Which concept refers to change in social position during a person's lifetime?

Intragenerational social mobility

The concept "feminization of poverty" refers to the fact that, in the United States ________

women make up an increasing percentage of the poor.

The U.S. Census Bureau defines the "family" as ________

people living together who are linked by birth, marriage, or adoption.

A minority is defined as a category of people who are ________

set apart by that society and subordinated or disadvantaged.

Authoritarian personality theory states that extreme prejudice is ________

a trait of certain individuals with particular personalities.

The anthropologist Oscar Lewis suggested the cause of poverty lies in ________

a lower-class culture of poverty.

One norm found everywhere is the incest taboo, which refers to norms forbidding ________

sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives.

At every class level ________

women have less income, wealth, education, and power than men do.

Based on what you know about the history of human sexuality, once a society gains birth-control technology ________

social norms regarding sexuality become more permissive.

Social stratification is a concept that refers to ________

ranking categories of people in a hierarchy.

Conflict theory states that prejudice is ________

a tool used by powerful people to oppress others.

Race refers to _______ considered important by a society; ethnicity refers to _______.

biological traits; cultural traits

The importance of Alfred Kinsey's research on sexuality in the United States was ________

making sexuality a focus of scientific study.

Sociologists define the concept of "race" as ________

a social type with people who share biologically given "important" traits

Scapegoat theory states that prejudice is created by ________

frustration among disadvantaged people.

In his global study of how societies view gender, George Murdock found ________

tasks that were seen as masculine by some were seen as feminine by others.

Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory links deviance to ________

the contact one has with others who encourage/discourage typical behavior.

The concept of sacred refers to what is ________

seen as set apart from everyday life and extraordinary.

When did the sexual revolution truly come of age?

It began in the 1940s and then grew quickly in the late 1960s.

"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime ________

refers to a violation of norms enacted into law.

The concept of "glass ceiling" refers to ________

the barrier that prevents women from reaching the top.

According to Durkheim, functions of deviance include ________

the idea that responding to deviance promotes social unity.

Cloward and Ohlin extended Merton's theory of deviance, stating that crime ________

reflects legitimate opportunity & accessible illegitimate opportunity.

Why do sociologists regard the "scientific" racial types of Caucasian, Mongoloid, & Negroid to be misleading & harmful?

All of these statements are correct.

Max Weber claimed that social position was based on a person's ________

economic class, degree of social status, and amount of power.

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Introduction to Sociology - Final Review (Part 1)

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1
Regardless of race, families headed by single women are ________
likely to experience greater upward social mobility.
at high risk for poverty.
much smaller than other family types.
much larger than other family types.
2
As the official Church of England, the Anglican Church is correctly described as which of the following?
Denomination
Cult
State church
Sect
3
Which concept refers to change in social position during a person's lifetime?
Intragenerational social mobility
Structural social mobility
Intergenerational social mobility
Horizontal social mobility
4
In the United States in 2013, women in the labor force working full time earned __________ to every dollar men earned.
58 cents
78 cents
98 cents
88 cents
5
The concept "feminization of poverty" refers to the fact that, in the United States ________
more and more women are becoming poor.
fewer women now work for income.
today's women have fewer legal rights.
women make up an increasing percentage of the poor.
6
The U.S. Census Bureau defines the "family" as ________
people who engage in economic cooperation.
people who consider themselves to be a family.
people who live together.
people living together who are linked by birth, marriage, or adoption.
7
A minority is defined as a category of people who are ________
set apart by that society and subordinated or disadvantaged.
small in numbers and disadvantaged.
less than half the society's total population.
born in some other country.
8
Authoritarian personality theory states that extreme prejudice is ________
built into culture itself.
found among most people in all societies.
a trait of certain individuals with particular personalities.
found among poor and disadvantaged people.
9
Which of the following concepts refers to the physical and social separation of categories of people?
Miscegenation
Segregation
Pluralism
Assimilation
10
The anthropologist Oscar Lewis suggested the cause of poverty lies in ________
bad public schools.
lack of government action.
a lower-class culture of poverty.
too few available jobs.
11
One norm found everywhere is the incest taboo, which refers to norms forbidding ________
women from becoming sexually active before marriage.
sex except for the purpose of having children.
young children from engaging in sex.
sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives.
12
Which concept refers to attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex?
Primary sex characteristics
Sexual orientation
Secondary sex characteristics
Gender roles
13
At every class level ________
women have less income, wealth, education, and power than men do.
women see themselves as a minority.
women and men have equal amounts of income, wealth, education, and power.
men outnumber women.
14
Which concept refers to earnings from work or any investments?
Personal property
Wealth
Power
Income
15
Sexual attraction to people of both sexes is called ________
heterosexuality.
homosexuality.
asexuality.
bisexuality.
16
Based on what you know about the history of human sexuality, once a society gains birth-control technology ________
social norms regarding sexuality become more permissive.
the incest taboo no longer is observed.
families, rather than individuals, make choices about sexual partners.
social control of sexuality becomes more strict.
17
_______ refers to social organization in which males dominate females.
Matriarchy
Monarchy
Patriarchy
Oligarchy
18
Social stratification is a concept that refers to ________
specialization in productive work.
All of these are correct.
ranking categories of people in a hierarchy.
treating people of different social classes differently.
19
Conflict theory states that prejudice is ________
common among immigrants.
built into culture itself.
common among certain people with rigid personalities.
a tool used by powerful people to oppress others.
20
A religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society is called a ________
subculture.
cult.
sect.
church.
21
Race refers to _______ considered important by a society; ethnicity refers to _______.
what we have in common; differences
cultural traits; biological traits
biological traits; cultural traits
differences; what we have in common
22
The importance of Alfred Kinsey's research on sexuality in the United States was ________
making sexuality a focus of scientific study.
encouraging less openness towards sexuality.
that it signaled the end of the sexual revolution.
showing that people were more conventional than most of society thought.
23
A system of marriage that unites one woman with two or more men is called ________
monogamy.
polyandry.
polygyny.
polygamy.
24
Which feminism accepts the basic organization of U.S. society, but women to have the same rights & opportunities as men?
Radical feminism
Liberal feminism
Socialist feminism
Structural-functional feminism
25
Which of the following concepts refers to the biological distinction between males and females?
Gender
Sex
Primary sex characteristics
Gender roles
26
Sociologists define the concept of "race" as ________
a person's skin color.
a social type with people who share biologically given "important" traits
people who fall into any minority category.
a cultural heritage shared by a category of people.
27
Women earn what share of all bachelor's degrees in the United States?
57 percent
47 percent
37 percent
67 percent
28
Looking back in history, the oldest justification for punishing an offender is ________
social protection.
deterrence.
rehabilitation.
retribution.
29
In Robert Merton's strain theory, the term __ describes a "dropout" who rejects typical goals & means to reach them.
retreatist
innovator
ritualist
rebel
30
Scapegoat theory states that prejudice is created by ________
frustration among disadvantaged people.
people with rigid personalities.
cultural beliefs.
high levels of immigration.
31
In his global study of how societies view gender, George Murdock found ________
tasks that were seen as masculine by some were seen as feminine by others.
more women than men were likely to be engaged in farming.
more men than women were likely to be engaged in farming.
little agreement as to feminine and masculine tasks.
32
Today, women represent _________ of all students on college campuses across the United States.
77 percent
57 percent
37 percent
97 percent
33
The development of breasts in females and deeper voices in males are examples of ________
gender norms.
cultural variation.
secondary sex characteristics.
primary sex characteristics.
34
A family composed of one or two parents and their children is called...
a family of affinity.
a consanguine family.
an extended family.
a nuclear family.
35
Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory links deviance to ________
how well a person can contain deviant impulses.
the contact one has with others who encourage/discourage typical behavior.
how others react to the race, ethnicity, gender, & class of an individual.
how labeling someone as deviant can increase the deviant behavior.
36
The concept of sacred refers to what is ________
no longer found in today's world.
common to everyday life.
found in every culture.
seen as set apart from everyday life and extraordinary.
37
Who coined the concept "survival of the fittest"?
Max Weber
Herbert Spencer
Karl Marx
Charles Darwin
38
Talcott Parsons explained that males tend to exhibit ________ behavior, while females are more ________.
rational; emotional
egalitarian; hierarchical
expressive; instrumental
instrumental; expressive
39
Which of the following concepts refers to biological reproduction by people of different racial categories?
Miscegenation
Pluralism
Racial typology
Assimilation
40
When did the sexual revolution truly come of age?
It began during the colonial era.
It began during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
It began in the 1940s and then grew quickly in the late 1960s.
It began about 1980.
41
The family is a social institution that is found in ________
high-income nations, but not in most low-income nations.
about half of human societies in the world today.
every society.
most, but not all, societies.
42
"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime ________
is usually less serious.
involves a larger share of the population.
is always more serious.
refers to a violation of norms enacted into law.
43
Every society uses various strategies to regulate the behavior of individuals; this general process is called ________
conscience.
self control.
social control.
the legal system.
44
The concept of "glass ceiling" refers to ________
the barrier that prevents women from reaching the top.
the barrier that keeps women in service work.
the fact that cleaning the home is all most women do.
the fact that women's dreams are easily broken.
45
According to Durkheim, functions of deviance include ________
the idea that responding to deviance promotes social unity.
the idea that responding to deviance confuses moral boundaries.
the idea that deviance looks the same across cultures.
negating cultural values and norms.
46
Crime committed by persons of high social position during the course of their occupations is called ________
street crime.
victimless crime.
white-collar crime.
organized crime.
47
In which of the following job categories are the workers mostly women?
Corporate managers
Physicians
College professors
Elementary school teachers
48
Cloward and Ohlin extended Merton's theory of deviance, stating that crime ________
reflects legitimate opportunity & accessible illegitimate opportunity.
is more common among the rich who have more opportunity.
is typically a result of drug dependence or other substance addiction.
is defined in such a way as to overly criminalize the poor.
49
Sexual attraction to someone of the same sex is called ________
bisexuality.
asexuality.
heterosexuality.
homosexuality.
50
Why do sociologists regard the "scientific" racial types of Caucasian, Mongoloid, & Negroid to be misleading & harmful?
Every society's population contains a lot of genetic mixture.
Various racial categories are genetically very much alike.
All of these statements are correct.
The skin color of Caucasian people ranges from very light to very dark.
51
Max Weber claimed that social position was based on a person's ________
economic class, degree of social status, and amount of power.
innate abilities alone.
innate intelligence, birth, and skin color.
birth alone.
52
What Gunnar Myrdal called the "American dilemma" was ________
denying basic rights to African Americans by a "democratic society."
the refusal of many minorities to improve their social standing.
the placing of Native Americans on reservations.
the restriction of immigration by a nation that was built by immigrants.
53
Edwin Lemert described "primary deviance" as ________
the experience of deviance early in life.
brief episode of deviance that has few effects on a person's self-concept.
the most serious episodes of deviance.
actions that parents define as deviant.
54
Almost all adults who abuse children typically have what in common?
They are middle class.
They are women.
They were married at a very young age.
They were abused themselves as children.
55
Which of the following concepts refers to a shared cultural heritage?
Ethnicity
Stereotype
Minority
Race
56
If you were to look at topics about virginity, you would discover that the norm about staying virgins till marriage...
has become stronger with regard to men.
has become stronger with regard to women.
has changed little.
has become weaker.
57
According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based primarily on ________
how harmful the act is to the public as a whole.
how often the act occurs.
differences in power between various categories of people.
the moral foundation of the culture.
58
Which of the following is a correct example of civil religion?
Tax exemptions for churches
The sex scandal in the Catholic church
Singing patriotic songs on the Fourth of July
High religiosity among members of sects
59
The text suggests that the most widely contested issue involving sexuality in the US in recent years has been ________
prostitution.
abortion.
teen pregnancy.
homosexuality and gay rights.
60
In 2013, the median income for U.S. families was ________
$63,815.
$16,099.
$76,055.
$36,077.
61
In 2013, about what share of the U.S. population was officially counted as poor?
54.5 percent
1.5 percent
34.5 percent
14.5 percent
62
A charismatic leader is most likely to be found in which of the following?
Church
State church
Cult
Denomination
63
People who are called "WASPs" have ancestors from which country?
Scotland
All of these are correct.
Wales
England
64
According to Karl Marx, which class forms the core of the industrial proletariat?
The middle class
The upper-middle class
The working class
The upper class
65
The total amount of financial assets, minus any debts, is referred to as ________
wealth.
personal property.
income.
power.
66
Following Emile Durkheim, we would define as profane things we understand ________
as set apart as "forbidden."
in terms of their everyday usefulness.
in terms of the past.
in terms of ultimate meanings.
67
Compared to other high-income nations, the United States has ________
more economic inequality.
a classless society.
almost no economic inequality.
the same level of economic inequality.
68
For Chinese immigrants, one result of living in Chinatowns was _____.
maintaining traditional culture.
reducing their chance to learn English, which limited job opportunities.
All of these responses are correct.
forming kinship networks, or clans.
69
A reason to study sexuality using the sociological perspective is ________
sexuality has already been thoroughly studied.
sexuality is both an important and controversial element of social life.
sexuality plays a minor part in many areas of social life.
most people understand sexuality very well.
70
The claim that the United States is a post-denomination society is based on a movement ________
toward greater church attendance.
away from religion.
supporting spiritualism, but away from formal denominations.
favoring rigid conformity to church doctrine.
71
Which concept refers to a religious organization that is largely outside a society's cultural traditions?
Sect
Church
Denomination
Cult
72
Sexual harassment is an important social issue because ________
it almost always involves blatant threats.
it actually targets men more often than women.
it almost always leads to violence.
half of working women report receiving unwanted sexual attention.
73
During the last twenty years, which category of the U.S. population has experienced the largest gains in average income?
All income groups know about the same level of upward social mobility.
The lowest-paid 20 percent
The middle 20 percent
The highest-paid 20 percent
74
Arab Americans are a U.S. minority that ________
is increasing in population size.
has Islam as the dominant religion.
All of these responses are correct.
has ancestors from many different nations.
75
In the United States, which age category has the highest poverty rate?
Middle-aged persons about forty years of age
Seniors over sixty five years of age
People in their thirties
Children under the age of eighteen
76
The idea that social inequality is harmful and divides society is associated with the ________
social-conflict approach.
symbolic-interaction approach.
structural-functional approach.
social-exchange approach.
77
Looking back over U.S. history, we see a general trend by which women ________
have gained opportunities and power.
are steadily losing ground and becoming less equal to men.
have made little movement towards equality with men.
have retained their position of dominance over men.
78
The concept of "comparable worth" means that ________
people should be paid according to the skill level & value of the work.
women should hold political offices in proportion to their population #s.
the market system should determine the pay for any job.
all jobs should be rewarded equally.
79
Which of the following nations stands out as the most religious of all high-income countries?
Sweden
Japan
The United States
France
80
The concept "white ethnics" refers to ________
people of any ethnicity who are light skinned.
people of Hispanic ancestry who are light skinned.
non-WASPs of European ancestry.
biracial or multiracial people.
81
When all the evidence is considered, about what share of the U.S. population is really at least somewhat religious?
Two-thirds
90 percent
One-third
10 percent
82
Most people in the United States who divorce ________
have experienced family violence.
remain single.
remarry within five years.
experience a rising standard of living.
83
A widespread-but false-idea about rape is that ________
"date rape" is a common problem on college campuses.
women who are raped must have encouraged their attackers.
many rapes take place in the home.
men who rape are interested in power rather than sex.
84
Ritual is a matter of ________
beliefs about truth.
formal, ceremonial behavior.
All of these responses are correct.
whom people socialize with.
85
What concept did Goffman refer to as a mighty & negative label that vastly changes one's self-concept & social identity?
A degradation ceremony
A deviant ritual
Stigma
A secondary identity
86
The concept of criminal recidivism refers to ________
young people growing up in a criminal environment.
the idea that crime does "pay."
later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes.
efforts by police to enlist help from people in a local community.
87
Which concept refers to a state in which racial & ethnic minorities are distinct, but have equal social standing?
Pluralism
Segregation
Genocide
Assimilation
88
Sociologist William Julius Wilson suggests the cause of poverty lies in ________
too few available jobs.
a lower-class culture of poverty.
bad public schools.
lack of government action.
89
As of 2015, women held about what share of seats in Congress?
39 percent
79 percent
59 percent
19 percent
90
In Karl Marx's analysis, another name for the capitalist class is the ________
proletariat.
aristocracy.
nobility.
bourgeoisie.
91
Assimilation refers to the process by which ________
people become more tolerant of minorities.
people regain their lost cultural heritage.
all minority categories become more equal in social standing.
minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture.
92
According to Robert Merton's strain theory, how would you classify a low-paid, yet compulsively conforming bank teller?
Ritualist
Innovator
Retreatist
Rebel
93
You would be expressing a "stereotype" if you ________
treated anyone in an unkind way.
made any generalization about people.
held an opinion about someone based on personal experience.
described everyone in some category in the same way.
94
"The recognized violation of cultural norms" refers to the concept of ________
legal infraction.
crime.
juvenile delinquency.
deviance.
95
Which concept refers to humans who have some combination of female and male sexual characteristics?
Multi-sexed
Transsexual
Intersexual
Bisexual
96
Animism is the belief that ________
nothing is sacred.
everything in the world is a conscious, living force that can affect us.
people can find little meaning in their everyday lives.
God has a plan for the entire world.
97
Comparative research indicates that ________
people throughout the world engage in the same sexual practices.
sex is not permitted in some societies, but it is encouraged in others.
sexuality is defined entirely by a biological "sex drive."
while sex has a biological base, sexual practices are cultural elements.
98
Which concept refers to the fusion of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in character?
Liberation theology
Evangelism
"New age" spirituality
Fundamentalism
99
The "beauty myth" refers to the idea that ________
women today are as physically attractive as today's men are.
beautiful women can dominate men.
women prefer men who are physically attractive.
women learn to measure their importance in terms of physical appearance.
100
The historical practice in England of passing on property to only the first-born male descendant is called ________
the law of status consistency.
the law of the estates.
the law of primogeniture.
the law of meritocracy.

Introduction to Sociology - Final Review (Part 1) Flashcards | StudBud