What did the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) accomplish?

Ended Mexican War; U.S. gained Southwest.

What was the significance of the Alamo in the Texas Revolution?

Inspired Texans to fight for independence.

What was the Second Great Awakening?

Religious revival promoting reform.

What is the significance of the Dred Scott decision?

Blacks not citizens; Congress can't ban slavery in territories.

What is popular sovereignty?

People vote to allow slavery or not.

What is sectionalism?

Loyalty to a region over the nation.

Who was Nat Turner and what was his contribution to the abolitionist movement?

Led a violent slave rebellion in 1831

How did President Polk provoke war with Mexico?

Sent troops to disputed territory, provoking war.

How did John C. Calhoun protest the Tariff of 1828 (or what he called the “Tariff of Abominations”)?

Wrote the South Carolina Exposition, arguing for nullification.

What did the 15the Amendment accomplish?

Gave Black men the right to vote.

What is the historical significance of the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse (1865)?

Lee surrendered to Grant; effectively ended the Civil War.

What were two important results of the Mexican-American War?

U.S. expanded west; increased slavery debate.

Who were some key figures in American first-wave feminism?

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Sojourner Truth.

What were some important pieces of technology used in the Civil War?

Railroads, telegraphs, ironclads, rifles, and the Minie ball.

What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) accomplish?

Repealed Missouri Compromise; allowed popular sovereignty.

How did the federal government respond to Calhoun’s threat of South Carolina secession?

Jackson threatened force; Congress passed the Force Bill.

What were two important reasons Americans moved westward during the era of Manifest Destiny?

Land opportunities, economic freedom.

What did the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) accomplish?

Set tribal boundaries, promised U.S. non-interference.

What is the historical significance of the Black Hawk War?

Native resistance crushed; tribes forcibly removed.

How did the Cherokee Nation respond to the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

They resisted through legal action, leading to the Trail of Tears.

Why did Mormons migrate west?

Fled religious persecution to Utah.

What is manifest destiny?

Belief that the U.S. should expand coast to coast.

What are ways Reconstruction was beneficial to the Sdespite most historians agreeing the Reconstruction was a congressio

Built public schools, improved infrastructure, and briefly expanded Black.

How did the California Gold Rush of 1848 contribute to westward expansion?

Drew thousands to California, sped up statehood.

What did the 14th Amendment accomplish?

Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law.

What contributed to increasing sectional tension during the 1850s?

Slavery expansion, states’ rights, economic differences

What are ways in which white supremacists and violent Democrats protested racial and civil equality in the South?

KKK violence, Black Codes, voter suppression.

What was the Trail of Tears (1838)?

Forced removal of Cherokee to Oklahoma; thousands died.

What did the Gadsden Purchase (1854) accomplish?

Bought land for southern railroad (Arizona/New Mexico).

What were some advantages that the Union army had over the Confederate army?

Larger population, more factories, railroads, navy.

What was the nullification crisis?

South Carolina tried to nullify federal tariffs.

How did the Panic of 1837 contribute to westward expansion?

Economic hardship pushed people to seek land out west.

What is the cult of domesticity?

Idealized women as homemakers/moral guardians.

What is one way in which the American education system was broadly improved during the mid-1800s?

Public schools expanded (Horace Mann).

What did Clay’s Great Compromise (1833) accomplish?

Gradually lowered tariffs to ease tensions.

How were women involved in the Second Great Awakening?

Led and organized reform movements.

What were the terms of Clay’s Compromise (1850)?

CA = free state, stricter fugitive law, popular sovereignty in new territories.

Why was Kansas a controversial state, and in what way was it “bleeding?”

Violent clashes over slavery in Kansas.

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u.s final study guide

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1
What did the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) accomplish?
Resolved disputes over California gold
Allowed for the annexation of Canada
Divided Oregon Territory
Ended Mexican War; U.S. gained Southwest.
2
Who was the commanding general of the Union army?
Robert E. Lee
Jefferson Davis
Ulysses S. Grant.
Stonewall Jackson
3
What was the significance of the Alamo in the Texas Revolution?
Ended the conflict with Mexico
Created a peace treaty with Native Americans
Established Texas as a U.S. state
Inspired Texans to fight for independence.
4
What was the Second Great Awakening?
Migration to the West
Native American assimilation
Industrial boom
Religious revival promoting reform.
5
What is the significance of the Dred Scott decision?
It supported the Missouri Compromise.
Blacks not citizens; Congress can't ban slavery in territories.
It outlawed slavery across the U.S.
It gave citizenship to all enslaved people.
6
What are examples of new religious denominations born out of the Second Great Awakening?
Methodists, Baptists, Mormons.
Catholics, Lutherans, Jews
Evangelicals, Protestants, Anglicans
Puritans, Quakers, Shakers
7
What is popular sovereignty?
People vote to allow slavery or not.
A Supreme Court ruling about equal rights.
A system where the president chooses state laws
The idea that Congress decides on slavery in all states.
8
What is sectionalism?
The division of the U.S. into political parties
The economic system of the South
Loyalty to a region over the nation.
Loyalty to the entire nation
9
Who was Nat Turner and what was his contribution to the abolitionist movement?
Negotiated for the end of slavery
Wrote anti-slavery literature
Promoted peaceful protests
Led a violent slave rebellion in 1831
10
How did President Polk provoke war with Mexico?
Negotiated for California’s purchase
Refused to recognize Mexican sovereignty
Sent troops to disputed territory, provoking war.
Blockaded Mexican ports
11
Which Union fort did the Confederacy attack, thus beginning the Civil War?
Fort Apache
Fort Henry
Fort Knox
Fort Sumter, South Carolina.
12
How did John C. Calhoun protest the Tariff of 1828 (or what he called the “Tariff of Abominations”)?
Encouraged Southern states to secede immediately
Organized a violent revolt
Proposed a federal tax cut
Wrote the South Carolina Exposition, arguing for nullification.
13
What did the 15the Amendment accomplish?
It banned all voting in former Confederate states
Gave Black men the right to vote.
It allowed states to deny voting rights based on race.
It gave voting rights to Confederate leaders only.
14
Which southern state first seceded from the Union?
Virginia
Texas
South Carolina
Georgia
15
Who are important figures in the transcendentalist movement?
Garrison, Douglass
Calhoun, Clay
Emerson, Thoreau.
Stanton, Mott
16
Who was elected president of the Confederacy?
Andrew Johnson
Robert E. Lee
Jefferson Davis
Abraham Lincoln
17
Which important reform movement, tied to the Second Great Awakening, prohibited the sale, and consumption of alcohol?
Abolition
Quakers, Shakers, Catholics
Transcendentalism
Fought alcohol use.
18
What is the historical significance of the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse (1865)?
It was the bloodiest battle of the war.
It marked the beginning of the Civil War.
It led to the capture of Abraham Lincoln.
Lee surrendered to Grant; effectively ended the Civil War.
19
What were two important results of the Mexican-American War?
Ended sectional tension
U.S. expanded west; increased slavery debate.
Native American tribes gained autonomy
U.S. gained Alaska and Hawaii
20
What party formed as a response to Jackson and his polarizing politics?
Federalist Party
Republican Party
Know-Nothing Party
The Whig Party.
21
Who were some key figures in American first-wave feminism?
Susan B. Anthony, Ida B. Wells, Alice Paul
Margaret Fuller, Frances Willard, Lucy Stone
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Sojourner Truth.
Harriet Beecher Stowe, Clara Barton, Mary Lyon
22
What were some important pieces of technology used in the Civil War?
Machine guns and drones
Railroads, telegraphs, ironclads, rifles, and the Minie ball.
Tanks and helicopters
Walkie-talkies and atomic bombs
23
What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) accomplish?
It admitted Kansas and Nebraska as free states without dispute.
It settled all debates over slavery peacefully.
It banned slavery in all territories.
Repealed Missouri Compromise; allowed popular sovereignty.
24
How did the federal government respond to Calhoun’s threat of South Carolina secession?
Jackson threatened force; Congress passed the Force Bill.
Negotiated a new tariff
Ignored the threat
Established a new state constitution
25
What is one way in which northern abolitionists circumvented (worked around) the stricter Fugitive Slave Law?
They started capturing free Black people and sending them South.
returned runaway slaves voluntarily.
Underground Railroad.
They created laws to support the Fugitive Slave Law.
26
What were two important reasons Americans moved westward during the era of Manifest Destiny?
Land opportunities, economic freedom.
Access to railroads, avoid slavery
Escape political conflict, access public education
Avoid religious persecution, gain civil rights
27
What did the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) accomplish?
Allowed for the purchase of western lands
Set tribal boundaries, promised U.S. non-interference.
Established the Oregon Trail
Ended the Mexican-American War
28
What is the historical significance of the Black Hawk War?
Resulted in the acquisition of New Mexico
Native resistance crushed; tribes forcibly removed.
Resolved boundary disputes with Mexico
Established the Oregon Trail
29
How did the Cherokee Nation respond to the Indian Removal Act of 1830?
Relocated without resistance
Formed alliances with other tribes
They resisted through legal action, leading to the Trail of Tears.
ccepted a treaty for land in Oklahoma
30
important reform movement, arguably the most important to come out of 2ndGreat Awakening, fought for the end of slavery?
Women's rights
Labor reform
Sought to end slavery.
Temperance
31
Who won the election 1860?
Ulysses S. Grant
stephen Douglas
Abraham Lincoln won.
Jefferson Davis
32
Why did Mormons migrate west?
Fled religious persecution to Utah.
Seek new agricultural land
Establish trading posts along the Oregon Trail
Discover gold in California
33
What is manifest destiny?
Belief that the U.S. should expand coast to coast.
Establishment of Native American reservations
Expansion of industrial factories
Religious revival movement
34
What are ways Reconstruction was beneficial to the Sdespite most historians agreeing the Reconstruction was a congressio
It returned all Confederate leaders to power immediately.
Built public schools, improved infrastructure, and briefly expanded Black.
It stopped all Northern investments in the South.
It brought more plantations and increased slavery.
35
How did the California Gold Rush of 1848 contribute to westward expansion?
Decreased population in the East
Promoted religious revivalism
Drew thousands to California, sped up statehood.
Led to the annexation of Oregon
36
What did the 14th Amendment accomplish?
It made Abraham Lincoln president again.
It gave full citizenship only to white Southerners.
Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law.
It repealed the Emancipation Proclamation.
37
What contributed to increasing sectional tension during the 1850s?
The North and South agreed on all major issues.
Slavery expansion, states’ rights, economic differences
The Compromise of 1850 ended all disputes peacefully
The South’s support for abolishing slavery
38
What is utopianism?
Revival of traditional religions
Expansion of the railroads
Creating ideal societies
Establishing a political party
39
What are ways in which white supremacists and violent Democrats protested racial and civil equality in the South?
By holding peaceful marches in support of equality.
KKK violence, Black Codes, voter suppression.
By encouraging integration in schools and churches.
By forming organizations to help freedmen vote.
40
What was the Trail of Tears (1838)?
The path to California during the Gold Rush
A treaty negotiation between the U.S. and Cherokee
A treaty negotiation between the U.S. and Cherokee
Forced removal of Cherokee to Oklahoma; thousands died.
41
What did the Gadsden Purchase (1854) accomplish?
Established trade routes with Mexico
Bought land for southern railroad (Arizona/New Mexico).
Annexed Texas
Secured rights to the Panama Canal
42
What were some advantages that the Union army had over the Confederate army?
Stronger ties to Britain and France
Greater familiarity with Southern terrain
Larger numbers of enslaved laborers
Larger population, more factories, railroads, navy.
43
What was the nullification crisis?
A debate over slavery
South Carolina tried to nullify federal tariffs.
A conflict over land treaties
The start of the Civil War
44
How did the Panic of 1837 contribute to westward expansion?
Boosted the banking industry
Encouraged railroad development
Increased agricultural exports to Europe
Economic hardship pushed people to seek land out west.
45
What is the cult of domesticity?
Focused on women’s military service
Idealized women as homemakers/moral guardians.
Promoted equal voting rights for women
Encouraged women to work in factories
46
What is one way in which the American education system was broadly improved during the mid-1800s?
Focus on religious instruction
Mandatory college education
Public schools expanded (Horace Mann).
Establishment of private universities
47
Who was the president during the majority of Reconstruction?
Robert E. Lee became president after Lincoln’s death.
Andrew Johnson.
Ulysses S. Grant was never involved in Reconstructio
Abraham Lincoln served all of Reconstruction.
48
What did Clay’s Great Compromise (1833) accomplish?
Supported its expansion into the West
Gradually lowered tariffs to ease tensions.
Gave women the right to vote
Ended the Civil War
49
How were women involved in the Second Great Awakening?
Led and organized reform movements.
Worked to support the abolition of alcohol only
Avoided political involvement
Focused solely on religious teachings
50
What were the terms of Clay’s Compromise (1850)?
It made California a slave state.
CA = free state, stricter fugitive law, popular sovereignty in new territories.
It allowed slavery in all new territories.
It banned the slave trade in Northern states only
51
Why was Kansas a controversial state, and in what way was it “bleeding?”
The term “bleeding” referred to a cattle disease.
Violent clashes over slavery in Kansas.
It was peaceful and had no conflict over slavery.
Everyone agreed on making it a free state.
52
Who was the commanding general of the Confederate army?
Robert E. Lee.
George McClellan
William Tecumseh Sherman
Ulysses S. Grant
53
Which immigrant group faced disproportionate discrimination during the mid-1800s?
German immigrants
Irish immigrants.
54
Who was Dorothea Dix and how did she contribute to the reform movements of nineteenth-century America?
Founded the American Red Cross
Fought for mentally ill and prison reform.
Established women’s colleges
Advocated for Native American rights
55
What is the historical significance of the Seneca Falls Convention?
Established the first labor union
Promoted religious conversion
First women’s rights convention (1848); Declaration of Sentiments.
Ended slavery in the U.S.
56
What were some important technological innovations that contributed to the market revolution?
Telegraph, steam engine, cotton gin, mechanical reaper.
Assembly line, telegraph, textile mills
Typewriter, radio, steamboat
Railroads, electric motor, steamboat
57
What is transcendentalism?
Belief in material wealth
Focus on political power
Belief in nature, individualism, spiritual truth.
Support for industrializatio
58
How did Jackson argue that the Bank of the US was a privileged institution that had unfair advantages over local banks?
Gave women the right to vote
Claimed it favored elites and hurt common people.
Said it was essential for the economy
Argued it funded public schools
59
What did the 13th Amendment accomplish?
It created separate schools for Black and white students.
It granted voting rights to women.
Abolished slavery in the U.S
It legalized slavery in border states.
60
Who led the raid on Harpers Ferry? What was he trying to accomplish?
Frederick Douglass led it to start a peaceful protest.
Jefferson Davis led it to protest Northern aggression.
John Brown,tried to start a slave revolt.
Abraham Lincoln led it to free slaves in Virginia.
61
What was Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan, or the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)?
A law that forced all Confederate states to stay independent
A requirement that 100% of Southerners take loyalty oaths
A plan to imprison all Southern soldiers for ten years.
Allowed Southern states to rejoin the Union if 10% swore loyalty and accepted emancipation.
62
What is the historical significance of Juneteenth?
It was the day slavery began in Texas.
Celebrates the end of slavery in Texas on June 19, 1865.
It marked the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
It celebrated the Confederate victory in the Civil War.
63
Why was California’s admission to the Union as a free state controversial?
It had no impact on the balance
It had no impact on the balance between free and slave states.
Upset balance between free and slave states.
Everyone wanted California to stay independent.
64
What is an example of a utopian society in nineteenth-century America?
New Amsterdam
Brook Farm.
Jamestown
Kansas
65
What was the market revolution of the 19th century?
A shift to subsistence farming
The rise of new political parties
Economic shift to factories, cash crops, and national markets.
The abolition of slavery in the South
66
What did the Emancipation Proclamation (1863) accomplish?
It gave voting rights to all freedmen.
It officially ended the Civil War.
Freed slaves in Confederate states; shifted war focus to ending slavery.
It freed all enslaved people in every U.S. state
67
What are ways Douglassphilosophy of abolition similar and different to William Lloyd Garrison’s philosophy of abolition
Both advocated for violent rebellion
Garrison supported political action, Douglass didn’t
Both believed in gradual emancipation
Both opposed slavery; Douglass supported political action, Garrison didn’t.
68
Who was assassinated shortly after the conclusion of the Civil War?
Abraham Lincoln.
Jefferson Davis
Andrew Johnson
Robert E. Lee
69
Who were some key figures in the American abolitionist movement?
Andrew Jackson, James Polk, Zachary Taylor
Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison
Nat Turner, John Brown, Horace Greeley
Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster
70
Which political parties formed during the 1850s as a response to slavery?
The Green Party and the Libertarian Party.
The Federalist Party made a comeback to oppose slavery.
The Whig Party became pro-slavery only.
Republican Party, Know-Nothings.

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