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Midterm Physical Geology Review Flashcards | StudBud
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Midterm Physical Geology Review
Midterm Physical Geology Review
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1
The presence of tropical plants and animals hundreds of millions of years old near the North Pole suggests that
the plate has moved from a different climate zone to its Arctic position
the Earth’s axis shifted suddenly, causing organisms to become extinct.
the Earth’s surface has warmed significantly since those organisms died.
the Earth’s surface has cooled significantly since those organisms died.
2
Well-rounded grains in a clastic sedimentary rock indicate
rapid transport and deposition.
lack of chemical weathering.
numerous collisions between particles during extensive transportation.
the absence of cleavage in the mineral clasts.
3
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with an ordered atomic arrangement and definable chemical composition
False
True
4
What changes take place during physical weathering?
The mineralogy of previously existing rocks changes.
Rocks are broken into smaller pieces.
Chemical changes occur
Minerals crystallize as water evaporates.
5
Why would a mineral be more abundant compared to other minerals?
It is resistant to weathering.
All of the possible answers are correct.
It can form in igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
It is made of the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust.
6
Every mineral has a preferred habit (crystal shape), but most mineral grains do not display that shape because
many grains interfere with one another while they are growing.
they form at temperatures that are too high for the crystals to form.
they form at temperatures that are too low for the crystals to form.
they form at the surface of the Earth.
7
The grain size of an igneous rock is determined by the
temperature at which the magma solidified.
rate of cooling, which controls the time ions migrate to crystal seeds.
tectonic setting in which the magma developed.
temperature at which the magma melted.
8
What does the term metamorphic grade refer to?
whether a metamorphic rock has an igneous or sedimentary protolith
the degree to which a metamorphic rock’s protolith has changed
all of the possible answers are correct
the age of a metamorphic rock
9
In the tectonic cycle, new lithosphere forms at __________ and is consumed at __________.
subduction zones; transform faults
ocean ridges; subduction zones
transform faults; subduction zones
ocean ridges; transform faults
10
Which physical properties of a mineral depend on the strength of the bonds that hold its atoms and ions together?
cleavage
hardness
taste
specific gravity
11
Earthquakes occur frequently at
ocean ridges, subduction zones, and transform faults.
subduction zones.
ocean ridges.
transform faults.
12
Metamorphic index minerals help geologists determine
how many years ago metamorphism occurred.
the age of a protolith.
the temperature and pressure conditions during metamorphism.
how many years it took for metamorphism to be complete.
13
Sedimentary rocks are unique in that they form
without water playing an important role
by processes that operate at or near the Earth’s surface.
on the continents but not on islands or in the oceans.
without recycling materials from previously existing rocks.
14
Magnetic anomaly “stripes” in the oceans are caused by
earthquakes at ocean ridges that disrupt the magnetic field.
Earth’s current magnetic field and ancient fields when the rocks formed
transform faults.
the fluctuating strength of the Earth’s current magnetic field.
15
Solidified lava flows and volcanic ash deposits are examples of
both intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks.
extrusive igneous rocks.
intrusive igneous rocks.
neither intrusive nor extrusive igneous rocks.
16
A "phaneritic texture" can be best described as having
coarse texture
no crystal grains
fine grain texture
sponge-like mass
17
What does the assemblage of minerals in a metamorphic rock help to determine?
the chemical composition of a protolith
the pressure at which metamorphism took place
all of the possible answers are correct.
the temperature at which metamorphism took place
18
Which rock transformation(s) can occur in the rock cycle?
All of these changes can occur in the rock cycle.
metamorphic rocks into sedimentary rocks
igneous rocks into sedimentary rocks
sedimentary rocks into different sedimentary rocks
19
What can the formation of a sedimentary rock involve?
precipitation of minerals when water evaporates
consolidation of many shells
all of the possible answers are correct.
transportation of rock fragments weathered from previously existing rocks
20
The lithosphere is
composed of the entire crust and the uppermost mantle.
made mostly of molten material that flows upward to form volcanoes.
the same beneath continents and oceans.
a more modern term for the Earth’s crust.
21
Foliation and lineation are terms that describe
the orientation of minerals in metamorphic rocks.
the chemical compositions of metamorphic rocks.
the intensity of metamorphism.
the age of metamorphism.
22
Igneous rock forms
solidification of magma at the surface or within the Earth.
melting of previously existing rock material at the surface of the Earth.
solidification of magma deep within the Earth.
solidification of magma in the atmosphere.
23
The difference between sills and dikes is that
sills are tabular bodies and dikes are irregularly shaped blobs.
sills are intrusive and dikes extrusive.
sills are extrusive and dikes intrusive.
sills are parallel to layering while dikes cut across the layering.
24
When identifying minerals, hardness is tested. Diamonds have a hardness of 10 and talc is 1. What is this scale called?
Mohs Hardness Scale
Newton’s Hardness Scale
Relative mineral scale
Hess Hardness Scale
25
Sedimentary rocks that are formed in horizontal layers are called
beds.
canyons.
ripple marks.
mud cracks.
26
A porphyritic texture indicates that an igneous rock had
two different cooling rates.
an intrusive origin.
formed at a mid-ocean ridge.
an extrusive origin.
27
Which of the following is a possible origin of a metamorphic rock?
Igneous rocks are weathered, eroded, and deposited in a lake.
A sedimentary rock is buried deeply beneath other sedimentary rocks.
A volcano erupts and large amounts of hot ash fall in the ocean.
An igneous rock in the Earth’s mantle melts and cools in the crust.
28
Geologists classify minerals into groups like silicates by their
specific gravity.
chemical composition.
cleavage.
hardness.
29
Angular grains in a clastic sedimentary rock indicate
rapid, typically short-distance transport.
the absence of cleavage in the mineral clasts.
numerous collisions between particles during extensive transportation.
lack of chemical weathering.
30
The asthenosphere is
only beneath ocean basins and is missing beneath continents.
only beneath continents and is missing beneath ocean basins.
a layer of low rigidity seperating the lithosphere from the mantle.
mostly of molten material that flows downward from ocean ridges.
31
The agents that cause metamorphism include all except which of the following?
Stress
Heat
Pressure
Time
