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Biomedical Sciences I - 2 Flashcards | StudBud
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Biomedical Sciences I - 2
Biomedical Sciences I - 2
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1
Telomeric Theory
When the telomeres become very long, the cell enters the senescence
Extension of the “Hayflick Limit.”
With time, telomerase levels increase
Sufficient telomerase activity = keep the short telomeres
2
Extracellular matrix does not contain:
Hyaluronic acid.
Proteoglycans.
Collagen
Insulin.
3
Free radicals are………….
Regulators of cell repair.
Involved in the prevention of cell injury.
Unstable chemical species with unpaired electrons.
Stable elements of the cell membrane.
4
2nd intention repair process, implies:
Simple wounds/injury.
Regeneration
Fibrosis
Complete restoration of form & function.
5
Free Radical Theory
A programmed decline in the immune system leads to aging
Biological clocks act through hormones to control the pace of aging.
Years of damage to tissues eventually wears them out, killing them.
Reactive oxygen species damage cells and organs, stopping normal function
6
Vomiting is controlled by ….
Hypothalamus
Medulla oblongata
Cerebral cortex
Limbic system
7
Cells have died but the basic shape and architecture of the tissue remains
Caseous necrosis.
Coagulative necrosis.
Fat necrosis.
Liquefactive necrosis.
8
XXXXX is the mechanism of cell death occurring by a set of internal energy-dependent mechanisms. What is XXXXX?
Hypoxia
Necrosis
Apoptosis
Ischaemia
9
In the inflammatory response, prostaglandins are formed by the action of the enzyme:
Prostanase.
Lipoxygenase.
Hexokinase.
Cyclo-oxygenase.
10
Inadequate or below-normal number of cells
Hyperplasia
Hypoplasia
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
11
How many stages does tissue repair include?
3
6
4
5
12
chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) works with:
ACh.
dopamine, 5HT, histamine, ACh.
Histamine
Dopamine and Serotonin
13
Correct sequence of cellular events in response to injury.
Injury, Inflammation, Compensation,Apoptosis/Necrosis, Repair
Injury, Compensation, Inflammation,Apoptosis/Necrosis, Repair
Compensation, Injury, Apoptosis/Necrosis, Inflammation, Repair
Injury, Repair, Inflammation,Apoptosis/Necrosis, Compensation
14
The cell proliferation phase of wound healing is characterised by
Coagulation.
Angiogenesis.
Degradation of collagen
Granulocyte infiltration.
15
Lidocaine, benzocaine, cocaine, are examples of…..
local anaesthetics
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
Steroids
Opioid analgesics
16
Characteristics of Perception process, EXCEPT:
The sensory-discriminative component involves somatosensory cortex
Inconscious experience
Gate control ” occurs in the spinal cord
The affective-emotional component involves limbic system
17
Tissue regeneration doesn’t depend of:
Growth factors
Inflammatory factors
Extracellular matrix
Stem cells
18
In the transmission process
Travel to the ventral horn of the spinal cord
Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter
P substance is an inhibitory neurotransmitter
Neurons cross the spinal cord and ascend to the hypothalamus
19
DESCENDING MODULATION process
Pain transmission could be decreased at the ventral horn
Mediated by Glutamate
Increase in our perception of pain.
descending modulation results in inhibition of nociception
20
Which phase of the tissue repair process does collagen restructuring occur?
Inflammatory.
Haemostatic.
Proliferative
Remodelling.
21
Characteristics of ACUTE inflammation, EXCEPT:
Common response to injury
Short duration
New blood vessel formation (angiogenesis)
Presence of oedema
22
What is the first effect of hypoxic injury on the cell?
Free radical production.
Calcium influx.
ATP depletion.
Glutamate release.
23
Which of the following is a feature of stem cells?
Constantly in M phase of cell cycle.
Symmetric replication.
Limited differentiation potential.
Asymmetric replication.
24
Which is the predominant cell type in acute inflammation?
Basophils.
Lymphocytes.
Neutrophils.
Eosinophils.
25
In the inflammatory response, prostaglandins and leukotrienes are derivatives of:
Arachidonic acid.
Nitric oxide.
Eicosapentanoic acid.
Hydrochloric acid.
26
Characteristics of Apoptotic process, EXCEPT:
One cell affected
Loss of membrane integrity
Cellular shrinkage
No inflammatory response
27
Pain pathways involve 4 processes, with the following order:
Transduction, Transmission, Perception and Modulation.
Transmission, Transduction, Modulation and Perception.
Transmission, Transduction, Perception and Modulation.
Transduction, Transmission, Perception and Modulation.
28
Angiogenesis is………………..?
Formation of a formal bruise
Formation of a new vascular system de novo
Formation of extracellular matrix
Formation of new blood vessels from existing system.
29
Characteristics of CHRONIC PAIN, EXCEPT:
Happens TO you.
Variable severity
Pathological & non-protective
Can result in allodynia, hyperalgesia, and opioid tolerance.
30
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs work by……
Activation of cyclo-oxygenase.
Inhibition of lipoxygenase.
Activation of lipoxygenase.
Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase.
31
Examples of neuropathic pain, EXCEPT:
Post-herpetic neuralgia
Multiple Sclerosis
Spinal cord injury
Muscles in the heart are inflamed
32
Opioid analgesics characteristics , EXCEPT:
Inhibit release of Substance P
Produce sedation
Increase emotional upsets associated with pain
Most opioid drugs work via the Mu receptors
33
Cellular changes that take place in injured cells that MAY predispose to malignancy
Dysplasia
Neoplasia
Metaplasia
Superplasia
34
The commonest form of cellular injury
Autoimmune reactions
Nutritional imbalances
Free radical accumulation
Hypoxia
35
Characteristics of Chronic inflammation, EXCEPT:
Proliferation of new small blood vessels and fibrotic tissue
Tissue destruction
Pus presence
Infiltration of Macrophages and Lymphocytes
36
Which of the following statements best describes necrosis.
Irreversible destruction of cells as a result of injury.
Mechanism of control of organ size
Regulated and “programmed” cell death in injury and normal physiology.
Energy dependent process resulting in cellular fragmentation and death
37
Point of “no return” that differentiates reversible from non-reversible injury in the ischaemia cascade
Decrease in intracellular Ca++
Increase in intracellular Ca++
Increase in intracellular Na+
Increase in intracellular K+
38
The longest part of the tissue healing process is
Remodelling phase
Proliferative phase
Haemostatic phase
Inflammatory phase
39
Nociceptive pain, subclassified as:
Inflammatory, Visceral and Acute
Inflammatory, Somatovisceral and Radicular
Radicular, somatic and visceral
Chronic, acute and somatovisceral
40
A simple paper cut heals by
1st intention healing.
3rd intention healing
4th intention healing.
2nd intention healing
41
As a protective mechanisms of the body, the physiological defenses are integrated by:
Epidermal layers, mucous membranes, epithelial layers, lymphoid tissue, etc
Pain, nausea & vomiting
Acquired immune system, pain and vomiting
Pain, nausea & Innate immune system
42
Ondansetron, antagonist of:
Ach
Dopamine
Serotonine
Histamine
43
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
Included in the analgesic group of opioids
Act on thalamus to decrease response to pyrogens
Reduce prostaglandins and leukotriene synthesis
Early NSAIDS block only COX-1
44
Which of the following is NOT involved in the inflammatory response?
Histamine.
Bradykinin
Leukotriene.
Sulphur dioxide.
45
Large open wounds with excessive granulation tissue formation heal by………………?
4th intention.
2nd intention.
3rd intention.
1st intention.
46
It is caused by damage or injury to central or peripheral nerve tissue
Neuroplastic pain
Nociceptive pain.
Neuropathic pain
Inflammatory pain
