phenomenology collect in its second phase?
Statistical Material
Theoretical Material
Experiential Material
Experimental Material
23
When searching literature, what should researchers do with interesting articles outside their topic?
Include them in the current review
Note them for future reference
Ignore them completely
Replace current topic
24
What should be included in bibliographic information when taking notes?
Only the publication date
Complete citation information
Only the author's name
Just the title
25
Primary sources are best described as:
Original research articles communicating methods and results directly
Encyclopedia entries
Professional books
Review articles
26
In quantitative research, what does "probability sampling" mean?
Utilizing a volunteer sample.
Choosing participants with specific characteristics.
Selecting participants based on convenience.
Selecting participants randomly with known probabilities.
27
What is a "foreshadowed problem" in qualitative research?
A research limitation
A general purpose or question
A statistical prediction
A specific hypothesis
28
What is the main purpose of the discussion section in research?
To repeat the results
To summarize the literature review
To list references
To interpret findings and provide conclusions
29
What is the first step in reviewing literature?
Writing the review
Conducting the search
Identifying databases
Selecting a topic and terms
30
What is a key feature of structured interviews?
Focus on qualitative analysis
Open-ended responses
No defined question set
Standardized answer choices
31
What is the “most difficult task” in the phenomenological method?
The analysis of statistical results
Trying to avoid bias
The search for meaning
The formulation of the research questions
32
What is the recommended coding system for evaluating articles?
Numerical only
No coding system needed
Letter grades (A, B, etc.)
Color-coding
33
What is the primary purpose of evaluating Internet sources?
To count citations
To check publication dates
To compare authors
To verify credibility
34
What branch of hermeneutics deals with legal text interpretation?
Biblical hermeneutics
Applied hermeneutics
Objective hermeneutics
Philosophical hermeneutics
35
Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions that hermeneutical phenomenology aims to analyze?
Practical
Relational
Ethical
Experimental
36
What is the most common source of evidence in research?
Individuals
Observations
Artifacts
Documents
37
Which principle of scientific inquiry emphasizes replicating studies to validate findings?
Pose significant questions
Replicate and generalize across studies
Disclose research to peers
Link research to relevant theory
38
What is a key feature of educational research?
It ignores personal bias completely
It avoids verification through replication
It is open to scrutiny by others
t dismisses inductive reasoning
39
What is needed before the process of collecting anecdotes in the HP Method?
Asking others first
Reviewing all the theoretical approaches
Using an objective observer
Trying to do it ourselves
40
What is considered a priority when using the phenomenological method?
To focus on theoretical aspects of the research
To make generalizations based on observations
To accept the importance of the method
To use specific scientific procedures
41
Which non-probability sampling technique is most commonly used in qualitative studies?
Multilevel Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Quota Sampling
42
Which database is specifically mentioned for educational research?
LexisNexis
PubMed
ERIC
Web of Science
43
When would a researcher use stratified purposeful sampling?
When the researcher is using quantitative methods only.
When the researcher wants to use a volunteer sample.
When the researcher is using qualitative methods only.
When the researcher is using mixed methods.
44
What does hermeneutical phenomenology emphasize with regards to sense?
Only the internal sense
The sense surrounding the everyday
Generalizations of sense
Only the external sense
45
What characterizes qualitative reviews of literature?
They focus only on statistical analysis
They are always longer than quantitative reviews
They are more integrated throughout the article
They must be placed at the beginning
46
What is the primary purpose of including research methodology in a review?
To increase length
To copy methods exactly
To show successful and unsuccessful methods
To critique other researchers
47
How should research hypotheses be developed?
Based on random selection
Based on literature review or theory
Based on a single study
Based on personal opinion
48
What is the primary purpose of a literature review?
To showcase the researcher's knowledge
To criticize previous research
To relate previous research and theory to the problem under investigation
To list all available studies
49
What is a key characteristic of "concurrent sampling" in mixed-methods research?
Quantitative and qualitative data are integrated.
QD is collected and then used to stratify for quantitative data collection.
Quantitative and qualitative data are collected independently.
Quantitative and qualitative data are collected sequentially.
50
How should researchers approach Internet sources?
Evaluate based on specific criteria
Use only government websites
Reject all information
Accept all information
51
What is the general rule of thumb for the minimum number of subjects needed for correlational research?
At least 50 participants
At least 15 participants
At least 20 participants
At least 30 participants
52
What is a meta-analysis?
A qualitative review only
A primary source of research
A quantitative synthesis of previous studies using statistical methods
An opinion-based review
53
What does the hermeneutic circle emphasize?
A dynamic interplay between parts and the whole
The elimination of subjectivity
Linear interpretation
The focus on quantitative data
54
In hermeneutics, understanding is:
Always straightforward
Free from preconceptions
Static and objective
Influenced by historical and cultural contexts
55
Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of the discussion section?
Evaluating methodology
Listing all references
Interpretation of results
Comparing with previous research
56
How should researchers handle studies that are only generally related to their topic?
Give them detailed analysis
Make them the focus
Summarize them briefly
Exclude them entirely
57
When refining a research problem through literature review, what typically happens?
the prob. needs to be changed multiple times as more literature is reviewed
The problem becomes more general
The problem is completely abandoned
The problem remains unchanged
58
What is the primary difference between refereed and non-refereed reviews?
External expert evaluation
Length of the review
Topic selection
Publication speed
59
What distinguishes research from informal sources of knowledge?
Its reliance on tradition
Its subjective nature
tts dependence on expert opinions
Its systematic and objective process
60
What is the recommended length for quotations in a literature review?
Should be kept short
At least one paragraph
As long as possible
Must be at least 100 words
61
How is a theory beneficial in educational research?
It ensures findings are undisputed
It establishes principles to advance knowledge
It replaces the need for a research question
It eliminates the need for empirical studies
62
What is the recommended approach for organizing studies in a review?
By journal ranking
By publication date
By topic and subtopic
Alphabetically by author
63
What is the purpose of using AI tools in literature searches?
To replace human analysis
To write the review
To assist in finding relevant sources
To conduct research
64
What is the recommended approach for using quotations in a literature review?
Use them frequently
Use them in every paragraph
Use them sparingly
Avoid them completely
65
What is the recommended approach for handling conflicting theories?
Ignore conflicts
Only use supporting theorie
Present and analyze conflicts
Choose the most recent
66
What should be the focus of analysis in closely related studies?
Only the conclusions
Only the methodology
Three elements: summary, analysis, and relation to research problem
Only the literature review
67
What should researchers do when finding contradictory findings?
Ignore them
Only include supporting studies
Identify possible reasons for contradictions
Exclude all related studies
68
How should researchers handle methodology sections in previous studies?
Focus only on methods
Skip them entirely
Copy them exactly
Analyze for strengths and weaknesses
69
What is a common method for interpreting results based on prior studies?
Using only personal opinions
Relating findings to previous research
Guessing the outcome
Ignoring past research
70
Which type of purposeful sampling would focus on selecting teachers who are "experts?"
Maximum Variation
Criterion Sampling
Typical Case
Critical Case
71
How should researchers handle limitations found in previous studies?
Remove studies with limitations
Only focus on limitations
Ignore them
Acknowledge and analyze them
72
What is a key characteristic of hermeneutical phenomenology in education?
It emphasizes external experiences only.
It seeks simple alternative descriptions.
It focuses on broad generalizations.
It emphasizes reflexively recovering the bases of pedagogical concerns.
73
What does the term “epiphany” refer to?
A type of research method
The reader's experiences in a text
perception of an intuitive understanding of the life meaning of something.
The use of statistical formulas
74
In quantitative reviews of literature, studies should be organized by:
Length
Topic
Author
Date
75
How should minor studies be treated in a literature review?
Given equal weight as major studies
Summarized briefly
Given detailed analysis
Excluded completely
76
What does "sampling bias" refer to?
The type of research methodology being used
he level of education of the participants
unint. errors in selecting participants that lead to misleading results
The error in generalizing from the sample to the population.
77
What is the primary focus of hermeneutical phenomenological analysis?
The use of scientific procedures
The theoretical interpretation of research
The statistical analysis of quantitative data
The existence and lived experience
78
Mixed-method literature reviews typically:
Ignore qualitative studies
Focus only on quantitative studies
Reflect the dominant approach (quantitative or qualitative)
Have two separate review sections
79
Why is it important to discuss limitations in research?
To show areas where improvements can be made
To discredit the research
To avoid further studies
To eliminate data that does not fit
80
What is the primary focus of philosophical hermeneutics?
Dialogical engagement and self-reflection
Deconstruction of grammar
Numerical analysis of texts
Statistical validation
81
In observations, what is a high-inference observation?
Recording specific behaviors without interpretation
Direct numerical analysis
Making judgments and interpretations
Observation without any structure
82
What is the primary purpose of transition sentences in a literature review?
To separate paragraphs
To introduce quotes
To increase word count
To create logical progression
83
What is the goal when conducting a description of lived experiences?
Provide abstract interpretations
To describe the experience as it is lived, avoiding causal explanations
Provide generalizations
Provide causal explanations
84
What does the hermeneutical phenomenological method attempt to reduce?
The world's object to the human consciousnes
The researcher bias
set of experiences to the consciousness of the most genuine experiences.
The subject interpretations
85
Which instrument is best for measuring non-cognitive traits?
Experimental study
Questionnaire
Controlled observation
Standardized test
86
What is the main idea behind the "snowball" sampling technique?
Selecting participants based on their availability.
Selecting participants based on fixed intervals on a list.
Selecting participants to represent extreme cases.
The researcher identifies participants by referral from prior participants

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