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Personality and Individual Differences Revision Flashcards | StudBud
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Personality and Individual Differences Revision
Personality and Individual Differences Revision
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1
What is a correlational relationship?
Personality causes illness
The same biological processes underpin traits and illness outcomes
Illness plays a role in causing personality and individual differences
Personality results in behaviours that increase risk of illness
2
What is Heritability?
Another word for Darwin's Theory of Evolution
All of the above
The rate at which we go through evolution
The proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to genetic differences
3
What comes first in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Safety
Health
Love and belonging
Physiological
4
Cluster B is a lack of impulse control
True
False
5
What are examples of Cluster A personality disorders?
Schizoid personality disorder
Paranoid personality disorder
Schizotypal personality disorder
All of these
6
What is a Type A personality?
A mixture of these
A successful, driven person
Neither of these
A relaxed, lethargic person
7
What is the Social Model of Disability?
Society causes disability
Disability is political, not health
None of the above
Disability is normal
8
IQ = (mental age / chronological age) x 100 was the first measurement of IQ
False
True
9
Name one of Sheldon's somatypes
Metomorphic
Endomorph
Ectomorph
Sedimentary
10
What is a genotype?
Proportion of the environment that impacts genetics
The physical characteristics of an organism
None of the above
The genetic makeup of an organism
11
What are the three components of Sternberg's Triarchic Theory?
Logical, standard and creative
Creative, analytical and practical
Practical, logical and standard
Analytical, creative and logical
12
A shared environment is the idea that children raised in the same environment will be more similar
False
True
13
Personality is: characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours that make a person unique
True
False
14
What is the structural model?
Id
Ego
All of these
Superego
15
Define facets
None of the above
Higher level descriptions
Specific components of traits
The manifestation of conflict
16
What are Rogers' three types of self?
Actualised self, happy self, and content self
Normal self, actualised self, and ideal self
Self-efficacy, self-concept, and self-truth
Real self, ideal self, and self-concept
17
Identify three of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
All of these
Interpersonal, Mathematical, Spatial
Emotional, Social, Verbal
Linguistic, Intrapersonal, Musical
18
Existential Intelligence is a part of Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligences
True
False
19
What is a monozygotic (mz) twin?
Fraternal, share 50% of their DNA
Identical, share 100% of their DNA
Virtual, are not real twins
Cousins, share 25% of their DNA
20
The Flynn Effect is IQ scores rapidly increasing over time
True
False
21
Which one is the correct order of the psychosexual stages?
Oral, phallic, anal, genital, latency
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Latency, phallic, oral, genital, anal
Phallic, latency, oral, genital, anal
22
What are ACEs?
People who excel
Adverse Childhood Experiences
Amazing Childhood Experiences
Awful Children Everywhere
23
What is an example of a flow state?
Listening to music
Reading a book
Drinking
Running
24
What is prodigious talent?
Great in ability
Both of these
Extreme
None of these
25
What is the Locus of Control?
High or low
Internal or external
Behaviour potential = percieved reinforcement value/expectancy of outcome
Behaviour potential = expectancy of outcome x percieved reinforcement value
26
What is crystallised intelligence?
A learned intelligence
A reflection of schooling and learning
None of the above
A reflection of innate intelligence
27
What does IQ stand for?
Intelligence Quiz
Intelligence Questions
Intelligent Quotient
Intelligent Questions
28
Divergent thinking is not creative
True
False
29
What are 'virtual twins' (Fullerton)
Twins who video chat each other
People who are related and are at least 9 months apart in age
Another name for dizygotic twins
People who are not related but are less than 9 months apart in age
30
What is primary process thinking?
Making the logically impossible, possible, governed by pleasure principle
Rational, logical, organised thinking, governed by the reality principle
Thinking at primary school level
Thinking first before acting
31
What is 'g'?
General Intelligence
Genuine Intelligence
Generally Intelligent
Generalised Intelligence
32
Give an example of a savant?
Alonso Clemmons - sculpting
Flo and Kay Lyman - memory abilities
Kim Peek - memorisation skills
All of these
33
What two conclusions did Freud make about dreams?
Dreams consists of what is recalled and requires skilled interpretation
They are driven by the libido
A way to access our conscious and we process memories
Dreams aren’t important
34
What is not a part of Sternberg's Triarchic Theory?
All of the above
Choosing
Modelling
Imitating
35
What is the topographic model?
Iceberg analogy
Submarine analogy
Conscious, preconscious, subconscious,
Conscious, preconscious, unconscious
36
What is the equation for deviation IQ?
IQ = expected score / actual score
IQ = actual score / expected score
IQ = actual score x expected score
IQ = (actual score / expected score) x 100
37
What is meant by libido?
Drive for hunger
Drive for destruction
Drive for aggression
Sexual drive
38
What are Kelly's personal constructs?
The criteria we used to percieve ourselves
How we judge ourselves by societial standards
Criteria for gaining approval in society
The criteria we use to percieve and interpret events
39
What is iatrogenic trauma?
Caused by misunderstanding
Hard to measure, and difficult to understand
Induced through mental health treatment
Induced through Adverse Childhood Experiences
40
What is weak central coherence?
A tendency for autistic people to have local not global processing
None of these
A tendency for autistic people to have global not local processing
A processing deficit for autistic people
41
What is the monotropism theory?
A mind that focusses on a small number of interests and misses things
A cause of autism
A symptom of autism
A mind that focusses on multiple things at once and gets confused
42
What does Psychosomatic mean?
Making up your symptoms
A type of personality disorder
A mental illness
A condition or illness caused by mental factors
43
What is congruence?
Client-centered therapy
Agreement/harmony
A nomothetic approach
Disagreement/disharmony
44
The double empathy problem is a mutual misunderstanding
True
False
45
What are the factors in the Big Five?
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Narcissism
Overtedness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Narcissism
Opennness, Consciousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Narcissism
46
What is constructive alternativism?
Viewing the world from multiple perspectives
All of these
Envisioning a variety of alternative constructs
A view of personality
47
What is the Hierarchy of Needs
A theory of personality development
None of these
A motivational part of the Psychodynamic Approach
A hierarchical need theory of motivation
48
What are Maslow's two types of motives?
None of these
Defiency and growth motives
Safety and physiological motives
Divergent and convergent motives
49
What did Tolman (1924) find?
Maze dull rats did not learn the maze after practice
Maze bright rats got lost very quickly
Maze bright rats did not learn the maze after practice
Maze dull rats found the food easily
50
What are Thurstone's 7 primary abilities?
Verbal, word, number, spatial, associative, perceptual, reasoning
Linguistic, maths, associative, reasoning, visual, spatial, words
None of these
Visual, interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial, maths, verbal, linguistic
51
What is self-efficacy?
The ability to control our impulses
A social construct that we judge ourselves according to
Whether a person deserves help or not
An individual's belief of their ability to do certain things
52
What is NOT one of the four approaches to personality?
Trait
Cognitive
None of these
Humanistic
53
What is emotional intelligence?
Being an empath
None of these
A model of intelligence
Ability to recognise and regulate emotions
54
What is sublimation?
Neither of these
Both of these
A defence mechanism
Channelling unnaceptable energy to a more acceptable drive
55
What is the oral stage?
The mouth is the focus of pleasure seeking behaviours
Both of these
Neither of these
Infants develop and learn through the mouth
56
Conditions of worth are critera for gaining social approval
True
False
57
The fundamental attribution error is where the individual is more salient than the environment
True
False
58
The Four Branch Model (Mayer & Salovey, 1997) includes managing emotions
True
False
59
What is not a temperament?
Sanguine
Phlegmatic
Hema
Choleric
60
What is a Savant?
A person with exceptional skill caused by a developmental disorder
A person with exceptional skill
A developmental disorder
A learning disorder
61
What is self-actualisation?
Maslow's goal for personality and development
The realisation of who you are
An epiphany
Achieving your full potential and becoming your true self
62
What is repression?
A defence mechanism
A fixation which stems from the psychosexual stages
The minds attempt to prevent traumatic memories from surfacing
All of the above
63
What does Ellis' ABC Model stand for?
Action Potential, Being, Consciousness
Alphabetical model
Action, Being, Control
Activating Event, Belief, Consequence
64
What is convergent thinking?
Solving a problem with multiple possible solutions
Solving a problem with a defined solution
Solving problems creatively by thinking out of the box
Solvin problems easily through logic
65
What are the traits in the Dark Triad?
Neuroticism, Machiavellianism, Psychopathy
Neuroticism, Narcissism, Psychopathy
Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy
Machiavellianism, Sadism, Psychopathy
66
What are the main method for studying the genetic basis of intelligence?
Twin studies
Adoption studies
All of the above
Family studies
67
Allport popularised the term 'Personality'
False
True
68
Who came up with unconditional positive regard?
Maslow
Rogers
Freud
Bandura
69
Which describes an optimistic person
Experience better quality of life
Less susceptible to anxiety and depression
All of the above
Cope better with stress
70
What is Reciprocal Determinism?
A combination of the above
Neither of the above
Personal, behavioural and environmental factors
Observational leanring and imitation
