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Dennis Final Exam Review
Dennis Final Exam Review
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1
What is the primary purpose of inflammation?
To reduce blood in other areas so you don't bleed out
To constrict blood vessels
To increase delivery of antimicrobial peptides
To alert you to an injury
2
Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
amino and sulfhydryl groups
hydroxyl and carboxyl groups
carboxyl and amino groups
carbonyl and amino groups
3
What is electronegativity?
Tendency to repel electrons
Tendency to attract electrons
Tendency to be struck by lightning
Tendency to dissolve in water
4
What is the result of alternative splicing?
The mRNA is cut by different proteins.
The mRNA is cut differently to make different proteins.
The DNA is cut to code for a different protein.
The exons are removed synchronously as the introns.
5
What part of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
6
Which part of the plasma membrane is polar?
The hydrophilic heads
The phospholipids
The hydrophobic lipid tails
The cytosol
7
If phosphodiesterase is inhibited, cells would have increased levels of ___________?
ATP
cAMP
Adenylyl cyclase
AMP
8
Which of the following cell types is not part of an innate immune response to a pathogen?
Cytotoxic T Cells
Phagocytes
Natural Killer Cells
Inflammation
9
Which carbon of DNA/RNA is the phosphate group connected to?
3'
1'
5'
2'
10
Which corner of the periodic table is most electronegative?
Top left
Top right
Bottom right
Bottom left
11
In photosynthesis, where do the light reactions occur?
Stroma
Thylakoids
Cytoplasm
The Sun
12
What is a cancer-stopping gene called?
Proto-oncogene
Tumor suppressor gene
Oncogene
Anti-cancer gene
13
What step follows Reception in cell signaling?
Transduction
Ligand breakdown
RNA transcription
Cell Response
14
A pH of 1 is _________.
Alkaline
Acidic
Neutral
Basic
15
What macromolecule is ATP Synthase?
Lipid
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
Protein
16
What is an element's isotope?
2 atoms of the element with a different number of electrons
2 atoms of the element with a different configuration
2 atoms of the element with a different number of neutrons
2 atoms of the element with a different number of protons
17
Which of the following statements is
NOT
true?
An antibody has more than one antigen-binding site.
An adaptive immune system is found only in vertebrate.
A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens.
An antigen can have different epitopes.
18
What are the products of cellular respiration?
CO2 and H2O
O2 and Glucose
O2 and CO2
H2O and O2
19
Which of the following is an aspect of innate immunity?
Humoral response
Cytotoxic cells
Phagocytic cells
Antibodies
20
Why do cells use fermentation instead of full cellular respiration?
There is no oxygen present for cellular respiration.
It is faster and more efficient than the rest of the process
Cells benefit from intoxication by alcohol.
Lactic acid is good for cellular functions.
21
The molecule on the left is _______
RNA
DNA
22
An inducible operon is usually _____, like the ________ operon
on; trp
on; lac
off; lac
off; trp
23
mRNA gets fed through the ribosome __' end first
3'
5'
24
Griffith is associated with which discovery?
Semi-conservative replication
DNA structure
Bacterial transformation
Ratios of DNA within and between species
25
Which carbon of DNA/RNA is the nitrogenous base connected to? (End of Unit I)
3'
1'
2'
5'
26
Your friend lost 10 lbs on a diet. What happened to the fat molecules?
It became CO2 and water.
It is converted into urine and excreted.
It was converted to ATP, which weighs less than fat.
It is turned into muscle.
27
If I put salt in water, the water is the ______.
Solute
Isotonic
Solution
Solvent
28
What chemical property of carbon makes it "the backbone of life"?
It has tetravalence
It is found in every macromolecule
Its pure form can be either graphite or diamond
It seldom forms anions
29
The lac operon is transcribed when glucose levels are low. Why?
Glucose directly represses the lac operon.
Sugars are digested in alphabetical order.
Glucose turns to lactose, which activates the lac operon.
Glucose has fewer steps to metabolize.
30
What does Polymerase III do?
Replaces the RNA primer with DNA.
Builds the new DNA strand from 5' to 3' end.
Solely replicates the leading strand of DNA
Transcribes RNA from existing DNA
31
Chromosomes are made of DNA and ___________.
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
32
_______ is the lowest level of organization that can perform ALL activities required for life
The nucleus
A virus
The cell
The organism
33
Herpes viruses can be present in a human host without causing symptoms. What is this called?
Contagious
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Virus
Latency
Inactivity
34
In cellular respiration, which process uses the H+ gradient?
Proton Transport Chain
Chemiosmosis
Hydrolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
35
T/F: If one molecule is oxidized, another in the reaction
must
be reduced?
True
False
36
What type of cell releases histamines?
Macrophage
Mast cell
Antimicrobial peptides
Neutrophils
37
What does a methyl (CH
3
) group do?
Makes a molecule acidic
Makes a molecule polar.
Forms dimethyl bridges in proteins
Alters gene expression
38
Which chain(s) of the antibody make(s) variable regions?
Heavy Chains
Light chains
Constant regions
Both
39
This is the basic structure of a _______
Amine
Purine
Pyrimidine
40
On a scale of 0-4, how ready do you feel for your exam?
0
3
1
2
41
What is the purpose of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Synthesis of lipids
Packages materials to transport vesicles
Calcium storage
Synthesis of proteins
42
The energy that drives photosynthesis comes from which portion of sunlight?
Light from non-green wavelengths of the white light spectrum
Only light in the green wavelengths of white light spectrum.
UV light.
The entire white light spectrum
43
What type of bond links nucleic acid monomers together in polymers?
Glycosidic linkages
Phosophodiester linkages
Peptide bonds
Ester linkages
44
Polymers are made of monomer subunits that are joined by what type of bonds?
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
Hydrophobic bonds
45
Photosynthesis converts _____ energy into _______ energy.
Chemical; light
Light; mechanical
Light; chemical
Heat; chemical
46
In tRNA, what does the 3' end do?
Acts as the anti-codon
Forms a hydrogen bond with the final protein
Receives the mRNA and reads it
Binds to a specific amino acid
47
Which type of mutation always produces a STOP codon?
Nonsense Mutation
Missense Mutation
Silent Mutation
Deletion Mutation
48
What is the purpose of ribosomes?
Synthesis of lipids
Synthesis of proteins
Synthesis of mRNA
Cell signaling
49
T/F: Antibodies destroy pathogens by binding to them and pulling them apart. (End Unit IV)
True
False
50
Which Polymerase is used in Transcription?
I
III
II
51
Why do some mutations to the DNA have no effect on protein function?
Mutations are very rare, and unlikely to affect expression
Different R groups have similar enough properties.
Proteins understand the cell's intention and will do that.
Some amino acids codes are redundant with multiple codons.
52
T/F: Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA.
False
True
53
Addition of which type of fat to the plasma membrane makes it less likely to freeze/more fluid?
Unsaturated Fats
Saturated Fats
54
T/F: Methylation of chromatin makes it unwind and readable.
True
False
55
Which of the following statements regarding cell signaling is true?
In endocrine signaling, signals are used for short distances
Direct signaling is a type found only in plant cells.
In paracrine signaling, signals are used for long distances
Synaptic signaling results from an electrical signal
56
What part of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm?
Krebs Cycle
Calvin Cycle
Glycolysis
Electron Transport Chain
57
T/F: In areas of Euchromatin, genes are automatically transcribed because they are readable.
False
True
58
Where does the majority of mass come from as a plant grows from a seed into a tree?
The sun
The gases in the air
ATP
The organic matter in the soil
59
What is delta G for this reaction?
5
1
3
4
60
Which is NOT a secondary structure of proteins?
β-sheets
R-groups
α-helix
β-helix
61
What property of water is responsible for capillary action?
Surface Tension
Polarity
Adhesion
Low density in solid form
62
Which of the following is a structure animal cells have that plant cells do NOT have?
Vacuole
Cell wall
Mitochondria
Cilia
63
The lagging strand is synthesized by ______________
Primase
Okozakase
DNA Polymerase I
DNA Polymerase III
64
Thymine occurs in similar rates in DNA as _______.
Uracil
Guanine
Adenine
Cytosine
65
How does carbon enter the biosphere?
Via photosynthesis
What organisms consume sugar
When organisms decay
Via cellular respiration
66
When a plant cell is submerged in a hypertonic solution, it is likely to ____. (End of Unit II)
Bloom
Become turgid
Become flaccid
Burst
67
What is bound to the 2' Carbon in DNA?
-[Phosphate Group]
-[Nitrogenous Base]
-OH
-H
68
In photosynthesis, H
2
O to O
2
is ______.
Oxidation
Reduction
69
What does Polymerase II do?
Solely replicates the leading strand of DNA
Transcribes RNA from existing DNA
Builds the new DNA strand from 5' to 3' end.
Replaces the RNA primer with DNA.
70
cAMP binds to the CAP binding site of the lac operon. What binds to the repressor?
Allolactose
RNA Polymerase
Also cAMP
b-Galatosidase
71
Which of the following is true regarding these DNA repair mechanisms? (End Unit III)
Polymerase proofreading reduces error to 1/100 nucleotides
DNA damage from chemical reactions cannot be undone.
Mismatch repair can fix DNA errors missed by proofreading
72
Gap junctions are to animal cells as _______ are to plant cells
Wall junctions
Chitosan pores
Gap junctions
Plasmodesmata
73
What is polarity?
The unequal distribution of electrons in bonds
The magnetic force of elements/atoms
The magnetic force of molecules
The equal distribution of electrons in bonds
74
The large diversity of antigen receptors found on B cells and T cells is mostly the result of
DNA Recombination
Random mutations
RNA Recombination
Alternative splicing
75
What is a functional property of a carboxyl group?
Sour
Basic
Alkaline
Acidic
76
The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches is called the _______.
Signaling nucleotide
Promoter
RNA binding site
Start codon
77
Which protein adds a phosphate group to a molecule?
Phosphotase
Kinase
78
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?
The Sun
Stroma
Thylakoids
Cytoplasm
79
An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody?
The heavy-chain constant regions only
The disulfide bridge
The light-chain constant regions only
Variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined
80
Vaccination increases the number of
Different receptors that recognize a pathogen.
MHC molecules that can present an antigen.
Macrophages specific for a pathogen.
Lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen.
81
A point mutation in the control element of a proto-oncogene causes what?
Hyperactive protein
Instant apoptosis
Degradation-resistant protein
Normal growth stimulating protein in excess
82
This is the basic structure of a _______
Amine
Pyrimidine
Purine
83
Which of the following statements about enzyme function is true?
Enzyme function increases when its 3D structure is altered.
Enzymes increase the rate of reaction by providing EA.
Enzyme function is independent of environmental factors.
Enzymes increase the rate of reaction by lowering EA.
84
Synthesis of the leading strand is continuous in the __' to __' direction.
3' to 5'
5' to 3'
85
Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic?
Exergonic
Endergonic
86
Which of the following is NOT a pyrimidine?
Uracil
Adenine
Cytosine
Thymine
87
What is the purpose of light in photosynthesis?
To make the plant green
To cook the sugars
To excite electrons to a higher energy state
To evaporate water
88
What occurs in histone acetylation?
Histones are marked for termination, due to genetic damage
Histones are moved from nucleus, to bind DNA in the cytosol
Chromatin winds up, as it does in methylation.
Chromatin unwinds and becomes readable.
89
What is not a function of a tumor suppressor gene?
Promote cell division
Control cell adhesion
Inhibit the cell cycle in the cell signalling pathway
Repair damaged DNA
90
What's the purpose of telomeres?
To organize the pericentriolar material to make microtubules
To prevent the cell from replicating redundant material
To mark nucleotides to be added to the DNA strand
To postpone the loss of genes from the end of DNA molecules
91
What are the products of photosynthesis?
O2 and Glucose
O2 and CO2
CO2 and H2O
H2O and O2
92
RNA Polymerase II reads DNA from the __' end to the __' end
3' to 5'
5' to 3'
93
Carbon fixation is catalyzed by ______.
Dehydrogenase
Fixase
Isomerase
Rubisco
94
What is the quaternary structure of proteins? *
A polypeptide folding on itself
Multiple polypeptides interacting
The formation of muscle tissue
A polypeptide growing in length continuously
95
Which of the following would
not
help a virus avoid triggering an adaptive immune response?
Infecting and killing helper T cells
Having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins
Infecting cells that produce very few MHC molecules
Producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses
96
There are several types of receptors for cell relay. Which of these is true of cell receptors?
Gprotein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most diverse type
Intracellular receptors can be found in cytoplasm or nucleus
Ligand-gated ion receptors are receptors for growth factors
Ligand to tyrosine kinase receptor changes ion distribution
97
Which occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotes?
Both
Translation
Neither
Transcription
98
What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA is the inheritable material.
Cells are the building blocks of life.
DNA -> RNA -> Proteins
Everything is harder than it needs to be.
99
What chemical element is the basis for life on earth?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Water
100
When C bonds with 4 H, that molecule has a ________ geometry and bond angles of _________.
Bent; 120o
Tetrahedral; 120o
Trigonal Planar; 120o
Tetrahedral; 90o
101
In photosynthesis, CO
2
to C
6
H
12
O
6
is ________.
Exergonic
Endergonic
102
What does Polymerase I do?
Builds the new DNA strand from 5' to 3' end.
Solely replicates the leading strand of DNA
Transcribes RNA from existing DNA
Replaces the RNA primer with DNA.
103
What is a functional property of a hydroxyl group (-OH)?
Esterizing
Polar
Non-polar
Hard
104
Which produces more ATP?
1 gram Carbohydrate
1 gram Lipid
1 gram Protein
105
Why can't blood type A receive type AB?
Type AB isn't a pure Type A, it's less effective carrying O2
Type O blood is displays Antigen A when mixed with Type A
It can.
Type AB displays Antigen B, and type A has Anti-B antibodies
106
Which are more stable, the products or the reactants?
Products
Reactants
107
What is a cancer causing gene called?
Tumor suppressor gene
Karkogene
Proto-oncogene
Oncogene
108
What gets cut out during alternative splicing?
Exons
Introns
109
What is meant by a "benign" tumor?
The tumor is completely harmless.
The tumor will grow faster than a malignant tumor.
The tumor isn't/won't spread through the body.
The tumor has positive effects on the body.
110
Plant cells contain ____________
Mitochondria
Neither
Both
Chloroplasts
111
What aspect of the antigen does the B cell receptor recognize?
The antigen's isotope
The pathogen's DNA
The antigen's antibody
The antigen's epitope
112
Which polysaccharide is used for structure in plants?
Glycogen
Cellulose
Starch
Chitin
113
Ligands are signaling molecules that bind to receptors. Which of these is
true
of ligands?
All ligands are a class of proteins
Can bind to cell-surface receptors, but can't enter the cell
Each ligand can only bind to a specific receptor
Binding to a receptor causes the receptor to change shape.
114
What molecule is used to signal low glucose levels to the lac operon system?
Lactose
ATP
Pyruvate
cAMP
115
On a scale of 0-4, how ready do you feel for your exam?
1
2
0
3
116
A promoter called a _________ is crucial in forming the initiation complex in eukaryotes.
Primary promoter
TATA box
RNA Polymerase
Secondary promoter
117
Which type of red blood cell could a Type A blood patient receive?
Type AB
Type O
Type B
Any type
