IRT Review

branch of Islam characterized by its mystical and spiritual practices, also music

modern Muslim reformist known for his work on pan-Islamism and anti-colonialism against the British in India

central text of Islam, outlining Allah's instructions to Muhammad for the development of the Islamic community

scientific instrument developed by Islamic and Islamicate thinkers to assist in navigation

branch of Islam that traces the caliphate back to Ali as the first Imam

Periods of in-fighting about political succession in Islam

Islamic kingdom that covered much of what is today Spain and Portugal

the daughter of Abu Bakr and third wife of Prophet Muhammad who becomes an important figure in Hadith literature

The cube (presently covered with black cloth) that Muslims visit in Mecca on the Hajj

caliphate with capital in Baghdad that traced its history to the Prophet Muhammad's uncle

Empire that laid the foundation for an Islamic push into what is today modern Turkey

last pre-Muslim empire in Persia, mostly located in modern-day Iran

A movement, also known as Salafi, that grew in response to Christian missionaries in the Arabian peninsula

Shia dynasty that traced back to Muhammad's daughter and her husband Ali

the journey of the Prophet Muhammad and his followers in 622 CE from Mecca to Medina

Islamic "morality" based on the Quran and Hadith

recitation of sayings, usually the 'shahada', often with esoteric meaning

the French scholar of Iranian Sufism and Islamic philosophy

annihilation or dissolution into the beloved, usually Allah

Also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, this empire ruled from present-day Istanbul in Turkey

the fourth Rashidun caliph who is venerated as the first imam of the Shi'a branch of Islam

the son of Ali and the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, whose martyrdom at Karbala ended the Rashidun Caliphate