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Duplicate of AP Psych Exam Review
Duplicate of AP Psych Exam Review
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1
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
mean
range
median
standard deviation
2
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
fundamental attribution error
out-group homogeneity
reciprocity norm
self-fulfilling prophecy
3
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
at what age can children reason abstractly
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
4
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
token economies
REBT
client-centered therapy
systematic desensitization
5
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the serial position effect
the role of the hippocampus in memory
the rate at which people forget information
the reconstructive nature of memory
6
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
fundamental attribution error
cognitive dissonance
self-serving bias
self-fulfilling prophecy
7
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
absolute threshold
signal detection theory
difference threshold
bottom up processing
8
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
positive psychology
health psychology
psychometrics
social psychology
9
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
oral stage
phallic stage
anal stage
latency period
10
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
high self-efficacy
an extraverted personality
a strong superego
low self-esteem
11
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
proximity and similarity
binocular and monocular cues
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
top-down and bottom-up processing
12
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
personality
anixety
schizophrenic
dissociative
13
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
interference with memory tasks
sleep apnea and night terrors
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
heightened manifest dream content
14
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
disinhibition
social roles
conformity
social facilitation
15
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
traits, the environment, and behavior
id, ego, and superego
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
16
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
retroactive memory
episodic memory
recall
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
17
the limbic system plays an important role in
planning for the future
processing sensory information
maintaining balance
regulating emotion
18
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
she does not have a conflict
avoidance-avoidance
approach-approach
approach-avoidance
19
In people, rods, unlike cones,
have a lower absolute threshold for light
are unable to detect motion
are located in the center of the retina
respond more quickly to colors
20
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
mental retardation
Down syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
fetal alcohol syndrome
21
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
22
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the self-serving bias
23
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
attachment
universal ethical principles
object permanence
conservation
24
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
parenting style
hormones released in the womb
masculine/feminine personality traits
traumatic childhood experiences
25
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
secure attachment with parents
concrete operational exercises
early gross motor practice
myelination of brain neurons
26
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
median
mean
range
standard deviation
27
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
deindividuation
social facilitation
groupthink
group polarization
28
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
sight
hearing
touch
balance
29
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
cognitive
evolutionary
behavioral
psychoanalytic
30
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
phoneme
grapheme
holobase
morpheme
31
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
parenting style
motor development
attachment
assimilation
32
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
punishment and aversion
movement and electrical shocks
nausea and food or drink
performing a task and receiving food
33
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
diffusion of responsibility
deindividuation
superordinate goals
group polarization
34
Which is most closely associated with creativity
hypothesis testing
divergent thinking
functional fixedness
contextual intelligence
35
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
cognitive psychotherapist
clinical psychologist
psychoanalyst
psychiatrist
36
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
obsessive-compulsive disorder
antisocial personality disorder
schizophrenia
dissociative identity disorder
37
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
B.F. Skinner
William James
Albert Bandura
Carl Rogers
38
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
believe in God
have been exposed to good, moral role models
be able to take another person's perspective
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
39
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
pharmacological
behavioral
cognitive
structuralist
40
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
achieving physiological homeostasis
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
41
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
cognitive psychologist
sociocultural psychologist
personality psychologist
clinical psychologist
42
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
single blind study
double blind study
Hawthorne effect
counterbalancing
43
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
a desk and/or table
four legs and a seat
pens, pencils, and a computer
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
44
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
pursue a romantic interest
make new friends
eat a meal
go for a run
45
which structure is part of the inner ear
malleus (hammer)
tympanic membrane
basilar membrane
auditory canal
46
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
behavior shaping
higher-order conditioning
token economy
law of effect
47
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
lack of debriefing
risk of psychological harm
lack of informed consent
violation of confidentiality
48
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
framing effects
representativeness heuristic
confirmation bias
inattentional blindness
49
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
specific changes in the brain
50
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
modeling
51
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
serial position effect
language acquisition device
linguistic relativity hypothesis
phonemes and morphemes
52
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
eidetic memory
episodic memory
procedural memory
semantic memory
53
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
inferiority complexes
repressed memories
archetypes
functional fixedness
54
An EEG of Cyrus after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
beta waves
sleep spindles
alpha waves
delta waves
55
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
scapegoating
out-group homogeneity
superordinate goals
stereotyping
56
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
mirror neurons
sublimation
modeling
latent learning
57
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
Gage's area
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
hippocampus
58
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
semantic encoding
state-dependent memory
long-term potentiation
proactive interference
59
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
humanistic
psychodynamic
cognitive
evolutionary
60
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
contralateral control
hemispheric lateralization
effective psychological environment
neuroplasticity
61
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
synaptic cleft
myelin
terminal button
neurotransmiters
62
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
humanistic
psychoanalytic
cognitive
trait
63
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
speaking aloud
solving a logic problem
understanding what was said to her
moving her left hand
64
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
factor analysis
unconditional positive regard
secondary central dispositions
defense mechanisms
65
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
schedules; punishers
learned responses; physiological reactions
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
fixed intervals; variable ratios
66
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
well below the average of 200
slightly above average
67
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
optic nerve
rods
cornea
cones
68
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
remove : punish
remove : decrease
add : decrease
remove : increase
69
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
humanistic
biological
psychodynamic
evolutionary
70
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
dispositional
behavioral
situational
social
71
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
a theory
overconfidence
self-serving bias
hindsight bias
72
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate lacks object permanence
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate has a lack of conservation
73
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
counterconditioning
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
rational emotive behavior therapy
74
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
75
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
unconscious conflicts
secondary drives and needs
parenting styles
genetics and nutrition
76
which 2 competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis
manifest content and latent content
role theory and dissociation theory
circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep
conscious level and non conscious level
77
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
78
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
wearing guard uniforms
presence of an authority figure
size of the group
placebo effect
79
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
unhealthy attributional styles
unfulfilled needs
learned associations
neurochemical imbalances
80
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
daily activities
personalities
circadian rhythm
sleep cycles
81
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
puberty
early 20s
mid 30s
late 40s
82
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
prefrontal cortex
medulla oblongata
corpus callosum
hippocampus
83
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
self-serving bias
just world bias
false consensus effect
Barnum effect
84
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
benzodiazepines
L-Dopa
SSRIs
lithium
85
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
fixed ratio
continuous
fixed variable
variable interval
86
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
instrumental learning
87
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
approach-avoidance
James-Lange
postconventional
theory Y
88
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
self-serving bias
in-group bias
compliance strategies
individualism
89
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
discrimination
assimilation
accommodation
habituation
90
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
EEG
PET
MRI
rTMS
91
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
aptitude intelligence
multiple intelligences
crystallized intelligence
fluid intelligence
92
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
optic chiasm
feature detectors
optic nerve
fovea
93
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
low experiential intelligence
a mental set
belief perseverance
divergent thinking
94
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
EQ test
IQ test
aptitude test
achievement test
95
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
his research wasn't representative of the population
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
96
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
environment
family
temperament
culture
97
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
primary drives
intrinsic motivation
extrinsic motivation
need for achievement
98
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
99
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
cerebral cortex
sensory cortex
cerebellum
medulla
100
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
variances
outliers
normally distributed
modes
101
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
trait
psychoanalytic
biological
humanistic
102
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
primary
secondary
partial
continuous
103
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
frequency theory
gate-control theory
opponent-process theory
transduction theory
104
light enters the eye through an opening in the
fovea
retina
blind spot
iris
105
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
dopamine
adrenaline
serotonin
106
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
inappropriate or flat affect
disconnection from reality and delusions
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
substance abuse and dependence
107
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
108
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
random assignment
random sampling
representative assignment
assignment to conditions
109
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
unconditioned response
110
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
frequency of the wave
amplitude of the wave
transduction of the wave
pitch of the tone
111
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
difference threshold
absolute threshold
sensory adaptation
frequency theory
112
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
electro-convulsive shock therapy
free association
prefrontal lobotomy
gestalt therapy
113
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
114
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
nonessential subjects like art and music
environmental factors that influence intelligence
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
115
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
116
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
the law of effect
the overjustification effect
social learning theory
latent learning
117
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the WISC (M: 100, SD:15)
95
68
84
50
118
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
the Oedipus complex
unconditional positive regard
the self-serving bias
an external locus of control
119
which is an example of an implicit memory
recognizing a celebrity
describing the taste of a birthday cake
remembering how to tie your shoelace
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
120
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
construct validity
test-retest reliability
aptitude measures
standardization
121
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
sound localization
detecting absolute threshold
sensory adaptation
hearing high frequencies
122
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
external
internal
fundamental
situational
123
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
antagonists
dissociation
activation-synthesis
tolerance
124
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
responding to deindividuation among group members
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
increasing group polarization within different groups
125
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
linguistic relativity hypothesis
principle of continuity
gender schema theory
the social role hypothesis
126
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
rooting
Moro
Babinski
stepping
127
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
social cognitive theroy
trait theory
psychodynamic theory
biological theory
128
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
correlation study
case study
experiment
naturalistic observation
129
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
say a sentence
write with a pencil
clap their hands
cut with a knife
130
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
inferential statistics
standard deviation
counterbalancing
descriptive statistics
131
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
Yerkes-Dodson law
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
James-Lange theory of emotion
132
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
counterconditioning
observational learning
insight learning
latent learning
133
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
longitudinal study
cross-sectional study
social-cognitive study
developmental study
134
What number will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant
a correlation coefficient close to .75
a mean that is the same as the median
a probability of chance less than 5%
a standard deviation of 4 or more
135
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
social facilitation theory
James-Lange theory
opponent process theory
Schachter two-factor theory
136
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
retinal disparity
closure
linear perspective
convergence
137
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
cerebellum
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
pons
138
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
sight
hearing
smell
touch
139
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
major depressive disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
140
authoritarian parents demonstrate
high warmth and high control
low warmth and low control
high warmth and low control
low warmth and high control
141
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
physical contact between dendrites
hormones jump from one axon to the next
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
142
the somatic nervous system is part of the
central nervous system
autonomic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
143
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
psychoanalyst
humanist
social-cognitive
trait
144
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
sensory memory
short-term memory
long-term memory
procedural memory
145
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
biomedical interventions
talking to a patient
secondary preventions
cognitive-behavioral interventions
146
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
147
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
triarchic
projective
achievement
standardized
148
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
serotonin system
endocrine system
sympathetic nervous system
somatic nervous system
149
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
150
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
test-retest reliability
content validity
predictive validity
split-half reliability
151
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
amygdala
cerebellum
hypothalamus
medulla
152
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
major depressive disorder
autism
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
153
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
154
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
extraversion
neuroticism
conscientiousness
openness
155
What is the purpose of the DSM
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
156
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
central route persuasion
deindividuation
mere-exposure effect
157
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
dissociative identity disorder
schizophrenia
major depressive disorder
bipolar disorder
158
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
panic disorder
dissociative identity disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
bipolar disorder
159
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
reaction formation
sublimation
displacement
projection
160
which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
leading questions
brain injury
proactive interference
relearning effect
161
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
the importance of physical contact to development
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
that primates can make and use tools
that language is a uniquely human skill
162
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
reduce : stereotypes
reward : punishment
assimilate : accomodate
ignore : adaptation
163
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
they involve more research participants than other studies
they can determine causal relationships between variables
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly