Which of the following statements is true about readers of self-help?

Mindfulness is predictor of an interest in reading self-help

Which is not a key principle of the Humanist approach?

Discursive psychology- mind is not a mental machine

Dynamic-constructivism approach can be defined as?

Culture is a network of conflicting theories

Which is not a main finding of Maccoby & Jacklin (1974)

Girls better at literacy as kids

Self-respect refers to...

fostering practitioners self-knowledge & care for self

What are the 4 mainstream approaches to understanding sex/sexuality?

biological, evolutionary, interactive, socio-cultural

Which was Darwin's most controversial contribution?

Principle of continuity of life

Kinsey et al (1947 & 1953) found what about girls' heterosexual experiences?

30% of girls had had heterosexual experiences by 13

Which is not a primary position to explain sex differences? (Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974)

Imitation of celebrities/role-models

Which is not a way research methodologies can be gender biased? (Crawford & Unger, 1995)

Male psychologists doing gender studies

Reading self-help books leads to what according to Starker (1992)?

more positive outlook & greater social support

Wellings et al. (1994) found what factors to be associated with homosexual experiences?

Higher social class and attendance at boarding school

According to Eysenck extraverts are...

physiologically dampened, engage in antisocial sex behaviour

Which is NOT a way 'the Soul' effected power?

Objectification of criminal, crime coded & classified

People who were married/cohabiting reported what about sexual experiences?

Having sex more than those who were not

Which of the following is NOT a problem with a cost-benefit analysis of research ethics?

Participants don't mind if there have been minor costs

Pedagogization of children's sexuality describes what?

Surveilance and control of children's sexuality

What is not a key assumption of the Cognitive approach?

Provides immediate determinants of behaviour

Autonomy refers to...

respect for client's right to be self-governing

What is the criticism of conventionally 'normal' sexual behaviour?

Other cultures may consider it unnatural?

Hyde (2005) found small/no effect of sex except for some exceptions, which is not an exception?

Women care more about personality, than physical features

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Concepts in Psychology MCQs

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1
Which of the following statements is true about readers of self-help?
Both sexes have similar attitudes towards self-help books
Mindfulness is predictor of an interest in reading self-help
No relationship between self-help books & life satisfaction
Psychologists more cynical about contents of self-help books
2
According to Eysenck introverts are...
seek novelty
more likely to suffer social anxiety
law-abiding & sex wary
physiologically dampened & have antisocial sexual behaviour
3
Which ethical principle has the standards: protection & debriefing of participants
Integrity
Respect
Competence
Responsibility
4
Which is not a key principle of the Humanist approach?
Discursive psychology- mind is not a mental machine
Phenomenological approach- only person can explain meaning
Free will- indiviudal's ability to choose how to act
Self-actualisation
5
Which wave of feminism destabilised classic gender roles and appropriate derogatory terms?
First Wave
Second Wave
Fourth Wave
Third Wave
6
Which approach has been heavily criticised for being deterministic?
Social Constructionism
Biological
Evolutionary
Psychodynamic
7
Dynamic-constructivism approach can be defined as?
Construct knowledge through experience through schemas
Culture is a network of conflicting theories
Culture is a factor of influence like others
Undecided
8
Which is NOT a way the era of individualisation & objectification effected power?
Public torture is abolished
Objectification of criminal, crime coded & classified
Penalty has to take into account nature of defendants
Knowledge becomes a key principle of power
9
The goal and effect of discipline is __________.
normalisation
policing
keeping order
punishment
10
Which is not a main finding of Maccoby & Jacklin (1974)
Males more aggressive than females
Girls < verbal ability, while boys < visuo-spatial ability
Girls better at literacy as kids
Boys better at maths as kids
11
Self-respect refers to...
respect for client's right to be self-governing
commitment to avoiding harm
fostering practitioners self-knowledge & care for self
fair & impartial treament of all clients
12
Which wave of feminism occurred during the 1960s-1990s?
Second Wave
Fourth Wave
Third Wave
Fisrt Wave
13
What are the 4 mainstream approaches to understanding sex/sexuality?
biological, evolutionary, interactive, socio-cultural
humanistic, cognitive, interactive, socio-cultural
interactive, socio-cultural, cognitive, biological
biological, evolutionary, humanistic, cognitive
14
Who stated there were 3 primary positions to explain sex differences?
Korn, Davis & Davis (1991)
Maccoby & Jacklin (1974)
Hyde (2005)
Crawford & Unger (1995)
15
Who suggested the move from sentience to energy as the vital principle?
France Joseph Gall
Whytt
Harvey
Cullen
16
Which wave of feminism occurred in the late 19th/early 20th century?
Third Wave
Fourth Wave
First Wave
Second Wave
17
Which was Darwin's most controversial contribution?
Humans are part of nature: subject to same natural laws
Principle of continuity of life
Comparative Psychology: compare humans to other species
Natural selection
18
Which type of popular psychology is untutored knowledge?
Naive/homespun/folk psychology
Therapeutic pop-psychology
Popularisation of (scientific) psychology
Undecided
19
In commercial society, _____ becomes a key aspect of self.
Work/Labour
Family
Wealth
Intelligence
20
Kinsey et al (1947 & 1953) found what about girls' heterosexual experiences?
40% of girls had had heterosexual experiences by 16
40% of girls had had heterosexual experiences by 13
30% of girls had had heterosexual experiences by 16
30% of girls had had heterosexual experiences by 13
21
Wellings et al. (1994) found what about sexual experiences?
Decrease in age of sex
Increase in oral sex
Increase in sexual partners
Decrease in sexual partners
22
Who said we have erogenous zones & libido is major influence on personality & behaviour
Eysenck
Freud
Dawkins
Bowlby
23
Non-maleficence refers to...
fostering practitioners self-knowledge & care for self
fair & impartial treament of all clients
commitment to avoiding harm
respect for client's right to be self-governing
24
Who said females look for cues that suggest protection/support, masculinity?
Masters, Johnson & Kolodny (1982)
Eysenck (1978)
Dawkins (1976)
Buss (1994)
25
Which is not a primary position to explain sex differences? (Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974)
Imitation of celebrities/role-models
Imitation of same-sex parent
Genetic/biological factors
Shaping and reinforcement of sex-typed behaviours
26
Who said we had 'Selfish Genes' (sexual reproduction as key driver of evolution)?
Masters & Johnson (1966)
Buss (1994)
Dawkins (1976)
Bancroft (2008)
27
Who asked leading historians & psychologists who the top 10 most important psychologists were?
Hyde (2005)
Bowlby (1953)
Korn, Davis & Davis (1991)
Denmark et al (2008)
28
Which is not a way research methodologies can be gender biased? (Crawford & Unger, 1995)
Researching 1 sex more than the other in particular contexts
Male psychologists doing gender studies
Not recording sex/gender of participants
Studying men more than women
29
Who is credited with the popularity of the Humanist approach?
Bandura
Maslow & Rogers
Wilkins
Skinner
30
Which point does not describe liberalism?
Emphasis on community
Progressive values
Support for social welfare programmes
Emphasis on self-reliance
31
Reading self-help books leads to what according to Starker (1992)?
Suicide chances increased
No difference
more negative outlook & less social support
more positive outlook & greater social support
32
Which wave of feminism focussed on sexuality, reproductive rights and race/class issues?
Second Wave
First Wave
Third Wave
Fourth Wave
33
Wellings et al. (1994) found what factors to be associated with homosexual experiences?
Higher social class and attendance at boarding school
Higher social class and exposure to same-sex couples
Same-sex couples & playing with opposite-sex toys
Attendance at boarding school & opposite-sex toys
34
According to psychology whose views are vastly under-represented in psychology?
Undecided
Humanistic
Conservative
Liberalist
35
According to Eysenck extraverts are...
physiologically dampened, engage in antisocial sex behaviour
Are wary of new people & suffer with anxiety
engage in risky behaviour & more aggressive
law-abiding & approach sex warily
36
Which is NOT a way 'the Soul' effected power?
Punishment not just physical pain
Develop penal system to find more economical ways to punish
Objectification of criminal, crime coded & classified
the soul becomes the target of power
37
Who first described the movement of blood as related to the heart?
Locke
Harvey
Whytt
Descartes
38
A major criticism of social constructionism is?
Falfiability
Reductionist
Relativism
Deterministic
39
Which is not an ethical principle?
Integrity
Competence
Respect
Reliability
40
People who were married/cohabiting reported what about sexual experiences?
Having better sex than before marriage/cohabiting
Having sex more than those who were not
Having worse sex than before marriage/cohabiting
Having sex less than those who were not
41
According to Bremner & Hillin (1994) 48% girls & 36% boys have had intercourse before when?
20
18
13
16
42
Which of the following is NOT a problem with a cost-benefit analysis of research ethics?
Participants don't mind if there have been minor costs
People who benefit from research not obvious at the time
Costs and benefits can only be subjectively assessed
Costs tend to be real while benefits tend to be potential
43
Pedagogization of children's sexuality describes what?
Sexuality is central to children's identity
Regulation of deviant sexuality
Surveilance and control of children's sexuality
Procreative sex is legitimate
44
A person’s own culture influencing the way they view the rest of the world is known as:
Ethnocentrism
Xenophobia
Cultural cringe
Inverse racism
45
Who said their were 4 stages of the human sexual response?
Dawkins (1976)
Buss (1994)
Perrett (1998)
Masters & Johnson (1966)
46
What is not a key assumption of the Cognitive approach?
Cognitive capacities can be partitioned
Provides immediate determinants of behaviour
Cognitive capacities autonomous from non-cognitive capacity
Distinguishes between normal and abnormal cognition
47
Autonomy refers to...
honouring the trust placed in the practitioner
commitment to avoiding harm
commitment to promoting client's wellbeing
respect for client's right to be self-governing
48
What is the criticism of conventionally 'normal' sexual behaviour?
Other cultures may consider it unnatural?
religion has no universal absolutes regarding sexual morals
we have learned to feel good?
what is considered biologically normal?
49
Which event led to changes in nearly every facet of life in the mid 18th Century?
Great Depression
Emancipation of the slaves
American Civil War
Industrial revolution
50
Hyde (2005) found small/no effect of sex except for some exceptions, which is not an exception?
Men have more positive attitudes about one-night stand sex
Men are more physically aggressive than women
Men masturbate more than women
Women care more about personality, than physical features
51
Which wave of feminism was propelled by middle class white, western, cisgender women?
First Wave
Second Wave
Third Wave
Fourth Wave
52
Which is NOT a way of upholding ethics?
Being alert to power
Consulting community of practice
Doing what you th
Following guidelines
53
Which is not a factor of the ETIC approach?
Culture is an integral part of human behaviour
Culture is a factor of influence
Global factors
Universal approach
54
Who believed in mind-body dualism (soul distinct from body)?
Cullen
Descartes
Harvey
Locke
55
Biologically 'normal' behaviour of sex is?
Reproduction
Behaviour that enhances our well-being
What is moraly taught by a religion
What is widely practiced
56
What is the criticism of psychologically 'normal' sexual behaviour?
what is considered biologically normal?
Other cultures may consider it unnatural?
religion has no universal absolutes regarding sexual morals
we have learned to feel good?
57
Korn et al. (1991) found what when they asked who the top 10 important psychologists were?
There were no women, and all white males
There was only one coloured man, the rest were white men
There was only one women, the rest were white men
a mix of men and women from multiple ethnic groups
58
Who, through morphing faces, demonstrated women do not find masculine faces more attractive?
Perrett (1998)
Masters & Johnson (1966)
Dawkins (1976)
Buss (1994)
59
Conventionally 'normal' behaviour of sex is?
Reproduction
Behaviour that enhances our well-being
What is moraly taught by a religion
What is widely practiced
60
Who said people are born bisexual and become heterosexual or homosexual dependent on experience
Eysenck
Freud
Dawkins
Bowlby
61
Contextualist approach to cross-cultural psychology can be defined as?
You are subjected to your culture
Subjective meaning,incorporating indigenous theories of mind
Culture is internal- lens through which you view the world
Undecided
62
Which is NOT a way, according to Foucault, psychology functions as a tool for exercising power?
Moulding
Objectifying
Subjectifying
Controlling
63
As disciplinary power moves to secrecy & autonomy, the right to punish is entrusted to...
Individuals
Suitable authorities
Soverign
Society
64
Indigenous approach to cross-cultural psychology can be defined as?
Subjective meaning,incorporating indigenous theories of mind
Undecided
You are subjected to your culture
Culture is internal- lens through which you view the world
65
Which Psychological approach believe in the Hunter-Gatherer past and the EEA?
Humanistic
Evolutionary
Biological
Social Constructionist
66
Which is not a basic principle of the biological approach?
Combination of Genes and Environment affect our growth
Conscious, preconscious and unconscious mind
Provides immediate determinants of behaviour
Evolution gives us insight into behaviour
67
Who linked motherhood to: being at home, white, 20-30 years old, middle class, & married?
Bowlby (1953)
Korn, Davis & Davis (1991)
Hyde (2005)
Maccoby & Jacklin (1974)
68
Who put forward Person-centred therapy?
Toates
Rogers
Maslow
Pinel
69
Culture can be defined as having...
the same nationality
a good taste in TV shows
the same ethnic group
shared beliefs, norms & values
70
What triggered first wave feminism?
Borne out of anti-war and civil rights
Feminist issues becoming national
Post-colonial and post-modern thinking
Urban industrialisation, liberal & socialist politics
71
Which is not a key principle of the Psychodynamic approach?
The conscious, preconscious and unconscious mind
Psychosexual stages
Goal: to predict and control overt behaviour
Behaviour determined by unconscious thoughts
72
Cognitive-constructivist approach can be defined as?
Culture is a network of conflicting theories
Culture is a factor of influence like others
Undecided
Construct knowledge through experience through schemas
73
Who said orgasm is essential to well-being, argued for sexual rights of female & young people?
Eysenck
Reich
Freud
Perrett
74
Who believed Mind + Body was connected and organisms respond to stimuli in an act of volition?
Cullen
Whytt
Locke
Harvey
75
For surveillance to work...
cameras must be hidden
subjects must be aware of their own visibility
undecided
cameras must be visible
76
Who created the androgyny scale, which integrated masculine and feminine dimensions?
Tavris (1993)
Lott (1990)
Bem (1993)
Denmark et al. (2008)
77
Which was not a consequence of the emergence of sense of self?
Practices of everyday life attained new importance
Facilitated sense of inwardness
The acceptance of multiple 'deviant' groups e.g. Homosexuals
New technology to help maintain relationship with God
78
What is not a characteristic of knowledge in preliterate societies (Lindberg, 1992)
Knowledge is shared through myths and stories
Knowledge is practical
Knowledge is fluid
Knowledge is science
79
Who removed bits of brains from animals to demonstrate no division between mind and body?
Darwin
France Joseph Gall
Flourens
Descartes
80
Which is not a benefit of feminist psychology?
Looks at under-researched areas eg. domestic abuse
They are able to better understand other females
Identifies unrecognised sources of bias
Generated new ways of looking at old problems
81
Which is NOT a valid reason for using deception?
Research objective has strong scientific emrit
Appropriate risk management & harm-alleviation strategy
It is essential to achieve results required
Participants wont know any better
82
Who believed humans were born as a tabula rasa (blank slate)?
Cullen
Descartes
Locke
Whytt
83
Disciplinary power has moved from __________ & _________ to secrecy & autonomy.
open; torture
publicity; limited control
torture; publicity
open; limited control
84
Who described women as 'walking wombs' and their sexuality as central to their identity?
Foucault
Freud
Reich
Eysenck
85
Which ethical principle has the standards: privacy/confidentiality, consent, self-determination
Integrity
Respect
Responsibility
Competence
86
What is not part of the "process approach" from Biological Approach?
Shared Environments
Heritability
Natural Selection
Non-Shared Environments
87
Justice refers to...
commitment to avoiding harm
fostering practitioners self-knowledge & care for self
respect for client's right to be self-governing
fair & impartial treament of all clients
88
Which is NOT a finding from the first research into poronography & erotica?
Encourages abnormal sexual encounters
People more 'turned on' by depictions of ordinary sex
Doesn't encourage rape or sexual assault
Little to no impact on behaviour
89
Who said gender difference only account for 5% of variance in social behaviour?
Lott (1990)
Bem (1993)
Denmark et al. (2008)
Erikson (1950)
90
According to Milgram (1977) what are the two reasons for deception?
Motivational & Hindrance
Provocation & Hindrance
Provocation & Epistemological
Motivational & Epistemological
91
Who argued that brain = organ of mind and faculties were empirically demonstratable?
Harvey
Cullen
Whytt
France Joseph Gall
92
Which is not a factor of the EMIC approach?
Psychology is culture dependent
Culture is an integral part of human behaviour
Universal approach
World is marked by cultural change
93
Foucault said what about procreative behaviour?
Procreative sex is about having fun
Procreative behaviour benefits mankind
Procreative sex is pointless without love
Procreative sex is legitimate all other is deviant
94
Lesbian women report?
Fewer sexual partners
More heterosexual experiences
More sexual partners
Undecided
95
Self-help has been seen as responsible for the craze of what?
Codependency
Dependency
Responsibility
Psychology
96
Who put forward multiple functions of sexual behaviour in addition to just reproduction?
Perrett (1998)
Bancroft (2008)
Buss (1994)
Shibley, Hyde & DeLaMater
97
Which are the 4 reasons to explain why self-help books are successful (Starker, 1989)?
Cost, Accesibility, Usefulness, Excitement
Cost, Accesibility, Privacy, Excitement
Cost, Usefulness, Privacy, Excitement
Cost, Accesibility, Privacy, Usefulness
98
Feminist psychology might suggest women are becoming?
More likely to have greater sexual partners
More assertive about their needs
Less sexually active
More sexually active
99
Which approach provides explanations for dysfunctional behaviours like Anorexia?
Biological
Evolutionary
Social Constructionism
Psychodynamic
100
Cross-cultural sex differences in intelligence have been widely tested & these have shown...
there to be no difference
the difference to be large
the difference to be small
Undecided
101
Which Psychological approach proposed Defence Mechanisms?
Humanistic
Evolutionary
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
102
According to research, participants reactions to being deceived are?
Severe, it caused great agitation/embarassment
Average, participants felt slight embarrassment
Undecided
Relatively minor, didn't impact enjoyment/interest
103
Culture is...
not stable over time
changing as trends come and go
stable over time
undecided
104
What triggered second wave feminism?
Post-colonial and post-modern thinking
Borne out of anti-war and civil rights
Urban industrialisation, liberal & socialist politics
Feminist issues becoming national issues
105
Who suggested that the purpose of nervous system is to produce and control behaviour?
Toates (2001)
Malow (1970s)
Pinel (1993)
Watson (1913)
106
Who developed a 6-stage moral development theory, claiming to be universal, but only tested men
Bowlby
Kohlberg
Erikson
Denmark et al.
107
Liberalism involves promoting freedom by not interfering in private life EXCEPT when it comes..
to issues of cross-culture
to issues of gender/sexuality
to issues of free will/determinism
to issues of race
108
Universalist approach to cross-cultural psychology can be defined as?
Undecided
Culture is internal- lens through which you view the world
Subjective meaning,incorporating indigenous theories of mind
You are subjected to your culture
109
Which ethical principle has the standards: recognising impairment + awareness of ethics
Competence
Respect
Integrity
Responsibility
110
Jeremy Bentham's panopticon exemplifies what about disciplinary power?
It is self-observing & self-policing
It is self-monitoring & self-policing
It is self-observing & self-governing
It is self-monitoring & self-governing
111
Which is not one of Burnham's (1987) four stages of popularisation?
Diffusion, Viralisation, Dilution, Trivialisation
Diffusion, Popularisation, Viralisation, Trivialisation
Viralisation, Popularisation, Dilution, Trivialisation
Diffusion, Popularisation, Dilution, Trivialisation
112
What did Andersen (1994) say about data?
Undecided
Data is easily manipulated
Data is not real things but constructions
Provides explanations
113
Disciplinary power has moved from publicity & torture to _________ & _________.
obscurity; autonomy
obscurity; alleviation
secrecy; autonomy
secrecy; alleviation
114
What are the four stages of the human sexual response? (Masters & Johnson, 1966)
Bodily responses, excitement, plateau phase, orgasm
Aggression, excitement, plateau phase, orgasm
Aggression, excitement, orgasm, climax
Excitement, plateau phase, orgasm, resolution phase
115
Who stated men are taken as the 'norm' against which women are compared and judged?
Tavris (1993)
Bowlby (1953)
Hyde (2005)
Crawford & Unger (1995)
116
Which type of popular psychology discusses more theoretical material, condensing & simplifying?
Therapeutic pop-psychology
Popularisation of (scientific) psychology
Undecided
Naive/homespun/folk psychology
117
Kinsey et al (1947 & 1953) found what about boys' heterosexual experiences?
40% of boys had had heterosexual experiences by 13
30% of boys had had heterosexual experiences by 16
30% of boys had had heterosexual experiences by 13
40% of boys had had heterosexual experiences by 16
118
Morally 'normal' behaviour of sex is?
What is widely practiced
Reproduction
Behaviour that enhances our well-being
What is moraly taught by a religion
119
Which type of popular psychology compromises of mostly self-help books?
Undecided
Therapeutic pop-psychology
Naive/homespun/folk psychology
Popularisation of (scientific) psychology
120
What is the criticism of morally 'normal' sexual behaviour?
we have learned to feel good?
religion has no universal absolutes regarding sexual morals
Other cultures may consider it unnatural?
what is considered biologically normal?
121
Which wave of feminism began in the mid '90s?
First Wave
Fourth Wave
Third Wave
Second Wave
122
Beneficence refers to...
fair & impartial treament of all clients
respect for client's right to be self-governing
commitment to avoiding harm
commitment to promoting client's wellbeing
123
Changes brought about through direct contact between individuals of different cultural origins?
Acculturation
Cross-cultural
Indigenous
Integration
124
Liberalism is the combination of two philosophies:
Liberation & Regulation
Liberation & Relationism
Logicism & Regulation
Logicism & Relationism
125
Something that is brought into being through powerful form of knowledge, this is?
Object-effect
Object-being
Knowledge-being
Knowledge-effect
126
Fallers & Fallers' controversial theory said women in gender segregated societies develop?
Less psychological freedom
Greater psychological freedom
into typical western female roles
against typical western female roles
127
Who conducted a meta-analysis of 46 meta-analyses and found sex had a no/small effect?
Bowlby (1953)
Maccoby & Jacklin (1974)
Hyde (2005)
Denmark et al. (2008)
128
Hyde, 2005. When participants thought they were being observed, their behaviour was...
more consistent with their gender-role
no different to when unaware of observation
less consistent with their gender roles
was reduced
129
Which is not a main feature of Behaviourism?
Behaviour determined by unconscious thoughts
Psychology must be purely objective
Remove distinction between humans and animals
Goal: to predict and control overt behaviour
130
What triggered third wave feminism?
Feminist issues becoming national issues
Post-colonial and post-modern thinking
Borne out of anti-war and civil rights
Urban industrialisation, liberal & socialist politics
131
Psychologically 'normal' behaviour of sex is?
What is moraly taught by a religion
Reproduction
Behaviour that enhances our well-being
What is widely practiced
132
Popular culture is...
changing as trends come and go
undecided
the same as cuolture
stable over time
133
Who said self-help is another way of governing individuals?
Lindberg
Wundt
Foucalt
Burnham
134
Which approach questions 'natural' categories e.g. gender?
Humanistic
Social contructionism
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
135
Who provided guidelines for avoiding sexism in research?
Erikson (1950)
Bowlby (1953)
Tavris (1993)
Denmark et al. (2008)
136
Who said there were 8 developmental stages which were universal?
Erikson
Kohlberg
Hyde
Bowlby
137
What is a common critique of the Humanist approach?
Deterministic
Reductionist
Lack of empirical research
Falsifiability
138
Fidelity refers to...
commitment to promoting client's wellbeing
commitment to avoiding harm
honouring the trust placed in the practitioner
respect for client's right to be self-governing
139
Behaviourists call: cognitions, thinking, believing, feeling, pain, etc. what?
Private Events
Cognitions
Inner Mind
Faulty Cognitions
140
Which ethical principle has the standards: honesty & accuracy, maintaining personal boundaries
Respect
Responsibility
Competence
Integrity
141
Wilhelm Wundt developed...
Folk Psychology
Humanistic Psychology
Cultural Psychology
Popular Psychology
142
Replicability of the 5-factor model in a wide range of cultures shows what about personality?
Personality has universal dimensions
Personality is culture dependent
Undecided
Personality is a social construct
143
Which is NOT a way the era of humanist reform effected power?
Public torture is abolished
Punishment needs to deter & rehabilitate offenders
Penalty has to take into account nature of defendants
Monarch lost sovereignty in matters of punishment
144
Which approach has been criticised heavily for falsifiability and testability?
Biological
Evolutionary
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
145
Which point does not describe conservatism?
Traditional values
Opposition to social welfare programmes
Emphasis on self-reliance
Progressive values
146
What is NOT a limitation of sovereign power?
Unstable form of power
Punishment does not just involve physical pain
Wide range of less serious crimes undetected
Had to be re-enacted at each breach
147
What is the criticism of biologically 'normal' sexual behaviour?
Other cultures may consider it unnatural?
what is considered biologically normal?
religion has no universal absolutes regarding sexual morals
we have learned to feel good?

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