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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud
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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
150 terms
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Questions
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Answers
1
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
REM
stage 1
stage 2
stage 4
2
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
corpus callosum
3
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
4
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
5
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pancreas
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
6
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
ablated
modeled
encoded
7
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
bipolar
cyclical
dissociative
unipolar
8
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
oval window
stirrup
temporal lobe
9
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the control group
the experimental group
the observational group
10
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
deindividuation
conformity
group polarization
11
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
12
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
bottom-to-top processing
13
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
14
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
low in extraversion
low in openness
15
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
16
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
fear
happiness
surprise
17
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
18
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
19
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold information for a lifetime
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
20
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
observational learning
21
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
functionalism
attributionism
individualism
22
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
23
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
reinforcement
24
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
25
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
sing a song
print letters
26
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
phonemic
morphemic
platonic
27
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
pseudoinsomnia
insomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
28
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
29
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
reticular formation
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
30
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
31
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
32
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
33
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
physiological recordings
psychological tests
direct observation
34
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
car-nose
tree-bird
fill-feed
35
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
content validity
predictive validity
criterion-related validity
standardized validity
36
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the reciprocity norm
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the law of cognitive dissonance
37
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
closure
symmetry
constancy
similiarity
38
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
cross-sectional
time of testing
sequential
longitundinal
39
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
pathogens
opiates
teratogens
prenatals
40
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
avoidance therapy
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
41
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
42
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological stability
psychological instability
physiological instability
43
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
light
food/meat powder
tone
44
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
musical
spatial
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
45
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
a compulsion
a delusion
an obsession
46
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
47
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
conventional
postconventional
concrete
48
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
reversibility
conservation
centration
49
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
episodic memories
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
50
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
lesioning
ESB
tumor ligation
51
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
exposure to light
52
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
rat
rabbit
fear reaction
53
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
54
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an internal attribution
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
a situational attribution
55
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
56
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
57
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
attributions
self-serving bias
stereotypes
58
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the unconscious
the brain
behavior
conscious experience
59
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
moving a part of his body
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
60
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a narcotic
a sedative
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
61
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
cognitive
humanistic
psychoanalytic
62
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
obedience
conformity
cognitive dissonance
63
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
anxiety
personality
mood
64
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
pressure
conflict
frustration
65
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
stimulus discrimination
shaping
step-wise conditioning
selection
66
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
reticular formation
cerebellum
limbic system
67
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
extinction
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
68
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
punishment
classical conditioning
observational learning
operant conditioning
69
A valid test is one that...
is reliable
has been standardized but not normed
is consistent
measures what it is supposed to measure
70
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
acetylcholine
dopamine
endorphin
serotonin
71
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
personality
temperament
behavioral quality
72
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
saturation
light purity
brightness
73
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
74
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
Broca's area
75
According to the medical model...
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
76
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
avoidance
repression
neurogenic amnesia
77
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
perception
hypnosis
consciousness
sensation
78
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
79
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
delta
gamma
beta
80
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
syntax
81
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
gonads
thyroid
thalamus
pituitary
82
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
memory
feeding
83
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has two different psychological disorders
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
84
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
instinct theory
incentive theory
drive theory
85
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
schema
semantic network
chunk
86
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
oral
anal
latency
87
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
state-dependent learning
88
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he's just like his father
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
89
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
crowded living conditions
job discrimination experienced by the residents
90
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
91
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an aptitude test
a personality test
an achievement test
an intelligence test
92
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
93
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
fugue
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
conversion disorder
94
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
cortex
location of injury
spinal cord
95
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
96
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
97
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
98
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the gambler's fallacy
the conjunction fallacy
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
99
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
100
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
William James
101
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
102
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
give cookie
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
103
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
regression
compensation
displacement
fixation
104
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
criterion-related
content
absolute
construct
105
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
106
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
independently of autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
107
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
corpus callosum
thalamus
parietal lobe
pineal gland
108
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
109
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
110
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
111
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
recognition
reiteration
relearning
112
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
113
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender differences
gender roles
gender behaviors
114
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
escape learning
avoidance learning
an unconditioned response
115
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mean
midpoint
mode
median
116
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
intelligence
introspection
cognition
117
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
action potentials
antagonists
agonists
118
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
attitude is to action
behavior is to motive
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
119
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
120
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
social charm
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
121
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
predictability
representativeness
accuracy of inference
consistency
122
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
sedatives
alcohol
narcotics
123
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
insight learning
124
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
crystallized
fluid
procedural
125
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
126
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
vitreous humor
lens
cornea
127
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
marijuana
heroin
mescaline
cocaine
128
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
the conscious
129
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
loudness
timbre
pitch
130
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
cultural direction
schematizing
stereotypes
131
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test norms
test scales
test levels
test scores
132
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
shared inhibition
133
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
display rules
social scripts
investment differentiations
134
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
functionalism
neodynamism
135
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
illusions
delusions
hallucinations
136
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
137
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not been dreaming
a headache
been dreaming
not really been asleep
138
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
intermediate-term
sensory
short-term
139
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
olfactory cilia
sciatic receptors
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
140
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
percentiles
means
141
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
logical reasoning
142
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
medulla
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
143
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
a projective test
144
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
hallucinations
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
145
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
IQ
a potential score
mental age
146
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
sensation
processing
perception
147
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
148
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
creativity
intelligence
reasoning
149
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
150
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
efferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
afferent nerves
