Image Production II

Type of radiography that uses film & intensifying screens in it's image formation process

Plate is scanned, image location & then signal size determined, & value is placed on each pixel

More light spread will result in ________ MTF.

In indirect capture, this gives off light that is detected and turned into an electric signal.

Series of connections, controllers, & chips that creates information highway of the computer

Slow scan (image plate through the reader) is also known as

Noise occurs when the CCD chip operates w/o radiation stimulation

Which phosphor produces more lightspread/decreases efficiency when stimulated?

Who can fix broken latches or hinges?

Type of motion that will blur the grid lines and eliminate interferance

System in which images are sent directly to archive server after acquisition

On the LUT, contrast can be increased or decreased by changing what?

Smallest element in a digital image, also known as picture element.

Reduction of the area of the beam that reaches the patient through the use of lead shutters

Systems that are a simply light proof container that protects image plate from light & handling

Early CT machines took a few ________ to reconstruct raw data into a recognizable image.

Considered to be the second major milestone in medical imaging

In direct capture, energy is detected by a ________ that converts it into an electric signal.

True or False: Digital images are formed through multiple samplings of a signal.

Short term memory storage for open programs

This layer of the cassette sends the light in a forward direction.

Process where x-ray energy is converted directly into an electrical signal.

May be used to look up exams for a physician or print copies of images for the patient

How many people at one time can open a study on client/server based systems?

Network w/centralized computer that controls operations, files, and sometimes programs

CCD is only included in what process(es)?

A place where records or documents are preserved

In PSP, the light is picked up by one of these two things then converted to an electric signal?

True or false: facilities prefer when the tech manipulates images before sending them to PACS

T or F: biggest advantage of CCD relates to demagnification issues and reduced DQE

When insufficient light is produced, image is grainy, a condition known as

Stationary grid can interfere with image and produce lines, known as the:

A networked group of computers, servers, and archives used to manage digital images.

In PSP systems, a _____________ scanned over the plate releases the latent image.

RAM takes data from the _______ so it can handle processing needs of running programs

In general projection radiography PSP imaging, resolution is approximately:

MRI was introduced in what decade?

Allows tech to match image information with patient information.

X-ray photons are absorbed by coating material & immediately converted into electrical signal

Referred to as the image's appearance on the display monitor of the computer.

A line of TFT switches allows electrical charge info to discharge when switches are _______.

True or False: PSP systems are less sensitive to low levels of radiation.

Type of OS used to control specific machinery, such as digital x-ray consoles

Window level represents

Digital images are recorded as multiple _________ and divided into array of small elements.

Functions primarily used radiologist to increase size of an image area are all of these except:

T or F: info can never be misrepresented or lost even if there's defects in operation of device

Network that spans large area, used to connect computers that aren't physically attached

Adding a black background around the original collimation edges, this is known as:

T or F: In client/based systems, if the archive goes down, the entire system is still operable.

Changes to images before PACS reduces the amount of manipulation the ________ can do.

Simplest device that can be used to connect several pieces of equipment together

Cheapest form of storage:

Noise that occurs when some pixels in the chip don't work at all, common in digital

In digital x-ray, density is controlled by what?

When signal is reproduced, frequencies above the Nyquist frequency will cause:

This layer traps electrons during exposure, commonly made of barium fluorohalide.

T or F: The first Thin Film Transistors were made of amorphous silicon and amorphous selenium

In conventional x-ray, exposure latitude is based on....

Storage phosphor plates are similar to...

Indirect conversion uses a phosphor such as ___________ to absorb x-rays and produce light

Maps the image grayscale values into visible output intensity on a monitor or printed film.

T or F: the two types of film digitizers are laser digitizers and CCD digitizers

Reject analysis is performed how often

Amount of electrons produced relative to the incident light from the scintillator

Network with multiple pathways interconnecting devices and networks

Used to move through images, series, studies, and patients

ADC stands for...

Organization that sets standards that are used in most health care applications, btwn HIS & RIS

Early PACS systems moved images from __________ to established hospitals.

Data within a collimated area produces a graphic representation of optical densities called a?

In indirect conversion, signals are first converted to _______ and then to an electrical signal

The first commercial CT scanners imaged only the...

T or F: 3 types of compression are lossless, lossy, and no compression

True or false: changes in the matrix size will not affect pixel size.

Cassettes contain ______ to protect against static electricity, dust and mechanical damage.

Cassettes are backed by a thin sheet of aluminum that absorbs what?

T or F: image is digitized by both position (spatial location) and intensity (gray level)

Following are all techniques to reduce possibility of image lag, except:

In conventional radiography, contrast is primarily controlled by what?

Number of bits within a pixel is known as?

In indirect conversion, the phosphor layer is also known as the ________ layer

QC technologists perform testing how often

Comprehensive set of activities designed to monitor & maintain systems that produce a product

The internet is based on what kind of network topology?

Moire effect happens because the grid lines and the scanning laser are:

Grid lines will be finer/less interfering when the grid frequency is:

Amount of detail present in any image is known as it's:

Most popular type of amorphous silicon detecter uses a ______ scintillator.

A device/system that captures or measures a continuously changing signal.

Thinner plates result in ______ image sharpness bc of reduced amount of light spreading.

TJC (formerly JCAHO) accreditiation necessary for all the following except:

Window width represents

Acquisition modalities send images to designated reading stations in what type of system?

In direct conv., each pixel contains a ____ that absorbs electrons & generates electric charges

If image is taken prior to detector releasing signal from previous image, what can happen?

True or False: Quality can be considered a service or a product.

Gadolinium oxysulphide is considered to be a(n):

On most digital systems, kVp values range from:

Ultimate focus in health care is:

Which is most inexpensive, easier to repair, and more simple? TFT or CCD

In digital x-ray, images will appear on the monitor in what amount of time?

T or F: background signal is unimportant therefore imaging plates don't need to be erased

Uncommonly, malfunctions in the detector can cause:

DICOM stands for Digital Imaging Communication ____________________

One of the first uses of digital imaging was in...

Surpressing frequencies, also known as ________ can result in loss of small details.

Amount of exposure received by the image receptor.

Process where x-rays are absorbed, converted to light which is converted to an electric signal

Plan for the systematic observation & assessment of diff. aspects to make sure standards met

Software that controls computer hardware & acts as a bridge btwn applications & hardware

Film is inside a cassette that contains an intensifying screen in ________ radiography?

Imagers that use heat to process latent image that is etched into the silver emulsion by laser

How long does it take between exposures for the plate to erase the old image?

Common measurements functions include all of the following except:

Network in which the devices are connected in a circle.

Network which all devices are physically attached to & listen for communication on single wire

How efficiently a system converts x-ray input signal into a useful image.

Most storage phosphor plates are made of what?

Early PACs systems were developed by...

Edge enhancement is also known as

Any undesirable densities on the processed image other than those caused by scatter or fog

Image acquisition, display workstations, & archive servers are 3 fundamental parts of:

PSP plates record a _______ range of exposures, so only the optimal density range is processed.

On a histogram, values on the left represent ______ areas.

Gadolinium oxysulphide material is made from small crystals in an unstructured or ______ layer

Which is not a following type of noise associated with CCD technology

Cracks in the plate appearing as radioluscency on the image are known as

CT units took several ________ to acquire a single slice of information

High resolution image plates contain a _______ phosphor layer compared to the standard plates.

If an image has a bit depth of 8, how many shades of gray are in the image?

Occurs when fewer pixels in the nieghborhood are included in the signal average.

CMOS was developed by what company?

Any computer that a health care worker uses to view a digital image

The ability to respond to varying levels of exposure that allows seeing more tissue densities

The ________, or microprocessor, is a small chip found on the mother board.

T or F: two types of scinitillation layers are structured and unstructured

A cassette's phosphor layer is also known as it's

PSP reader that has optical stage, scanning laser beam, photomuliplier, & ADC converter.

Constant measure to be monitored is to make sure all images make it to ______.

Will changes in the field of view affect the size of the pixel matrix?

Each pixel or ____ contains 3 electrodes that hold the electrons in an electric potential well.

A perfect system would have an MTF of ______?

An appropriate grid for portables is 6:1, where as an appropriate grid for the department is:

Movement of the laser across the imaging plate.

Two or more objects sharing resources/info; devices interconnected by communication channels

Similar to a hub but sends data only to those devices in which the data are directed.

Who will need to clean or replace the light guide on a damaged plate reader?

Refers to the number of grid lines per centimeter or lines per inch

Image management station is also known as:

Imagers that use chemicals to process film that has been exposed to the laser

More pixels = _______ image resolution

Initial digital image appears linear when graphed bc all gray shades are visible, resulting in:

Moving images via telephone lines to & from remote locations is referred to as...

With PSP and FPD, radiographic contrast is controlled by what?

The ability of a digital system to display subtle changes in the shade of gray.

On the LUT, _________ is increased and decreased by moving the line up or down the y-axis.

Ability of imaging system to demonstrate small details of an object.

Modulation transfer function (MTF) is the ability of the system to record available __________.

Noise created by the lack of light photons from the scintillator

Number of gray tones a pixel can produce is _____ to the power of the bit depth.

When images are produced with uniform density and contrast, regardless of exposure amount.

Indirect conversion detectors are similar to direct because they use _________

Scans the analog film and produces numeric signals for each part of the scanned film

Small area networked w/series of cables or wireless access points; devices on same network

In conventional x-ray, optical density is primarily controlled by what?

Movement of the image plate through the reader.

PACS can accept any image that is in ________ format.

Function that allows the QC tech to select one or more local computers to recieve images.

This digital acquisition modality uses storage phosphor plates to produce projection images.

The two ways to measure detector performance (select two):

Should be monitored from modality to PACS & from archive to workstation

Each pixel contains pieces of information called _______.

Line scan readers use a ________ linear array photodetector.

T or F: a field effect transistor or silocon TFT reacts like a switch (in direct conversion)

Reading of pixel values could be off because of all of the following, except:

True or False: In client/server based systems, any exam sent to PACS is available anywhere

Range of exposure diagnostic image values the image detector is able to produce.

Relationship between the height of the lead strips and the space between the lead strips

In direct conversion, more than __________ pixels can be read & converted to image in 1 second

Aliasing (also called foldover/biasing) causes mirroring of the signal at _____ the frequency.

When do you erase cassettes if you are unsure of the last erasure?

Post processing is performed by who?

DICOM is standards that allows PACS and __________ to communicate in the same language.

Indirect capture is similar to PSP because x-ray energy stimulates a.....

Anything that interferes with the formation of the image.

Who introduced the CT scanner?

What are the two types of PSP readers?

Universally accepted standard for exchanging medical images

T or F: RIS holds patient's full medical info, HIS holds all radiology specific data

White lines parallel to the direction of plate travel caused by dust or scratches are known as

Important phase in establishing parameters that determine collimation & histogram function

Used to blacken out the white collimation borders, effectively eliminating veil glare.

Many PACS reading stations also have what capability?

In client/based servers, archive server is handling many requests at once and can become:

Used to review images after acquisitions but before sending them to the radiologist.

RAID stands for:

Direct capture uses __________ as an x-ray absorber.

These systems use an x-ray absorber material coupled to a TFT or CCD to form images.

T or F: matrix size change will affect FOV, but FOV or matrix change won't affects pixel size.

In digital x-ray, mAs has more influence on _______ than on density.

Traditionally kVp was chosen for _________.

Which of the following is not a major OS in use today?

Converting digital input data to an image w/appropriate brightness & contrast is referred to as

Typical grid frequency is between ____ and _____ lines per inch

True or False? PACS provides image access to multiple users at the same time.