EBCP Final Exam

Most clinical questions can be answered with Meta-analysis and systemic reviews

Type of bias occurs when the investigator have not been bale to follow some subjects and don't know what happened

The relative risk is a common stat used to measure effect size in the clinical literature. Sometimes called "risk ratio"

Which of the following variables is considered CATEGORICAL?

Simultaneous Presence of multiple morbidities in the same patient of group of patients is

According to the info in class, the type of study can be determined by looking at three specific items. WOTF is NOT one?

A variable or exposure that decreases the probability of developing a disease is known as

Quantitative measurement of DISEASE is

When the mean, median and mode are equal we get a normal distribution that is symmetric (Bell Curve)

Which of the following is not one of the 3 strategies recommended to improve search results using PubMed?

Comparing three or more groups and does not require normal distributions is known as

Type of bias described as a distortion in the measure of association due to a lack of accurate or incorrect measurements

While case-controls studies are retrospective, cohort studies can be both retrospective and prospective

Which of the following correctly defines the term INCIDENCE?

An example of a categorical variable would be gender (male or female)

Interventional research requires that the researcher initiate the intervention

Sum of observations divided by the total number of observations is known as?

These types of questions ask for specific knowledge to inform clinical decisions

This type of bias occurs when a factor is associated with both the exposure and the outcome and NOT part of casual path

No difference in risk between groups is

What type of evidence would be necessary to answer a clinical question regarding etiology (causation)?

Anything that tends to increase the incidence or duration of disease will tend to increase prevalence

Which of the following statements about observational research is NOT correct?

The point at which half the observations are above and half are below (50th percentile) is known as?

In Case-Control studies we typically use a relative risk ratio

Type of bias occurs when the order of the supposed cause and effect is turned around (called cart before the horse bias)

It reflects the amount to which measurements are reproducible is known as?

Our study does not follow a population at risk over a period of time. Best choice for calculating risk would be ODDS?

What does MeSH stand for?

Case-Control studies are always prospective

Observational studies investigate and record exposures and observe outcomes as they occur

Error that does not randomly vary, but moves measurements systematically away from their true value is known as

This study design is considered to be the gold standard for treatment questions

Which of the following correctly defines the term PREVALENCE?

Cohort studies can be prospective or retrospective

Primary difference between in-vivo and in-vitro is one is done in a test tube or lab dish and the other on living thing?

The Index to Chiropractic Literature is a database unique to our profession containing chiropractic JL ONLY

Type of bias is best described as people who engage in healthy behaviors are more likely to engage in other good ones

Which of the following statements regarding observational research is correct?

Compare two groups with a normal distribution is known as?

The factor that reduces risk factor is

These types of questions typically ask the who, what, where, when, how, and why about things like a disorder or test?

Which of the following is NOT an example of a descriptive study?

Type of bias when individuals or groups differ systemically from the population of interest leading to systemic error

Anything that decreases incidence or duration will tend to decrease prevalence

Which of the following is an advantage of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?

Probability of developing a disease within a given time interval is known as

Type of bias is considered the most common source of bias in research

Observational research can either be prospective or retrospective

A cross-sectional study can only estimate prevalence, not incidence, because you only have info about one time point

Compare two groups that do not have a normal distribution is known as?

A larger number of subjects in a second study may increase the reliability of the estimate (and decrease standard error)

A variable or exposure that increases the probability of developing a disease is known as

If the type of clinical question is about PREVENTION we would choose which type of evidence to answer the question

The factor that increases risk factor is?

Type of bias occurs when researchers are aware of the hypothesis under investigation/know which group each person is in

Type of bias refers to situations in which researchers or people in a study modify their behavior or response

Quantitative measurement of DEATH is

Medical studies are often first prepared as "in-vitro" studies

Which type of research study quantifies relationship between two factors intervention or exposure of an outcome?

A helpful way to classify clinical questions is into ____ and _____ questions

Which of the following would fall under a CASE-CONTROL ANALYTIC epidemiological study?

If the type of question is about MEANING we would choose which of the following types of evidence to answer the question

Which of the following variables is considered CONTINUOUS?

It reflects the extent to which measurements truly capture what is intended to be measured is known as

Which of the following is NOT a observational research study design?

When the number of subjects in an analysis is small we should use a Chi-square test

Which of the following is NOT one of the four W's of descriptive epidemiologic studies?

Error that randomly varies from one measurement to another is known as

What type of evidence would be necessary to answer a clinical question regarding prevention?

A variable is any characteristic considered in a study group and can take different values for different individuals

Type of bias that occurs when subjects in one of the study groups are able to recall past events or behaviors

What type of evidence would be necessary to answer a clinical question regarding therapy (treatment)

Most frequent observation is known as