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Comprehensive AP Psych Exam Review
Comprehensive AP Psych Exam Review
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1
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
sleep apnea and night terrors
interference with memory tasks
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
heightened manifest dream content
2
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
accommodation
assimilation
discrimination
habituation
3
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
outliers
variances
normally distributed
modes
4
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
group polarization
deindividuation
superordinate goals
diffusion of responsibility
5
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
group polarization
social facilitation
groupthink
deindividuation
6
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
mirror neurons
latent learning
sublimation
modeling
7
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
contralateral control
hemispheric lateralization
neuroplasticity
effective psychological environment
8
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the WISC (M: 100, SD:15)
50
84
95
68
9
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
learned responses; physiological reactions
schedules; punishers
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
fixed intervals; variable ratios
10
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
ignore : adaptation
reduce : stereotypes
reward : punishment
assimilate : accomodate
11
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
bottom up processing
difference threshold
absolute threshold
signal detection theory
12
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
mid 30s
puberty
late 40s
early 20s
13
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
14
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
sociocultural psychologist
clinical psychologist
personality psychologist
cognitive psychologist
15
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
out-group homogeneity
fundamental attribution error
reciprocity norm
self-fulfilling prophecy
16
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
neurotransmiters
terminal button
myelin
synaptic cleft
17
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
bipolar disorder
major depressive disorder
dissociative identity disorder
schizophrenia
18
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the role of the hippocampus in memory
the reconstructive nature of memory
the rate at which people forget information
the serial position effect
19
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
hearing high frequencies
sound localization
detecting absolute threshold
sensory adaptation
20
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
medulla
hypothalamus
cerebellum
amygdala
21
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
William James
Albert Bandura
Carl Rogers
B.F. Skinner
22
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
long-term memory
sensory memory
short-term memory
procedural memory
23
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
clap their hands
say a sentence
cut with a knife
write with a pencil
24
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
optic nerve
cones
cornea
rods
25
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
situational
fundamental
external
internal
26
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
well below the average of 200
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
slightly above average
27
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
counterconditioning
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
rational emotive behavior therapy
28
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
primary drives
extrinsic motivation
intrinsic motivation
need for achievement
29
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
primary
continuous
partial
secondary
30
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
avoidance-avoidance
approach-approach
approach-avoidance
she does not have a conflict
31
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
social facilitation theory
Schachter two-factor theory
opponent process theory
James-Lange theory
32
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
just world bias
self-serving bias
false consensus effect
Barnum effect
33
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
law of effect
token economy
behavior shaping
higher-order conditioning
34
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
optic chiasm
feature detectors
fovea
optic nerve
35
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate has a lack of conservation
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate lacks object permanence
36
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
touch
sight
hearing
smell
37
which structure is part of the inner ear
auditory canal
malleus (hammer)
basilar membrane
tympanic membrane
38
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
medulla
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
sensory cortex
39
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
aptitude test
achievement test
EQ test
IQ test
40
which is an example of an implicit memory
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
recognizing a celebrity
describing the taste of a birthday cake
remembering how to tie your shoelace
41
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
range
median
standard deviation
mean
42
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
universal ethical principles
conservation
attachment
object permanence
43
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
humanistic
evolutionary
psychodynamic
biological
44
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
postconventional
approach-avoidance
James-Lange
theory Y
45
In people, rods, unlike cones,
have a lower absolute threshold for light
are located in the center of the retina
respond more quickly to colors
are unable to detect motion
46
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
moving her left hand
solving a logic problem
understanding what was said to her
speaking aloud
47
What is the purpose of the DSM
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
48
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
longitudinal study
cross-sectional study
social-cognitive study
developmental study
49
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
psychometrics
social psychology
health psychology
positive psychology
50
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
extraversion
openness
neuroticism
conscientiousness
51
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
social
dispositional
situational
behavioral
52
Which is most closely associated with creativity
contextual intelligence
hypothesis testing
functional fixedness
divergent thinking
53
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
disconnection from reality and delusions
substance abuse and dependence
inappropriate or flat affect
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
54
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
that language is a uniquely human skill
the importance of physical contact to development
that primates can make and use tools
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
55
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
four legs and a seat
pens, pencils, and a computer
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
a desk and/or table
56
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
linguistic relativity hypothesis
the social role hypothesis
gender schema theory
principle of continuity
57
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
58
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
individualism
self-serving bias
compliance strategies
in-group bias
59
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
daily activities
personalities
sleep cycles
circadian rhythm
60
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
touch
sight
hearing
balance
61
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
grapheme
holobase
phoneme
morpheme
62
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
cognitive
behavioral
psychoanalytic
evolutionary
63
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
top-down and bottom-up processing
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
binocular and monocular cues
proximity and similarity
64
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
hippocampus
Gage's area
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
65
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
wearing guard uniforms
size of the group
placebo effect
presence of an authority figure
66
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they can determine causal relationships between variables
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
they involve more research participants than other studies
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
67
What number will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant
a standard deviation of 4 or more
a mean that is the same as the median
a probability of chance less than 5%
a correlation coefficient close to .75
68
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
convergence
closure
linear perspective
retinal disparity
69
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
id, ego, and superego
traits, the environment, and behavior
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
70
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
language acquisition device
serial position effect
linguistic relativity hypothesis
phonemes and morphemes
71
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
lithium
benzodiazepines
L-Dopa
SSRIs
72
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
random assignment
assignment to conditions
random sampling
representative assignment
73
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
hindsight bias
self-serving bias
a theory
overconfidence
74
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
insight learning
observational learning
latent learning
counterconditioning
75
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
pharmacological
cognitive
behavioral
structuralist
76
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
serotonin system
somatic nervous system
endocrine system
sympathetic nervous system
77
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
continuous
fixed ratio
fixed variable
variable interval
78
the somatic nervous system is part of the
peripheral nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
central nervous system
79
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
classical conditioning
observational learning
operant conditioning
instrumental learning
80
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
biomedical interventions
secondary preventions
talking to a patient
cognitive-behavioral interventions
81
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
token economies
systematic desensitization
client-centered therapy
REBT
82
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
electro-convulsive shock therapy
gestalt therapy
prefrontal lobotomy
free association
83
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
psychodynamic
cognitive
evolutionary
humanistic
84
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again
positive punishment
negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement
modeling
85
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
is influenced by the self-serving bias
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
86
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
fetal alcohol syndrome
mental retardation
autism spectrum disorder
Down syndrome
87
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
hypothalamus
pons
88
authoritarian parents demonstrate
low warmth and low control
high warmth and high control
high warmth and low control
low warmth and high control
89
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
social facilitation
conformity
disinhibition
social roles
90
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
personality
dissociative
anixety
schizophrenic
91
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
rooting
Babinski
Moro
stepping
92
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
procedural memory
eidetic memory
semantic memory
episodic memory
93
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
the overjustification effect
latent learning
social learning theory
the law of effect
94
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
medulla oblongata
hippocampus
prefrontal cortex
corpus callosum
95
which 2 competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis
circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep
manifest content and latent content
conscious level and non conscious level
role theory and dissociation theory
96
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
make new friends
eat a meal
go for a run
pursue a romantic interest
97
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
98
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
humanist
psychoanalyst
trait
social-cognitive
99
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
deindividuation
central route persuasion
mere-exposure effect
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
100
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
out-group homogeneity
stereotyping
superordinate goals
scapegoating
101
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
102
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
103
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
frequency theory
transduction theory
gate-control theory
opponent-process theory
104
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
split-half reliability
test-retest reliability
content validity
predictive validity
105
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
his research wasn't representative of the population
106
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
counterbalancing
inferential statistics
standard deviation
descriptive statistics
107
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
myelination of brain neurons
concrete operational exercises
early gross motor practice
secure attachment with parents
108
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
single blind study
Hawthorne effect
double blind study
counterbalancing
109
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
110
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
trait
psychoanalytic
humanistic
cognitive
111
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
violation of confidentiality
lack of informed consent
risk of psychological harm
lack of debriefing
112
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
113
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
114
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
parenting style
traumatic childhood experiences
masculine/feminine personality traits
hormones released in the womb
115
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
antagonists
dissociation
tolerance
activation-synthesis
116
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
specific changes in the brain
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
117
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
culture
environment
temperament
family
118
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
119
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
major depressive disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
120
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
neurochemical imbalances
unfulfilled needs
unhealthy attributional styles
learned associations
121
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
low experiential intelligence
divergent thinking
a mental set
belief perseverance
122
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
self-fulfilling prophecy
self-serving bias
cognitive dissonance
fundamental attribution error
123
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
physical contact between dendrites
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
hormones jump from one axon to the next
124
An EEG of Cyrus after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
beta waves
delta waves
alpha waves
sleep spindles
125
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
experiment
correlation study
naturalistic observation
case study
126
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
semantic encoding
proactive interference
long-term potentiation
state-dependent memory
127
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
humanistic
psychoanalytic
biological
trait
128
which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
leading questions
brain injury
relearning effect
proactive interference
129
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
fluid intelligence
multiple intelligences
crystallized intelligence
aptitude intelligence
130
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
functional fixedness
repressed memories
archetypes
inferiority complexes
131
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
Parkinson's disease
major depressive disorder
autism
Alzheimer's disease
132
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
PET
rTMS
MRI
EEG
133
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
achieving physiological homeostasis
134
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
construct validity
aptitude measures
test-retest reliability
standardization
135
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
anal stage
phallic stage
latency period
oral stage
136
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
amplitude of the wave
frequency of the wave
pitch of the tone
transduction of the wave
137
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
dissociative identity disorder
schizophrenia
obsessive-compulsive disorder
antisocial personality disorder
138
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
nausea and food or drink
movement and electrical shocks
performing a task and receiving food
punishment and aversion
139
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
post-traumatic stress disorder
dissociative identity disorder
panic disorder
bipolar disorder
140
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
displacement
reaction formation
sublimation
projection
141
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
142
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
at what age can children reason abstractly
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
143
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
unconditional positive regard
secondary central dispositions
factor analysis
defense mechanisms
144
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
mean
median
standard deviation
range
145
the limbic system plays an important role in
maintaining balance
regulating emotion
planning for the future
processing sensory information
146
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
James-Lange theory of emotion
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
Yerkes-Dodson law
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
147
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
parenting style
assimilation
motor development
attachment
148
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
low self-esteem
high self-efficacy
a strong superego
an extraverted personality
149
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
have been exposed to good, moral role models
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
believe in God
be able to take another person's perspective
150
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
frequency theory
sensory adaptation
absolute threshold
difference threshold
151
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
remove : increase
remove : punish
remove : decrease
add : decrease
152
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
the self-serving bias
unconditional positive regard
the Oedipus complex
an external locus of control
153
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
unconditioned response
spontaneous recovery
154
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
genetics and nutrition
secondary drives and needs
parenting styles
unconscious conflicts
155
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
serotonin
adrenaline
dopamine
acetylcholine
156
light enters the eye through an opening in the
fovea
blind spot
iris
retina
157
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
environmental factors that influence intelligence
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
nonessential subjects like art and music
158
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
confirmation bias
framing effects
inattentional blindness
representativeness heuristic
159
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
clinical psychologist
psychoanalyst
psychiatrist
cognitive psychotherapist
160
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
retroactive memory
recall
episodic memory
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
161
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
responding to deindividuation among group members
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
increasing group polarization within different groups
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
162
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
triarchic
standardized
achievement
projective
163
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
biological theory
psychodynamic theory
trait theory
social cognitive theroy