Milady Cima - Ch.6 Chemistry & Chemical Safety - Review

the head of a surfactant is hydrophilic (water loving)

the substance that dissolves the solute and makes the solution.

a sweet, colourless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in body creams.

prolonged repeated or long term exposure to certain product ingredients that can cause sensitivity.

derived from milk or fruit sugars, are ex. of acids often used to exfoliate the skin and adjust pH of lotion.

a substance that adds hydrogen or subtracts oxygen.

a substance that releases oxygen.

a physical combination of matter in any proportion. (ex. air contains many things: carbon dioxide,nitrogen+water vapour)

science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter & how matter changes under diff conditions

the seperation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions.

98 elements occur naturally on earth, the remaining elements, know as ______ are produced artificially

liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions. (ex. oil and water)

_______ is the simplest form of chemical matter and contains only one type of atom

in a(n) _____ emulsion, water droplets are emulsified in oil. (feels greasier)

a surfactant molecule has 2 distinct parts the ____ and _____

subatomic particles with no charge

a change in the form or physical properties of a substance, without a chemical reaction or creation of a new substance.

______occur when an acid is mixed with an alkali in equal portions, balancing the total pH and forming water and a salt.

rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light.

unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid. (when immiscible liquids are combined they form this)

used to determine how overexposure determines toxicity.

alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or paise pH of many hair products. they produce less odor.

characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and do not involve a chemical change in the substance

characteristics that can be determined only by a chemical reaction and involve a chemical change in the substance.

in a(n) ________ emulsion, oil droplets are emulsified in water (doesn't feel as greasy)

when the skin is exposed to extremes in pH lives, dryness, dehydration, inflammation and even bacteria can grow.

everything you can touch and see is matter, with the exception of _____ & ______

a pH below 7 indicates a(n) ______ solution

the term pH represents the quantity of helium ions

acids owe their chemical reactivity to the hydrogen ion.

when certain chemicals release energy in the form of heat, it is called a(n) _____ reaction.

a special type of oil used in hair conditioners. it is less greasy than other oils.

colourless gas composed of hydrogen and nitrogen that has a pungent odor.

a change in the chemical composition or makeup of a substance.

an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge

all matter can be classified as either _____ or ______

basic unit of matter

_____ is a chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions

ointments, pastes, pomades, and styling waxes are semisolid mixtures made with any combo of petrolatum, oil, and wax.

stable uniform mixture of two or more substances.

any substance that occupies space and has mass

what does "pH" mean

a.k.a redox, a chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction take place at the same time.

unstable physical mixture of 2 or more immiscible substances plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier.

used to measure the acidity and alkalinity of substances.

physical properties include colour, solubility, door, density, melting point, boiling point, hardness, and glossiness.

examples of chemical properties are: wood to burn and hair to change colour with haircolor + hydrogen peroxide

unlike matter, ______ do(es) not occupy space or have mass

commonly known as lye, is a very strong alkali used in chemical hair relaxers.

subatomic particles with negative charge (-)

matter can be changed in two ways: ______ change & _______ change

the substance that is dissolved in a solution.

evaporate easily, such as isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) and ethyl alcohol (hair spray).

_______ are chemical combinations of two or more atoms of DIFFERENT elements in definite (fixed) proportions (ex. NaCl)

a chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions. (ex. water H₂O or salt NaCl)

an ion with a negative electrical charge is a(n)_____

a pH of 7 indicates a(n) _____ solution

abbreviated VOCs; compounds that contain carbon (organic) & evaporate very easy (volatile).

also known as bases, owe their chemical reactivity to the hydroxide ion.

an ingredient that brings 2 incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable mixture.

liquids are mutually soluble meaning you can mix them together to form a solution. (ex. water and alcohol)

an ion with a positive electrical charge is a(n) _____

a chemical reaction that requires the absorption of energy or heat from an external source for the reaction to occur.

the tail of a surfactant is lipophilic (oil loving)

subatomic particles with positive charge (+)

______ is a molecule containing two or more atoms of the SAME element in definite (fixed) proportions (ex. O₂ or O₃)

substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify. they are one type of emulsifier.

a pH above 7 indicates a(n) _____ solution

all liquids are either ______ or ______

there are ______ elements known to science today