What is the goal of both positive and negative reinforcement?

To increase the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated

one major conflict teenagers deal with during the identity versus role confusion stage of psychosocial development?

Finding a more purposeful life as an adult

according to jean piaget, what stage of developmnt r children able to grasp concepts of object permanence & conservation

Sensorimotor; concrete operational

Latent learning can best be described as:

Learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change

Mrs. Jackson, an English teacher, gives pop quizzes to her students every marking period. This is an example of:

Variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Which of the following statements is a major criticism of Jean Piaget's work with cognitive development?

Piaget often underestimated the cognitive abilities of children.

Of the following, which would a psychologist consider the best example of learning?

a child being able to ride a bike

Of the following sets of themes, which pair best represents the core emphasis of developmental psychology?

Individual versus shared and stability versus change

In operant conditioning, the Premack Principle states chat:

Acquiring desired behavior from an individual is an effective reinforcer

155. Which of the following statements best explains E. L. Thorndike's law of effect?

behavior strengthened by positive consequences & weakened by negative ones.

Which of the following statements best defines maturation?

automatic biological developmnt of body & nervous systm: unfolds naturally

Temperament is best defined as:

Physical and emotional characteristics of a newborn child and young infant

The sight of a needle can trigger fear in some people. Why is this an example of classical conditioning?

There is an unconditioned association with fear and the needle

Which of the following examples best illustrates a personal fable?

Lola feels no one else could possibly be so much in love as she is.

grp of ranchers try to discourage coyotes by making them sick from sheep. coyotes stay away from sheep. UCS, CS, and CR?

The substance, the sheep's wool, aversion to the sheep

man finds himself nervous to fly bc he is nervous abt a job interview. What are the US, UCR, CS, and CR, respectively?

job interview, feeling nervous & anxious, flying, nervous abt flying

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ap psych final exam (first semester) pt 1

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Answers

1
What is the goal of both positive and negative reinforcement?
To ensure there are no negative consequences following the behavior
To decrease the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated
to decrease the likelihood that negative reinforcer will follow a behavior
To increase the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated
2
Psychology considered a science mainly because it relies on direct observation. Which field of psychology supports this?
Social psychology
Cognitive psychology
Behaviorism
Psychodynamic psychology
3
Jenna uses sarcasm to cover up her low self-esteem. Freud would say she is stuck in which psychosexual stage?
anal
latency
phallic
oral
4
Which of the following psychologists formulated a stage theory addressing our encounters with grief?
Sigmund Freud
Lawrence Kohlberg
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
Erik Erikson
5
According to Freud adolescents are in what psychosexual stage?
latency
genital
anal
oral
6
people outside of the home first become important in shaping attitudes of a child during what psychosocial stage?
Integrity versus despair
Industry versus inferiority
Autonomy versus self-doubt
Initiative versus guilt
7
one major conflict teenagers deal with during the identity versus role confusion stage of psychosocial development?
Finding intimacy by developing loving relationships
Finding a more purposeful life as an adult
Reflecting on previous life challenges
Achieving personal satisfaction
8
discovery of reverse would surely have important implications for new medical treatments. saccharine-flavored water is?
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
Unconditioned stimulus
9
before dylan got nauseous, he was able to fish. fishing is an ex of wht schedule of reinforcement?
fixed ratio
variable interval
variable ratio
fixed interval
10
Which of the following psychologists was a structuralist?
Wilhelm Wundt
John Watson
William James
Max Wertheimer
11
Devyn watches violent show and pretends to shoot brother w/ pistol. psychologist would say devyn learned behavior thru:
Vicarious learning
Classical conditioning
Latent learning
Operant conditioning
12
according to jean piaget, what stage of developmnt r children able to grasp concepts of object permanence & conservation
Sensorimotor; concrete operational
Sensorimotor; preoperational
Concrete operational; formal operational
Formal operational; preoperational
13
Latent learning can best be described as:
learning technique provides precise info abt one's inner bodily functions
Learning that is based on rewards and punishments
Learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change
Learning that depends on the mental process
14
According to Jean Piaget, children understand the concept of symbolism during which stage of development?
Sensory-motor
Concrete operational
Formal operational
Preoperational
15
Mrs. Jackson, an English teacher, gives pop quizzes to her students every marking period. This is an example of:
Variable interval schedule of reinforcement
Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
16
if child believes stealing to save a life is ok bc life>following the law, what stage of moral development is child in?
Level one: preconventional
Level three: postconventional
Level four: operational
Level two: conventional
17
Which psychologist wld argue learning can take place when someone watches another person & does behavior not reinforced?
B. F. Skinner
Wolfgang Kohler
Albert Bandura
Edward Tolman
18
ranchers discover coyotes do not attack the treated sheep and also they will not attack nearby sheep. ex of…
spontaneous recovery
extinction
generalization
discrimination
19
Which of the following statements is a major criticism of Jean Piaget's work with cognitive development?
Piaget often overestimated the cognitive abilities of children.
too much emphasis on cognitive differences w/ young children & adolescents.
Piaget often underestimated the cognitive abilities of children.
Piaget failed to include clear age differences for his stages.
20
sean sells shoes. his salary = # of shoes he sells in 2 wks. What schedule of reinforcement is Sean being paid with?
fixed interval
variable interval
fixed ratio
variable ratio
21
Of the following, which would a psychologist consider the best example of learning?
a young man's beard beginning to grow at age 15
a woman experiencing labor pains
a child being able to ride a bike
salmon swimming upstream during the mating season
22
identified schedule of reinforcement for: calling friend & getting busy signal because he/she frequently on the phone?
Variable interval
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Fixed ratio
23
I am in my early fifties. If I do not reach out to others, especially young people, Erik Erikson says I will experience:
isolation
depression
stagnation
shame
24
Of the following sets of themes, which pair best represents the core emphasis of developmental psychology?
Young versus old and stability versus change
Individual versus shared and stability versus change
Cross-sectional versus longitudinal and self-esteem versus self-doubt
Individual versus shared and young versus old
25
According to Jean Piaget, what type of learning do individuals acquire during the formal operational stage?
Memorization skills
Symbolism
Abstract thought
Visual learning
26
Daniel Levinson studied:
Adolescent behavior
Male adult psychosocial stages
Death and dying
child development
27
In operant conditioning, the Premack Principle states chat:
Punishment is effective when paired with an adversive stimulus.
Punishment is ineffective.
Acquiring desired behavior from an individual is an effective reinforcer
Primary reinforcers are used to reinforce desirable behavior.
28
preschooler developed many cognitive & social skills she will use for responsibility. Erik Erikson would say she is in
Trust versus mistrust
Autonomy versus self-doubt
Initiative versus guilt
Identity versus role confusion
29
155. Which of the following statements best explains E. L. Thorndike's law of effect?
stimuli of food, water & sex are innately satisfying & require no learning.
Behaviors are reinforced through primary reinforcers.
behavior strengthened by positive consequences & weakened by negative ones.
behaviors negatively reinforced likely 2 discontinue than punished behavior
30
Carol Gillian believed moral decision making is dependent primarily on which of the following?
religion
age
gender
culture
31
dylan’s mom buys him a sailor’s cap. On boat he vomits. Nxt day feels nauseous looking at cap. Sailors cap has become…
The unconditioned response
The conditioned stimulus
The unconditioned stimulus
The conditioned response
32
The use of rewards, punishments, and positive reinforcement is an example of which field of psychology?
Personality
Behavioral
Social
Cognitive
33
Who was considered the facher of psychology?
Wundt
Freud
James
Wertheimer
34
joey refuses to finish hw on time. teacher rewards him w/ a train video upon completion of his hw. this is an ex of:
The Premack Principle
Insight
Generalization
Positive reinforcement
35
Which three psychologists focused their work on adolescent development?
Marcia, Levinson, Elkind
Gilligan, Erikson, Havighurst
Freud, Kohlberg, Gilligan
Havighurst, Elkind, Marcia
36
Which of the following statements best defines maturation?
It is directly based on social cognitive learning.
It does not take place in all human beings
automatic biological developmnt of body & nervous systm: unfolds naturally
It is the basis for all physiological and psychological development.
37
Monica is extremely neat and orderly. Freud would say she is stuck in what psychosexual stage?
anal
phallic
latency
oral
38
Lawrence Kohlberg: behavior directed by self-accepted moral principles is an example of what stage of moral development?
Conventional
Nonconventional
Postconventional
Preconventional
39
Temperament is best defined as:
Learned behavioral tendencies of a young child
Personality, traits inherited from biological parents
Physical and emotional characteristics of a newborn child and young infant
Emotional traits that infants outgrow by the time they turn two years old
40
Which of the following is true of classical conditioning?
UCS produces UCR
CS produces the UCS
UCR produces the CS
CR produces the CS
41
The sight of a needle can trigger fear in some people. Why is this an example of classical conditioning?
With positive reinforcement one can overcome their fear.
There is an unconditioned association with fear and the needle
People learn this when they are young.
Needles hurt.
42
An awareness that objects continue to exist when out of sight is called:
Sensory-motor
Object permanence
Object understanding
Mental images
43
after overcoming fear of dentists, it comes back when jada finds out she needs a root canal. she begins to panic. ex of:
Classical conditioning
Insight
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
44
Harry Harlow's experiment with monkeys and surrogate mothers emphasized the importance of.
Satisfying hunger
Contact
Intrinsic motivation
Fulfilling needs
45
Which of the following examples best illustrates a personal fable?
Talia feels insecure when making her presentation in front of her class.
Lola feels no one else could possibly be so much in love as she is.
Alexa wants to be w/ friends instead of do homework.
Dina lies to her parents about going to her boyfriend's birthday party.
46
Which of the following responses is not learned through operant conditioning?
A pigeon learns to peck a disc to get food pellets.
A dog learns to turn in circles for a reward.
A baby takes his first steps.
Shelly gets $50 after getting a 90 percent in her math class.
47
grp of ranchers try to discourage coyotes by making them sick from sheep. coyotes stay away from sheep. UCS, CS, and CR?
The coyotes, the sheep's wool, aversion to sheep
Aversion to sheep, the substance, the sheep's wool
The sheep's wool, the substance, aversion to sheep
The substance, the sheep's wool, aversion to the sheep
48
Research has determined that, between the ages of 6 and 12 months, all babies have acquired:
Depth perception
Three-dimensional dreaming
The ability to talk
The ability to walk
49
man finds himself nervous to fly bc he is nervous abt a job interview. What are the US, UCR, CS, and CR, respectively?
job interview, feeling nervous & anxious, flying, nervous abt flying
feeling nervous, flying, out of state relative, feels nervous abt flying
flying, feeling nervous, job interview, feeling nervous and anxious
feeling nervous, job interview, flying, feeling nervous and anxious
50
If his parents punish his explorations, Daniel may develop a feeling that independence is bad. Erik Erikson would say
Autonomy versus self-doubt
Identity versus role confusion
Industry versus inferiority
Initiative versus guilt
51
Suspending a basketball-player for committing a flagrant foul is an ex of:
primary reinforcement
positive reinforcement
punishment
negative reinforcement
52
Which group of stages from Erikson, Kohlberg, and Levinson identify the same phase of life?
Identity, conventional, age 50 crisis
Generativity, postconventional, age 50 crisis
Intimacy, preconventional, midlife transition
Generativity, preconventional, midlife transition
53
Which of the following best defines eclectic psychology?
The study of a variety of theories within the field
The study of child development
The study of animal instinct
The study of abnormal behavior
54
In the preceding scenario, in terms of classical conditioning, what is the attractive woman?
The conditioned stimulus
The unconditioned stimulus
The unconditioned response
The conditioned response
55
Which of the following parenting styles results in the most socially responsible adults?
Authoritarian
Permissive
Autocratic
Authoritative
56
What is one major difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning?
OC takes place as result of voluntary action, CC takes place w/o choice.
OC learned by association, CC is learned by reinforcement
OC takes place before the response, CC takes place after the response.
CC part of social cognitive learning while OC is not
57
Punishment can best be defined as:
The reinforcement of a behavior every time it occurs
An attempt to weaken a response by following it with something unpleasant
Anything that comes to represent a primary reinforcer
Taking away smthng unpleasant when subject performs the correct behavior
58
Concerns of adolescents in future involved the ability 2 understand abstract thought & concepts. Piaget cog. learning:
Preoperational
Formal operational
Postoperational
Operational
59
Which of the following statements best defines classical conditioning?
learning where response naturally elicits by stim. elicits w/ neutral stim.
A type of learning based on modeling or imitating the behavior of others
type learning where behaviors are produced based on rewards & punishments
The process by which experience or practice results in a change in behavior
60
Lawrence Kohlberg would say this student, who says cheating is wrong, is in what stage of moral development?
Conventional
Postconventional
Nonconventional
Preconventional
61
claire j celebrated her 90th birthday with her family/friends. Erik Erikson says she has probably achieved:
Isolation
Integrity
Despair
Autonomy
62
Bandura's "bobo" doll experiment, which grp of children spontaneously acted aggressively toward the doll rather quickly?
Model-reward condition
Model-punished condition
No-consequences condition
Reward and punishment condition
63
Salina gets a $1,000 bonus at her job after she sold the most cars this month. The $1,000 bonus is an example of a:
Primary reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer
Partial reinforcer
Continual reinforcer
64
if individuals solve their problems, they will develop good social traits. if not, problems will occur. supported by…
freud
freud and piaget
freud and erikson
erikson
65
Cross-sectional research (CSR) differs from longitudinal research in that:
CSR studies developmental changes using the same subject groups over time
CSR studies the developmental changes of subjects who are different ages
CSR takes too much time to gather results.
CSR is more reliable than developmental research.
66
Robert Havighurst believed adolescents must:
graduate college
Get along with their parents
Complete a series of tasks
fall in love
67
Which of the following scenarios is the best example of a cognitive map?
When asked for directions to his job, a man recites them in great detail.
A little girl remembers to get her jacket before leaving for school.
A boy follows his big sister home on his bicycle.
A dog sits by the window an hour before her owner should return home.
68
Psychoanalytic psychology focuses mainly on:
Internal conflict and unconscious desires
Biology and genetics
Rewards and punishments
Self-esteem and self-actualization
69
angelica feels self-conscious bc thinks people r staring at her. David Elkind says she is feeling the adolescent belief:
Imaginary audience
Awkwardness
Insecure attachment
Imaginary persona
70
As children begin their clementary school years, they enter Erikson's stage of:
Initiative versus guilt
Trust versus mistrust
Industry versus inferiority
Autonomy versus doubt
71
According to Sigmund Freud, what is the correct order of the five psychosexual stages of development?
Genital, oral, latency, phallic, anal
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Anal, phallic, latency, genital, oral
Oral, anal, phallic, early, genital
72
Jean Piaget defined egocentrism as:
The idea that young children are selfish and grow out of it over time
The belief that young adults don't listen to their parents
idea that preschool children cannot see things from another's point of view
The belief that children cannot do more than one task at a time
73
One major criticism of Ivan Pavlov's concept of classical conditioning was that:
The findings overlapped with other fields of psychology.
It was unethical to use dogs in a psychology experiment.
It did not take into account voluntary human behavior.
It did not take into account involuntary behavior.
74
According to Erik Erikson, as a young adult you are most interested in developing:
Initiative
Intimacy
Integrity
Generativity
75
Which of the following statements best exemplifies the idea behind social cognitive learning?
learning happens if we see someone else punished or rewarded for behavior.
Learning occurs when we see someone else being punished for a behavior.
Learning is simply based on observation.
Learning occurs when we see someone else being rewarded for a behavior.
76
Which of the following reflexes is not a reflex infants enter the world equipped with?
sucking
swallowing
rooting
licking
77
a child who is learning the importance of academic success in school based on receiving a report card is in…
Identity versus role confusion
Generativity versus stagnation
Industry versus inferiority
Initiative versus guilt
78
Harlows goal to find food under same box. said monkeys had learned how to learn. According to Harlow monkeys established
Learning sets
Cognitive maps
Cognitive sets
Reinforcers
79
used skinner box to work on procedure where experimenter successfully reinforced behaviors, led up to desired behavior =
reinforcement
shaping
secondary reinforcement
Chaining
80
"Give me 12 healthy infants, a place 2 raise them, & I'll guarantee 2 take any 1 & train them to become smthng special”
Structural
Behavioral
Functional
Cognitive
81
One major difference between assimilation and accommodation is that assimilation:
a process by which individuals begin using hypothetical chinking skills
a process by which children use old methods to deal with new situations
a process where individuals shape their lives based on learned observations
a process by which children gain an understanding of the world around them
82
Kohler made series of experiments where he placed chimpanzee in cage w/ banana outside of cage. grabbed stick to get it=
operant
latent
insight
cognitive
83
A failure to develop a consistent identity results in:
Stagnation
Insecurity
Inferiority
Role confusion
84
thorndike’s law of effect neglects inner drives that make learners pursue "satisfying state”. which psychologist agree?
Pavlov
Tolman
Kohler
Skinner
85
Which of the following is the best example of a negative reinforcement?
A teenager not being allowed to go to her friend's party
A child getting spanked for bad behavior
A kindergarten student being put in "time-out"
A mother taking an aspirin to eliminate her headache
86
Auchoritative parents can best be defined as:
Supportive parents who discuss their rules and policies with their children
Parents who command obedience & teach their values with lictle
Parents who are less controlling and behave with a more accepting attitude
Parents who befriend their children and do not use discipline
87
A defendant is harassed and tortured until he confesses. This is an example of
negative reinforcement
punishment
Positive reinforcement
Positive punishment
88
One major difference between structuralism and functionalism is:
Structuralists believe all behaviors stem from the evolutionary process.
Struct. analyze all mental elements, funct. analyze only some elements.
Only functionalists believe in the importance of introspection.
S: divide mind into mental element, F: behavior helps adapt to environment
89
Which is the correct order of the five stages of dealing with death or loss?
Bargaining, anger, denial, depression, acceptance
Anger, denial, bargaining, depression, acceptance
Depression, bargaining, anger, denial, acceptance
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
90
Motor development in babies develops in a proximodistal fashion. This is best described as:
From the top of the head to the bottom of the feet
From the farthest from the center to the nearest to the center
From the bottom of the body to the top of the body
From nearest to the center of the body to the farthest from the center
91
During the conditioning process of Pavlov's dogs, what element of classical conditioning did the bell and food play?
US and CS
CS and UCS
UCS and CS
CS and UCR
92
The rooting refex is an infant's tendency to:
Grasp nearby objects
Open mouth and turn head when touched on the cheek
Throw legs up in the air
Wave arms when startled
93
Desensitization therapy can best be defined as:
conditioning technique creates a conditioned response from neutral stimuli
technique uses generalization to get people to overcome their fears
A conditioning technique that creates an avoidancé of certain foods
technique gradually increases one's desire to perform a particular behavior
94
According to Robert Sternberg, what are the three components of love?
Commitment, intimacy, companionship
Passion, intimacy, commitment
Passion, romance, attraction
Intimacy, trust, attraction
95
In John Watson's "Little Albert" experiment, what was the UCS?
The little boy
Anything white and furry
The white rat
The loud noise
96
Automobile advertisements often feature pretty women. men rate new cars w/ ads w/ attractive female higher. what is UCR?
Desire to buy the car
The advertisement
The attractive women
The car
97
In what manner would Ivan Pavlov have conducted extinction trials on his classically conditioned dogs?
Reinforcing the behavior he wished to extinguish
Immediately giving the dogs food (UCS) after the bell (CS) rings
Repeatedly presenting dogs with the food and the bell at the same time
Presenting conditioned stimulus w/o pairing it w/ unconditioned stimulus
98
Which of the following best describes the basic principle behind operant conditioning?
The conditioned stimulus one responds to is called a conditioned response.
To decrease undesired behaviors one must use negative punishment.
Continuous reinforcement is the best way to reinforce positive behavior.
The consequences one receives are directly based on his or her behavior.
99
Classical conditioning would best be suited to answer which of the following questions?
Why do people imitate behaviors someone else gets punished for?
why r some animals difficult to train to perform certain kinds of behaviors
Why do people repeat behaviors when they are followed by something good?
Why do people associate certain foods with nausea?
100
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, during the preconventional stage of moral development children tend to:
Use abstract thoughts or principles to determine their behavior
Interpret behavior in terms of concrete consequences
Understand morality based on customs or values
Make behavioral decisions based on legal issues

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