stud
bud
Sign up
Log in
Home
Library
Explore
SAT
More
Psychology A Level AQA Paper 3 Flashcards | StudBud
Explore
/
Psychology A Level AQA Paper 3
Psychology A Level AQA Paper 3
355 terms
·
StudBud Administration
·
383 plays
Relationships, Eating, Issues and Debates, Forensic Psychology
Flashcards
355 cards
F
Practice quiz
P
Host live
L
Questions
355
Answers
1
Reductionism=based on idea phenomena should be explained w most basic explanation, whats this?
Reductio
Parsimony
Tabula rasa
2
What are weaknesses of culture bias?
Critics say distinction between the cultures=lazy+simplistic
Diffculty interpreting variables,emotions=diff behaviours
Cultures w/out experience of research-demand Cs
3
K+D study: After how long were they asked how close they felt compared to beginning of study?
4 months
7 months
2 years
A year
4
What does biological reductionism assume?
Key unit of analysis occurs at physical level
All behaviour is at some level biological
Behaviour is viewed at physiological and neurochemical level
5
Who proposed that criminals were 'genetic throwbacks'?
Cesare Lombroso (1876)
Matt DeLisi (2012)
Hollin (1989(
Charles Goring (1913)
6
What is the threshold at the social phase?
'I mean it'
'I can't fix this anymore'
'it's now inevitable'
7
How do people become addicted to their parasocial relationship?
Individual needs to increase their dose of involvement
By trying to stop their obsession
8
Eysenck says there is an innate biological basis for personality type, true or false?
True
False
9
What happens in the bargaining stage?
The costs reduce and rewards increase
Start of relationship
Costs and rewards are firmly established
Partners negotiate costs and rewards
10
What is the order of the phases?
Intra-psychic, Dyadic, Grave-dressing, Social
Dyadic, Social, Grave-dressing, Intra-psychic
Intra-psychic, Social, Dyadic, Grave-dressing
Intra-psychic, Dyadic, Social, Grave-dressing
11
What is a disinhibitor?
A higher boundary of eating
A cognitive explanation of obesity
food-related cues -> loss of control of restrained eating
all or nothing thinking
12
What is the 5th phase added to Duck's phase model later?
Intra-psychic
Dyadic
Resurrection
Grave-dressing
13
What does the absence of gating allow in virtual relationships?
Can develop deeper and more frequent self-disclosure
the relationship to end quicker.
People are free to create online identities
CMC relationships lack cues
14
What is the threshold at the Dyadic phase?
'I can't stand this anymore'
'it's now inevitable'
'I mean it'
'I would be justified in leaving'
15
Commitment matters more than satisfaction, what does this explain?
Why people leave relationships when the partner isn't loyal
Why dissatisfied partner stays when investment is high
16
SET is an economic theory guided by the minimax principle, what does this mean?
Partners motivated to minimise costs while maximising reward
Partners want to reduce costs+have some rewards
Partners motivated to receive equity
17
According to Berry what does an EMIC approach function from?
Outisde of a culture and identify universal behaviour
Within certain cultures+identifies culture specific culture
18
Eating increases dopamine release, what does this suggest about AN patients?
They restrict food intake despite anxiety levels
They eat to reduce anxiety and then regret it
They restrict food intake to reduce anxiety levels
19
What happens at the grave dressing phase?
Story of relationship prepared, personal as well as public
The partners are not on good terms and argue about breakup
20
What are features of the intense personal level?
Uncontrollable fantasies and behaviour is extreme
Intermediate level
Strongest level
Personally involved with celebrity, obsessions
21
Who carried out the study on the influence of TV on anorexia in Fiji? (research support)
Anne Becker et al. (2011)
Jenifer O'Dea (2010)
Natsuki Ozawa et al. (2005)
John Morgan (2010)
22
What are strengths of family systems theory?
Successful therapy:behavioural FS therapy, disentangling fam
Practical application in observation of female behaviour
Explains appearance in teenage+greater incidence in girls
23
Twin studies and offending: Who found 33% concordance of MZs in offending?
Christiansen
Lange
Raine et al
Keysers
24
In the long term, what was the most important factor in K+D's study?
Similarity in attitudes
Complementing eachothers needs
25
SLT:what does direct learning AN involve?
Classical and operant conditioning
Observation of other people (modelling+imitation)
26
The theory accounts for why people reoffend, why?
Because they get used to the conditions of the prison
Exposed to pro criminal attitudes in prison
Learn techniques from other convicts in prison
27
What are strengths of ethical implications
Helps us understand how to frame questions,'open mind'
It reduces the likelihood of social control
Scarr:studies of underrepresented groups=reduce prejudice
28
What methods are used in the nomothetic approach?
Study of large number of people, analysed for significance
Scientific experiments
Methods that produce qualitative data eg case studies
29
Candidate genes: What two genes did Tiihonen suggest were linked to violent crime?
ADP + 2C
MAOA + CDH13
MAOA + 2C
ADP + CDH13
30
What is the inner onion?
Low risk info early on and high risk info later
High risk info from the start and throughout the relationshi
31
What is socially sensitive research?
Research that has a bias towards a specific gender
studies that have consequences for the participants
Research that has social consequences
Research that has a bias towards a specific culture
32
What is data assimilation?
Organised, disorganised
Review of the evidence eg photographs
Generation of hypotheses abt the behaviour and events
Generation of hypotheses abt offender
33
What are some of the concerns identified by Sieber+Stanley?
the implications of the research?
The validity of the research
the size of the sample
What is the research going to be used for?
34
What is reductionism?
Behaviour best explained by breaking it into smaller units
The attempt to explain behaviour through biology
It only makes sense to study an indivisible system
The attempt to explain behaviour through stimulus-response
35
Official statistics are gov records of reported crime, what do they allow the gov to do?
Broadcast the information publicly
Develop policing initiatives in response to figures
Make more arrests
Develop crime prevention strategies
36
What is a strength of holism and reductionism?
Interactionism:multidisciplinary+holistic treatmentapproach
The humanistic approach:understanding people as a whole
37
Neural mechanisms: what is the dual Centre model of eating
2 structures of hypothalamus providing hormonal control
3 structures of hypothalamus providing hormonal control
3 structures of hypothalamus providing homeostatic control
2 structures of hypothalamus providing homeostatic control
38
What are problems with defining crime?
Differs across cultures:crime in one culture not in another
Changes over time:different through history
39
What is the order of the levels in filter theory?
complementarity,similarities in attitudes, social demography
Social demography, complementarity,similarities in attitudes
Social demography, similarities in attitudes,complementarity
Similarities in attitudes,social demography, complementarity
40
Birch claims neophobia appears when children explore foods on own, what does this mean?
Neophobia is learned
Neophobia adaptive as untried foods potentially dangerous
Neophobia does not appear with untried foods
41
What is an example of an idiographic approach?
the humanistic approach
the behaviourist approach
the cognitive approach
psychodynamic approach
42
Serotonin influences hypothalamus activity, what does dysfunction of serotonin system cause?
Abnormally high serotonin, inaccurate signals of satiety
Carbohydrate cravings causing weight gain
Abnormally low serotonin, inaccurate signals of satiety
43
Geographical profiling is making inferences about offender based on location, true or false
True
False
44
Cognitive explanation: What are cognitive distortions?
Thoughts that interfere with a person's happiness
Distorted perception of body image
The view that they have to meet the highest standards always
45
The diathesis stress model may be a genetic explanation for offending, true or false?
False
True
46
Why is bitterness an example of taste aversion?
Bitter foods are extremely deathly
More pleasant tastes are more desirable
Can be sign of toxins in food
47
How do people become absorbed in a celebrities existence and identify w them?
Fulfillment in their worship motivates to focus on celebrity
They increase their dose of involvement to get satisfaction
48
What happens in the sampling stage?
Explore rewards+costs by experimenting and observing others
Partners negotiate costs and rewards in relationship
Costs and rewards are firmly established
Relationship becomes stable and costs reduce as rewards high
49
Williamson et al found AN patients were less accurate at estimating body size than controls...
False
True
50
What are weaknesses of psychodynamic explanation for offending?
Little ev. children w/out same sex parent less law abiding
Lewis: maternal dep poor predictor of crime, causality issue
Says girls develop weaker superego,men commit more crime tho
Unfalsifiable: unconscious concepts, can't be tested
51
What is free will?
Behaviour shaped by internal/external forces not by will
Humans make choices+aren't determined by external forces
52
Dopamine activity is associated w pleasure from eating, what do low levels of dopamine cause?
Overreacting to reduce dopamine, causing obesity
Overeating to increase dopamine, causing obesity
53
What is comparison level for alternatives (CLalt) as an additional measure?
Considering whether we may gain more rewards w someone else
Remain in relationship when it's more rewarding than alts
54
What are strengths of Rusbults investment model?
Le+Agnew:found satisfaction CLalt+investment = commitment
Goodfriend+Agnew:more to investment than just resources
Rusbult+Martz:ppl who made great investment=return 2 abusers
55
What is Rusbults investment model derived from?
Social exchange theory
Virtual relationships
Duck's phase model
Equity theory
56
What are strengths of gender bias?
It challenges Western assumptions
Feminist psychologists propose how gender bias can beavoided
Understanding gender bias = to greater awareness in studies
57
Criminal behaviour is said to be concerned with immediate gratification, why is this?
They are developmentally immature
Their parents did not give them time as children
58
Gender bias is differential representation of genders based on stereotypes not real differences
True
False
59
Neural explanations: How is serotonin associated with anorexia?
Involved in AN related behaviour
Involved in mood, low mood linked to anorexia
It motivates the person to restrict eating
60
What is beta bias in terms of culture bias?
Real cultural diffs ignored/minimised+all ppl assumed same
Theory assumes culture groups profoundly different
61
Vicarious reinforcement: see model rewarded and learns behaviour has positive consequences...
True
False
62
If the superego is inadequate the ID is given free reign...What does this lead to?
Inevitable criminal behaviour
No intellectual intelligence
A moral lifestyle
63
Hard determinism: free will isn't possible as behaviour is always caused by external forces
False
True
64
What is crime scene classification?
Generation of hypotheses abt offender
Organised, disorganised
Generation of hypotheses abt the behaviour and events
65
What is the last level in Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning?
Postconventional
Preconventional
Conventional
66
Cognitive inflexibility causes problems switching between tasks requiring diff set of skills...
False
True
67
In addition to being exposed to pro criminal attitudes, what else may influence criminality?
The way their parents treated them as children
Learn techniques for committing crime
68
Filter theory assumes the no. of people we can form relationship w are lessoned by factors
False
True
69
Family studies:what is BMI concordance rates for obesity in first degree relatives? (Chaput)
10-20%
50-100%
20-50%
70-80%
70
What is research support for equity theory from Utne et al?
Newlyweds who were equitable=more satisfied
Divorced people who weren't equitable broke up
71
What is the case against reductionism?
Oversimplify complex phenomena+so lose validity
Impractical:lacks rigorous scientific testing
72
Up to 18 months what was the most important factor in K+D's study?
Complementing eachothers needs
Similarity in attitudes
73
What are weaknesses of genetic and neural explanations for offending?
Biological determinism:criminal gene cntradicts legal system
Biological reductionism:reduce behaviour to genes/neural
Lange:poor control, MZ/DZ based on looks not DNA testing
It can only apply to particular types of crime
74
What are weaknesses of ducks phase model
Support based on retrospective data: interviews unreliable
Moghaddam et al:individualist:end often, collec:obligatory
Focuses on how relationship ends not why
Incomplete:refined version,states not linear nor inevitable
75
What are weaknesses of the biological explanations for obesity?
Paracchini et al:no evidence of link between leptin+obesity
Contradicting evidence from Savage et al
Twin studies:MZ may be treated more similarly than DZ
76
Heredity: process in which traits are passed down from one generation to the next, true/false?
False
True
77
What is the case for holism?
There is a lack of temporal validity
Needed 4 complete understanding of behaviour, not low level
Scientific credibility: forms basis of scientific research
78
The crime/offender is matched to pre existing templates, true or false?
False
True
79
Who said the importance of sensitive research=psychologists are responsible to carry it out
Sieber and Stanley
Burt
Scarr
Aronson
80
Who came up with the hyperpersonal model?
John Bargh (1999)
Joseph Walther (1996, 2011)
Lee Sproull (1986)
Adam Joinson (2009)
81
What is an example of alpha bias?
Fight or flight response
Depression more diagnosed in women
82
How many stages of Anger management are there?
4
2
3
5
83
What are the three effects?
People disclose more to those they like
People who disclose less have stronger relationship
Act of SD makes us like the person we are speaking to
Ppl who have intimate disclosure are linked more
84
What are weaknesses of evolutionary explanations for food preferences?
Neophobia maladaptive:food now bought so is safe+plentiful
Cashdan:culture plays role in which foods accepted/rejected
It is mainly based on animal research:extrapolation
85
Holistic view is shared by humanistic psychologists, true or false?
True
False
86
Greater the inequity the more work required to restore equity, true or false?
False
True
87
What are the key features of restorative justice?
Passive involvement of all parties
Only take part in a courtroom
Positive outcomes for all parties
Acceptance of responsibility and positive change
88
Why do we have preference for sweetness?
It is a reliable signal of high energy food
It is used in many cell functions
89
What kind of determinism is prevalent in the psychodynamic approach?
Psychic
Behaviourist
Biological
90
What is Singhs support from waist-hip-ratio research?
Signifies female is fertile but not pregnant
Any hip/waist size attractive as long as ratio one to 0.7
Any hip/waist size attractive as long as ratio of 1 to 0.5
91
What did McKenna and Bargh say about absence of gating?
It can be harmful as people aren't their true selves online
Facial disfigurements=obstacles, online gates aren't there
92
Why may determinism be seen as scientific?
It takes a humanistic approach
Freewill is harder to measure and control
It is unfalsifiable
Causality=feature of science, D assumes everything has cause
93
What is the case against holism?
it oversimplifies complex phenomena
it forms the basis of scientific research
some social behaviour emerges by looking at the whole group
They cant be rigorously tested, vague as they come complex
94
Who proposed the matching hypothesis?
Palmer and Peterson (2012)
Cunningham et al.(1995)
Elaine Walster (1966)
Towhey (1979)
95
Intersexual selection : what is the impact on mating behaviour?
Preference of both sex determine attributes passed on
Male aggression
Male preference for youthful fertile women
96
What is social penetration theory?
Gradual process of revealing inner self
Reciprocal exchange of info between partners, showing trust
97
What are some of the methods to measure crime?
Offender surveys
Official statistics
Victim surveys
Adult surveys
98
What are the levels of parasocial relationships? (Maltby et al)
Intense-personal
Entertainment-social
Borderline pathological
Bargaining
99
What is ethnocentrism?
Universality assumed for results of western research
Seeing from own culture+seeing one perspective as correct
100
How does social exchange theory deal in concepts that are hard to quantify?
Unclear what values of CL+CLalt are before dissatisfaction
Difficult to produce valid research support
Studies operationalise costs+rewards superficially
101
High E+N scorers lack ability to be socialised to delay gratification, whys this?
They don't learn it from their parents so aren't socialised
Nervous systems make it difficult to learn
102
Nurture: who argued that the mind is a blank slate?
Behaviourists
Empiricists
Nativists
103
When is a relationship more committed according to the investment model?
Low investment,high satisfaction,no alternatives
Equity in terms of costs and rewards
Investments increasing,satisfaction high,alts not attractive
104
Which approach studies behaviour through the development of general principles+universal laws?
Ideographic
Nomothetic
105
Twin studies:Lange studied 13MZ+17DZ twins where one had been in prison, what was found?
All MZ had Co twin also in but only true for 5 of DZ
10 MZ had Co twin also in but only true for 2 of DZ
106
Which neurotransmitters are involved in anorexia?
Serotonin
Leptin
Dopamine
Melatonin
107
What is alpha bias in terms of culture bias?
Theory assumes cultural groups are profoundly different
Real cultural diffs ignored/minimised+all ppl assumed same
108
What is a strength of both the idiographic and nomothetic approach?
May be complementary:consider same issue from both views
They work fine on their own separate from each other
109
How much higher is suicide rates in prison?
20x higher
2x higher
15x higher
10x higher
110
Wren et al found intravenous ghrelin caused short term increase in amount of food eaten...
False
True
111
Intrinsic investment examples are money and energy, what is intrinsic investment?
Investments that didn't feature which are now associated
Resources put directly into relationship
112
What's a problem with revising perceptions of rewards+costs so it feels equitable?
Abuse can become accepted as the norm
The relationship may not be worth saving
113
What is an example of Ethnocentrism?
Duck's relationship model
Ainsworth's strange situation
Asch's line study
Milgram's obedience study
114
What does Canter and Larkins circle theory state?
Offending locations likely forms circle around residence
Spatial decision making gives insight into nature of offence
115
What is comparison level (CL) as a measure of profit?
Determined by experiences and social norms
Considering whether we may gain more rewards w someone else
Judgement of reward level we expect in a relationship
116
What are weaknesses of Eysencks theory?
Reducing personality to a score,don't havestable personality
Bartol+Holanchock:Hispanic+African less extravert than contr
Biologically reductionist and determinist
Farrington:offenders high on P but not E or N
117
Attia et al:patients not at pre illness weight responded poor 2 serotonin agonists,indicating..
Underactivity of serotonin system in AN
Overactivity of serotonin system in AN
118
What is a strength of the idiographic approach?
Provides rich data:complete account of individual eg HM
The research has scientific value, standardised procedures
119
Who supported virtual relationships by finding lonely ppl expressed their true selves online?
McKenna and Bargh
Clark
Sproull and Kiesler
Duck and spreller
120
Ventromedial hypothalamus detects increase in glucose levels, what happens next?
LH activity inhibited so person becomes satiated
LH activity encouraged and they eat until after full
LH activity inhibited and person continues eating
121
Licinio et al found that inability to produce leptin is associated with severe obesity...
True
False
122
What attachment type is said to most likely form parasocial relationships?
Secure
Insecure-resistant
Insecure-avoidant
123
What is the aim of the bottom up approach?
Narrow down a list of likely suspects
Make pic of offenders characteristics thru evidence analysis
124
The idiographic approach is associated with qualitative research methods such as case studies..
False
True
125
What did Harris et al find?
Breastfed babies preferred salty cereal tho milk low in salt
Breastfed babies prefer sweet cereal tho milk low in sugar
126
What is the threshold at the grave dressing phase?
'I can't fix this anymore'
'this break up is now final'
'it's now inevitable'
127
K+D's study used self report questionnaire, looking at what?
Similarity in attitudes and social demographics
Social demographics and need for complementarity
Shared values and need for complementarity
128
Who proposed Filter theory?
George Levinger (1974)
Kerckhoff and Davis (1962)
Anderson et al (2003)
Peter Winch (1958)
129
What are further strengths of SLT as an explanation for anorexia?
It successfully explains why AN is not more common
Explains gender diffs: bigorexia explained in same way as AN
SLT incorporated into many treatments of AN eg healthymodels
130
What are weaknesses of the investment model?
Individual differences, some people don't want to invest
Oversimplifies investment:few investments early on
Cultural bias
Strong correlation,doesn't follow one variable causes other
131
Why do we have preferences for fat?
because it was hard to find
So we can keep ourselves warm
so that we have a varied diet
to provide energy and make food palatable
132
What is the case against free will?
Culture bias
Libet:found brain decides action before awareness of choice
Not consistent with the legal system
133
Biological determinism is prevalent in the biological approach, true or false?
False
True
134
Who studied the progress made with young offenders in an anger management programme?
Raymond Novaco (1975)
Julia Keen et al. (2000)
Wagdy Loza and Amel Loza- Fanous (1999)
Ronald Blackburn (1993)
135
What are strengths of the evolutionary explanation for food preferences?
Torres et al:humans like fat in stress,good 4 fight/flight
Alock et al:food pref evolved as response to gut microbes
Culture plays role in determining foods accepted/rejected
Neophobia may be maladaptive as food bought from retailers
136
What is Palmer and Petersons support for the Halo effect?
Attractive people seen as more competent + knowledgeable
People like childlike and masculine features
Found we have tendency to pick partners who are alike
137
What kind of determinism is prevalent in the behaviourist approach?
Biological
Environmental
Psychic
138
Ainsworth studied behaviours within US+then assumed her ideal attach type=universal. Whats this
Imposed ETIC
Imposed EMIC
139
What are weaknesses of defining and measuring crime?
Causation is a problem as it doesn't tell us cause of crime
Measuring crime has racial undertones
Politics:party in power use rates showing crime falling
75% unreported in official stats, dark figure of crime
140
What is cross cultural support for parasocial relationships from Schmid and Klimmt?
Similar parasocial attach to Harry Potter across cultures
Universal and perhaps adaptive behaviour
141
What is alpha bias?
Exaggerate differences when may not be any
Assuming men+women are similar when not
Applying theory tested on men to women
Assuming men+women are different when they're not
142
Who found 56% concordance rates in MZ twins for anorexia? (genetic explanations)
Anthony Holland et al. (1988)
Evelyn Attia et al. (2014)
Ashley Scott-Van Zeeland et al. (2014)
Vesna Boraska et al. (2014)
143
What is a strength of Differential association theory?
Its opportunities for treatment
Its difficulty of testing
Its scientific basis, lab experiments so high control
Explanatory power:account for crime in all of society
144
Behaviourist approach is built on environmental reductionism, what level is behaviour viewed at
Psychological level
Physical level
145
Respecting cultural relativism helps avoid culture bias, true or false?
False
True
146
What is a token economy based on?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Social learning theory
A biological basis
147
How may Bowlbys theory of attachment explain parasocial relationships?
Prefer parasocial relationships as require less social skill
Early difficulties lead to difficulty forming relationships
148
What are features of ghrelin?
Appetite suppressant
Appetite stimulant
Longer without food, more ghrelin released
Increases beyond a set point
149
Lerner identified different levels of the environment, what are they?
Wide prenatal terms:mothers emotions and diet
Postnatal experience:social conditions child grows up in
Narrow prenatal terms:mothers state during pregnancy
150
How did Feingold support the matching hypothesis?
Found attractive ppl seen as more competent + knowledgeable
Online dating website- meeting's with ppl more PA than them
Meta analysis-correlation in attractiveness between partners
151
Who carried out the survey looking at age+attributes to do with partner preferences?
David Buss (1989)
Chang et al. (2011)
Robin Dunbar (1995)
Russel Clark (1989)
152
What does psychic determinism assume behaviour is caused by?
Unconscious conflicts we can't control
Premonitions we cannot control
Cognitive processes we can't control
Behavioural adaptations we cannot control
153
Genetic inheritance of obesity is polygenic, what evidence supports this?
Ohia et al:up to 200 genes may be involved in heritability
Wang et al: up to 500 genes involved in obesity heritability
Locke et al: up to 400 genes may be involved in heritability
154
What is conflict avoidance?
Daughter refuses to eat, family accept nothing to discuss
Mother believes all decisions for her daughters benefit
Fam suppresses conflict, problems not resolved and fester
Mother doesn't accept daughters need for independence
155
What are features of Wegner et al's Ironic Processes Theory?
Label foods as forbidden so they stand out more-->overeating
Diet->preoccupation w food, paradoxical outcome
Distraction=less cognitive capacity 2 suppress food thoughts
Distraction doesnt work, to succeed u can't think abt food
156
Ethical issues arise when there is conflict between need for valid research+preserving rights..
False
True
157
What are weaknesses of the top down approach?
Canter et al:didn't find distinct disorganised type murderer
Alison et al:outdated model, sees behaviour as dispositional
Only applies to crime that reveals details abt offender
Approach based on interviewed w small sample,lacks validity
158
What concept says we acquire some aversion quicker than others?
Garcias evolutionary preparedness concept
Steiners adaptive preparedness concept
Seligman's biological preparedness concept
159
What happens at Dyadic stage?
Discuss their problem with their partner
Dissatisfactions about equity, commitment etc aired
They seek support from joint friends
160
Who found rats acquired taste aversion to sweetened water when paired w poison but not shocks?
De Weerth et al
Seligman
Garcia and Koelling
Steiner
161
What are weaknesses of self disclosure?
Correlation ≠ causation, SD may not cause satisfaction
Tang et al:USA=more sexual SD than China, cultural diffs
162
What theory aligns with the concept of free will?
Psychodynamic approach
Humanistic approach
Behaviourist approach
163
What is recidivism?
A judicial sentence
Reoffending
Retribution
Rehabilitation
164
Each level is more reductionist than the one before, true or false?
False
True
165
It is assumed people with AN filter life through 3 factors, what are these?
Cognitive inflexibility
Irrational beliefs (perfectionism)
Lack cognitive ability to conclude what their shape is
Disturbed perception abt body shape/overestimation of size
166
Unprofitable relationships fail according to SET, true or false?
True
False
167
Profile generation is the generation of hypotheses abt the offender, true or false?
True
False
168
What are strengths of cognitive explanations for AN?
Halmi:childhood perfectionism predictor if AN development
There is research support from becker et al
It explains gender differences in anorexia with evidence
Treatment app:Grave et al used enhancedCBT+found weight gain
169
What is rigidity?
Impinge on eachothers privacy, daughter seeks independence
Family suppresses conflict, no problems resolved, festers
Deny need 4 change,problems=situations change fam wont adapt
170
What is the model that says we have a genetic vulnerability but there is a trigger event
Heredity
Genotype-environment
Interactionist
Diathesis-stress
171
What is culture bias?
Differences between cultures shown in studies
Universality assumed for results of specific culture study
172
What is an example of beta bias due to being based on male Ps only?
Freud's concept of castration anxiety
the sociobiological theory
fight or flight response
173
What is nature?
Human characteristics are innate+due to bio/genetic factors
Human characteristics are due to the environment
174
What is the case against the nomothetic approach?
Assumption made from group research may not apply 2 everyone
People seen as numbers/stats rather than as an individual
Lab research:lacks ecological validity
175
What are features of the entertainment social level?
Behaviour is extreme
They become personally involved with celebrity
Least intense level
Celebrities = sources of entertainment+social interaction
176
What is the importance of nature nurture?
Hard to answer as environmental influence begins when born
Makes little sense to try and separate nature and nurture
177
What happens in the institionalisation stage?
Partners are settled
Costs and rewards are firmly established
178
Complementarity is the most important factor, why is that?
Similar attitudes make you more compatible
Helps make relationship deeper
179
What is a strength of culture bias?
Cross cultural research may challenge Western assumptions
Cross cultural research prone to demand characteristics
Conclusions=more validity if recognise the role of culture
180
How does the strange situation display ethnocentrism?
Suggested ideal attachment was that of US babies
Led to misinterpretation of child rearing in Germany etc.
Stated that insecure resistant attachment is superior
181
Lifestyle+events leave epigenetic marks on our DNA, what do these do?
Tell bodies which genes to ignore+may influence kids code
Allow us to change the way we appear
182
How did Mednick et al support the diathesis stress model?
When both bio+adoptive fam convictions, 24% also did
13,000 Danish adoptees
183
How is soft determinism different to hard determinism?
Behaviour is caused by biological influences we cant control
Behaviour caused unconscious conflicts we can't control
Behaviour caused by features of environment we can't control
Events have causes but behaviour also determined by choices
184
Understanding complex interactions between nervous system+hormones=realistic obesity treatment
True
False
185
What happens in the social phase?
Creation of a personal story as well as a public one
Seek support from joint friends
News public = usually point of no return
186
What are features of statistical analysis?
Develops statistical databases for comparison
Detects patterns of behaviour likely to occur across scenes
Features of offence matched against database
187
We generally pursue relationship where CL is high unless we have low self esteem, true or false
False
True
188
Who found that obese ppl have fewer dopamine D2 receptors in striatum than normal controls?
Nan et al
Wang et al
Paracchini et al
Ohia et al
189
Intrasexual selection: what is the impact on mating behaviour?
Male preference for youthful fertile women
Male aggression, more aggressive=more likely to reproduce
190
What effect does it have on recidivism in the long term after being released?
Stays the same
Decreases
Increases
191
Equity theory: who proposed that equity is most important, where level of profit is the same?
Rusbult
Duck
Walter et al
Clarke and Mills
192
What concordance rates for obesity did Nan et al. find in her twin meta-analysis?
54-70%
83-95%
61-80%
30-40%
193
Reciprocal disclosure (Sprecher) : what did they look at?
Effects of SD reciprocity on liking of eachother gradually
Effects of SD reciprocity on initial liking of eachother
194
What is self disclosure?
Revealing information about other people
Revealing personal info about yourself
Avoiding revealing information about yourself
195
Crime occurs if exposure to pro-crime values..
Is not prevalent
Is outweighed by anti crime values
Outweighs anti crime values
196
What are strengths of the bottom up approach?
Scientific:use of data, examination of material, objective
Lundrigan+Canter:found spatial consistency in killer behavio
Applied to wide range of offences compared to top down
The pre existing template is beneficial in narrowing list
197
What is a collectivist culture?
those who value personal freedom and independence
they emphasise interdependence and the needs of the group
198
If the child internalises immoral attitude by observing their parent they have a ... superego?
inadequate
weak
deviant
over-harsh
199
At start of relationship it feels natural to give more than you receive but...
They must persevere to try and please their partner later
If it carries on satisfaction will fail
200
Who came up with restraint theory? (psychological explanations)
Jennifer Savage et al. (2009)
Boyce and Kuijer (2014)
Wardle and Beales (1988)
Herman and Polivy (1975)
201
Why is insecure resistant most likely linked to parasocial relationships?
Prefer to avoid pain and rejection of any type of relation
Want their unfulfilled needs met with no threat of rejection
202
What are features of a model in AN?
Can exist in real life or be symbolic
Modifies social norms by establishing acceptable behaviour
Provides template to imitate
Influential if child identifies with model
203
Why is restorative justice expensive?
It doesn't reduce recidivism
It is compulsory
Requires a skilled professional
High dropout rates
204
What else demonstrates diet failure?
Boundary model
Diet failure model
Zone of biological indifference
Restraint --> disinhibition
205
What is Waltser's computer dance study?
We aim for the most attractive person available at the time
We aim for people with the most resources
We evaluate own attractiveness+choose attainable partners
206
How does Towhey's findings contradict the assumption of physical attractiveness?
People are less likely to like someone with no resources
depending on individual, PA may not be significant factor
207
The work to restore equity could be cognitive rather than behavioural, for example....
Use their schemas to work out how to save relationship
Revise perceptions of rewards+costs
208
The bottom up approach doesn't begin with fixed typologies, what is this known as?
Crime mapping
Investigative psychology
Geographical profiling
Circle theory
209
Murstein studied 99 couples compared with randomly paired couples. What was found?
Real couples more alike in physical attractiveness
Real couples less alike in physical attractiveness
210
What are the 4 stages of relationships?
Sampling stage
Institutionalisation stage
Bargaining stage
Commitment stage
211
What are weaknesses of determinism?
Evidence against from Libet and Chung Siong Soon
Hard D not consistent w legal system (offenders accountable)
Unfalsifiable:can't be proven wrong
Not consistent with scientific methods
212
A weakness of virtual relationships is that is doesn't distinguish diff types of CMC...
False
True
213
What are examples of research showing culture bias?
Freud psychodynamic
Milgram obedience study
Asch conformity study
214
What does this model suggest?
Parasocial relationships are formed by healthy people
Parasocial relationships make up for personal deficiencies
Provide escape from everyday life
215
What are weaknesses of the biological explanations for anorexia?
AN=polygenic:single gene studies divert attention
MZ environment similarity:underlays genetic influence of AN
Nunn et al:serotonin accounts 4 some features of AN not all
216
How does the 44 juvenile thieves support the psychodynamic explanation?
12/14 who had affectionless psychopathy had mum separation
Says maternal deprivation causes affectionless psychopathy
217
What are weaknesses of equity theory?
Culture bias:collectivist, couples happier to over benefit
Clark+Mills:limited support for equity in romantic relations
Huseman et al:some ppl less sensitive to equity, indiv diffs
218
Examples of extrinsic investment are house, children, what is extrinsic investment?
Resources put directly into relationship
They didn't exist in relationship before but now associated
219
What does indirect learning of SLT involve?
Classical + operant conditioning of an individuals behaviour
Observation of other people (modelling/imitation)
220
What percentage reduction did Raine find in the prefrontal cortex (emotions) of ppl with ADP?
5%
11%
20%
1%
221
What are features of leptin?
Appetite suppressant
Level increases beyond a set point=person full+stops eating
222
Who came up with Social penetration theory?
Tang et al. (2013)
Altman and Taylor (1973)
Harry Reis and Philip Shaver (1988)
Hass and Stafford (1998)
223
What features are seen as attractive?
Waynforth-masculine features
Bruce and Yang-Symmetry
Singh-hour glass and V shape
Cunningham-childlike features
224
What is determinism?
Humans make choices+aren't determined by external factors
Behaviour=shaped by internal/external forces not free will
225
Which approach studies behaviour through study of unique + subjective experience
Nomothetic approach
Idiographic approach
226
Who came up with the psychodynamic explanation for offending?
Blackburn
Lewis
Davies and Raymond
Rogers
227
What did they find? (supports sexual selection)
Female preference: resource related characteristics
Male preference: reproductive capacity
228
Psychological explanations: What is Sutherland's theory known as?
Differential association theory
Sutherland's theory
The criminal personality
Social learning theory
229
Biological determinism: behaviour is caused by biological influences we cannot control, t or f?
False
True
230
What are weaknesses of the cognitive explanations for AN?
It fails to explain why anorexia isn't more common
Cornelissen et al: no diff between AN and healthy estimation
Cog distortions+irrationality may be effect not cause of AN
231
The general figure for heritability of IQ is around 0.5, what does this mean?
Genetics and the environment are both important factors
Environment entirely influences the heritability of IQ
Genetics entirely influence the heritability of IQ
232
What are strengths of explanations for failure of dieting?
Ironic processes prac app:Boon,success if pay full attention
Spiral model practical app:prevent lowering of self esteem
233
What are features of restraint theory?
Distorted thinking maintains disinhibition, all or nothing
Restrained eaters obsess about food, categorise good and bad
Dieter sensitive to cues+vulnerable to loss of control
Preoccupied w food:disinhibited eating, eat more, gain weigh
234
What are the stages of FBI profile construction?
Profile generation
Data assimilation
Crime scene classification
Crime reconstruction
235
What are strengths of eysencks theory?
Gives opportunity for rehabilitation
Fits other bio approaches like Raine APD:recognises genetics
It has explanatory power: account for all of society
Eysenck found prisoners high on E,N,P scores, supporting
236
What is an example of a nomothetic approach?
Biological approach:brain scans to learn abt localisation
Cognitive approach:human memory
Behaviourism:skinner's rats developed law of learning
237
What is a weakness of the bottom up approach?
It is based on outdated models of personality
It only applies to particular crimes eg rape and murder
Copson:accurate identification in 3% of cases
238
What is neophobia?
An innate predisposition to avoid toxic food
A desire for particular food
An innate predisposition to avoid new foods
An innate predisposition to eat salty food
239
What is Anisogamy?
Competition between males to be able to mate with a female
The differences between male and female sex cells
Any behaviours that relate to opportunities to reproduce
An evolutionary explanation for partner preference
240
What are the 4 features of an anorexic family put forward by Minuchin et al?
Enmeshment,rigidity,autonomy,control
Enmeshment,overprotective,rigidity,conflict avoidance
Overprotective,conflict avoidance,control,enmeshment
Conflict avoidance,autonomy,rigidity,enmeshment
241
What happens at the intra-psychic stage?
Partner dissatisfied and broods on the reasons
They discuss their problem with their partner
Dissatisfied partner keeps to themself,but may share w pal
Phase varies in length
242
Intrasexual selection:what is male strategy?
Quantity over quality:females limited, compete for more fems
Quality over quantity: resources, time, commitment
243
What is used to measure the criminal personality (E+N)
MRI
F-scale
Eysencks Criminal Graph
Eysenck personality inventory
244
What do offender surveys do?
Look at indicators of repeat offense + trend in drug abuse
Ask people to document crimes they were a victim of in year
Arrests people based on their reply
Target likely offending groups based on risk factors eg age
245
What does differential association theory suggest crime is learned through?
Interactions with people the child associates with
Having criminal facial features
Being ignored by their parents when they were young
246
What is the halo effect? (Dion et al)
We choose a partner who 'matches' us in attractiveness
A sexist scale to measure attitudes and behaviours
How appealing we find a person's face
Good-looking people seen as having good characteristics
247
Murphy et al argue main features of AN stem from disturbed perceptions, what does this cause?
Preoccupation w thoughts of food+body shape
Feeling they just meet demanding standards regarding eating
Negative thoughts such as all or nothing thinking
Food restriction and checking
248
What are strengths of psychological explanations for obesity?
Prac app:defies quick fix culture,suggests alternative route
Wardle+Beales:restrained eaters ate most bc of disinhibition
249
Duck suggested there are always alternatives which are more attractive if costs high BUT...
If we're in satisfying relationship may not notice them
We choose to stay in relationship despite the alternatives
250
Strength: Kaye et al found lower dopamine level in recovered AN Ps than control...
False
True
251
What was Kerckhoff and Davis' study sample
Students in a relationship for over two years
Students in relationship for 2yrs+for 12 months
Students in relationship for less than 18months+over 18month
Students in relationship for less than 12months+over 12month
252
What is inter sexual selection?
Selection of mates between sexes
Selection of mates within sexes
253
What does Sproull and Kiesler's reduced cues theory state?
online relationships less effective as no non verbal cues
Lack of emotional cues=deindividuation (anonymity)
Reduced cues = less self disclosure
254
What is crime mapping?
Infer base of the offender
Working out where the crime took place
Inferring the location of other crimes commuted by offender
255
'Differential' refers to?
They change who they are influenced by
Degree to which they associate with people
256
Married, little evidence, high IQ, lots of control. What type of offender is this?
Organised
Disorganised
257
On switch:lateral hypothalamus, Off switch:ventromedial hypothalamus, true or false?
False
True
258
How did Peter winch support filter theory?
Found in married ppl similarity of attitudes more important
Found in married ppl complementarity of needs more important
259
How does Filter Theory lack temporal validity?
Complementarity is not as important as it once was
Online dating changed process of beginning relationship
260
Family systems theory is a psychodynamic theory proposed by who?
Minuchin et al
Carl Rogers
Freud
Aragona et al
261
Relationship maintenance mechanisms keep relationships going, for example?
Accommodation (promoting the relationship)
Willingness to sacrifice (partners interests first)
Forgiveness
Positive illusions (unrealistically positive abt partner)
262
What is the theory that assumes romantic partners act out of self-interest in gaining profit?
Social Exchange Theory
Investment theory
Duck's phase model
Equity theory
263
What is a weakness of the idiographic approach?
Lacks scientific rigour:subjective, Freud:single cases
The loss of the whole person:overlooks human experience
264
Physical attractiveness: we form relationships with the most attractive person we can
False
True
265
What is the criminal personality?
neurotic-introvert + high psychoticism
neurotic-extrovert + high psychotism
stable-extrovert + low psychoticism
stable-introvert + high psychoticism
266
What are features of the borderline pathological level?
Fantasies uncontrollable and behaviour is extreme
Strongest level
Personally involved with obsessive thoughts
Intermediate level
267
Ducks phase model:each phase has threshold, what happens at a threshold?
Cross the threshold and move on to the next stage
Reassess relationship, halting breakdown process
268
What is the case for the nomothetic approach?
Scientific value of the research:standardised procedures
It provides rich data, a complete account
269
What is a weakness of Filter Theory from Levinger?
Pointed out that it lacks external validity
Pointed out many studies failed to replicate original result
Pointed out that it lacks temporal validity
270
What are strengths of determinism?
Practical app:predicting behaviour led to treatments+therapy
Face validity is given to determinism through the use of it
Unfalsifiable
Consistent with aims of science
271
What does the hyperpersonal model state?
Can end quickly bc high excitement and low trust
Online relationships more intimate as more self disclosure
Early self disclosure=CMC relations develop quickly
272
What are features of Heatherton and Polivy's spiral model?
Metabolic changes make weight loss more difficult
Don't rethink diet=attempt to diet harder-->distress
Diet failure leads to them feeling personally deficient
Downward spiral created:more vulnerable to disinhibition
273
What are weaknesses of ethical implications?
May be used for social control:SSR used for discrimination
Costs and benefits may be difficult to predict
274
When does neophobia reduce?
It doesn't reduce
When we learn foods won't poison us
When we get older
275
What is intra sexual selection?
Selection of mates between sexes
Selection of mates within sexes (eg competing for mates)
276
What are features of genome wide association studies?
Makes no assumptions abt which genes involved in AN
They look at specific genes in the body
Looks at the whole collection of human genes
They try to find a gene responsible for anorexia
277
What are weaknesses of the nature nurture debate?
Determinist to claim behaviour inherited,ignores environment
Reductionist to separate behaviour into nature or nurture
278
This means if they are raised by a criminal parent they will learn wrongdoing is acceptable...
True
False
279
What is research support from Maltby et al for the absorption addiction model?
Studied females with relationship w celeb with admired body
Correlation between level of worship+disordered functioning
Teens had poor body image
280
What was the study carried out by Helga Dittmar (2006) looking at?
Influence of Barbie dolls on self esteem
Culture bound syndromes
Influence of Kenn dolls on self esteem
Vicarious reinforcement
281
What are weaknesses of parasocial relationships?
Attachment link lacks support:insecure res no more likely
Cultural bias,p relationships more likely individ cultures
Lack explanatory power:doesnt explain why diff forms develop
Lacks temporal validity, online relationships more popular
282
Who came up with the absorption addiction model?
McCutcheon
Schmid and Klimmt
Maltby et al
283
What is overprotective?
Things are attempted to be kept the same
Lack of leadership, spend lots of time together
Obsessive nurturing,defend eachother from external threats
Family prevents and suppresses conflict
284
Sutherland's theory states that social experiences should clearly predict criminality....
False
True
285
How did Tienari et al support the diathesis stress model with Finnish adoptees + schizophrenia?
Likely to be Scz w a vulnerability+dysfunctional relations
They were biologically determined to have schizophrenia
They got schizophrenia from dysfunctional relations w family
286
What did Daniel Wenger ask people to or not to think about in his observation?
Black bear
White bear
White fox
Orange fox
287
What happens in the commitment stage?
The costs reduce and the rewards increase
The costs and rewards are firmly established
Relationship becomes stable
288
Bailer et al gave amphetamine to Ps to increase dopamine, what was found?
Healthy Ps=anxiety, AN Ps=pleasure
Healthy Ps=pleasure, AN Ps=anxiety
289
If crippled by guilt/anxiety+superego has strict rules, what kind of superego is this?
Over harsh
Perfectionist
Unforgiving
Inadequate
290
How does Hatfield criticise social exchange theory?
Argue it assumes relationships are exchanged based
Says it deals in concepts hard to quantify
Equal couples more satisfied than those overbenefitting
291
Who says that self disclosure influences attraction in 3 ways?
Collins and Miller
Altman and Taylor
Sprecher
292
Who proposed the 2 models of offender behaviour in geographical profiling; marauder, commuter?
Gary Copson (1995)
Kim Rossmo (1997)
Canter and Heritage (1990)
Canter and Larkin (1993)
293
A further limitation of SET is that research involves artificial tasks+conditions, why?
Realistic studies with real couples less supportive of SET
'partners' are just brought together for the study
Involves game playing
294
Steiner found sugar on tongues of babies produced positive facial expressions, true or false?
True
False
295
What is enmeshment?
Their identities get tied up w eachother,boundaries= fuzzy
Interactions are inflexible
all members avoid conflict
our experience of freedom
296
What are weaknesses of neural+hormonal mechanisms in eating behaviour?
Valassi et al argued that the model is oversimplified
Model mostly based on animal research, humans complex
Meals usually initiated by social factors eg eating times
297
SLT:how does media influence AN
Behaviour vicariously reinforced through seeing theirsuccess
Identify w media figures who have 'thin ideal'
It influences recovery of AN as it shows a variety of people
298
Why do we have preference for salt?
Because it is used in many cell functions
It has high energy
Because its high in calories and makes food palatible
299
How did Clark and Mills criticise social exchange theory?
It assumes all relationships are exchanged based
Communal relationships don't think about gaining profit
300
What are weaknesses of differential association theory?
Evidence of criminality in families could be genes not envir
Claims to be mathematical but hard to measure exposure
Determinist:not everyone exposed to pro crime commits crime
There is contradicting evidence from Copson
301
What is interpersonal coherence?
developing hypotheses about the offender
Offenders behaviour at scene reflecting normal situations
if they have committed a crime before
an indication of where the offender lives
302
Neural explanations:what dopamine levels are associated with anorexia?
Increased levels
Decreased levels
303
What are weaknesses of family systems theory?
Fam dysfunction may be consequence of AN daughter not cause
Trouble accounting for AN in males+AN not in adolescence
Aragona et al: fam of AN no more enmeshed than non AN fam
304
What are strengths of the nature nurture debate?
Debate relates to bio determinism+env determinism
Real world ap:recognising both=reasonable in studying behavi
There is support for interactionism - Tienari et al
305
What is crime reconstruction?
Generation of hypotheses abt the offender
Generation of hypotheses abt the behaviour and events
306
What are weaknesses of explanations for diet failure
Ironic processes exaggerated in lab experiments
Contradicting evidence from cornelissen et al
Ogden:individual diffs,theories don't apply to everyone
307
What is the aim of the FBI developed Top Down Approach?
Make pic of offender characteristics thru evidence analysis
Narrow list of likely suspects
308
Depth increases with breadth, true or false?
False
True
309
What is the threshold at the intra-psychic stage?
'I mean it'
'I would be justified in leaving'
'I can't stand this anymore'
'it's now inevitable'
310
What do twin studies suggest about anorexia?
It runs in families
That it does not run in families
311
What are strengths of self disclosure?
Blass:self disclosure is healthy in a relationship
Sprecher+Hendrick:correlation between satisfaction and SD
Self disclosure is true in all cultures
Real life app:help people increase intimacy+strengthen bond
312
In a normal brain empathy is permanently on, what did Keysers find?
Suggested that they have a neural switch turning on and off
Suggests their mirror neurons are always off
When criminals asked to empathise they did
The criminals could never empathise even when asked to
313
What is the case for reductionism?
Gives more complete understanding of behaviour
Forms basis of scientific research:greater credibility
Makes it possible to conduct experiments reliably
314
Intersexual selection: what is female strategy?
Quantity over quality:do best if reproduce frequently
Choosy:healthy+resourceful male, they invest more time etc
315
What does Berry argue that an ETIC approach looks at?
Behaviour outisde a culture+identifies universal behaviours
Certain cultures+identifies culture specific behaviours
316
What is Androcentrism?
Theories that ignore differences between the sexes.
Any characteristic that can be applied to all.
Theories suggesting there are real differences between sexes
when 'normal' behaviour is judged to a male standard
317
Why might someone with an overharsh superego unconsciously be driven to crime?
Satisfy superegos need for punishment
To rebel against the demands of the superego
318
What are strengths of defining and measuring crime?
Offender surveys provide further insight on crimes
It puts more criminals in jail
Victim surveys accurate:include crime not reported to police
There is a large amount of control in the surveys
319
Candidate Gene association study sequenced 152 candidate genes+found 1 gene which...
Is a definite cause of anorexia
Largely associated with AN
Codes 4 enzyme in cholesterol metabolism,AN=high cholesterol
320
Irrational beliefs give rise to negative thoughts such as?
All or nothing thinking
Negative triad
Catastrophising
Suicidal thoughts
321
What are weaknesses of the psychological explanations for obesity?
Savage et al:found restrained eating leads to weight loss
Ironic processes have minimal effects
There is contradicting evidence from Paracchini et al
2 restraint forms:rigid+flexible, rigid leads to obesity
322
What are the different types of determinism?
Hard, soft, cognitive, biological
Hard, soft, biological, environmental, psychic
Hard, soft, environmental, behavioural, cognitive
Biological, cognitive, behavioural
323
What will people who underbenefit feel?
shame
hostility
guilt
humiliation
324
What is a weakness of SLT as an explanation for anorexia?
Doesnt explain why AN not more common,could be diathesis
Cognitive distortions may not cause AN, undermining validity
There is contradicting evidence from cornelissen et al
325
How did Taylor find contradicting evidence for the matching hypothesis?
Dating site-sought meetings w people more PA than them
Found attractive ppl seen as more competent + knowledgeable
Found lonely people able to express true self more in CMC
326
How does Sutherlund say it should be possible to predict likely criminality?
Hypothetically
Mathematically
Scientifically
Carefully
327
What are weaknesses of gender bias?
May give scientific justification 2 deny women opportunities
Gender diffs based on essentialism:gender diff is inevitable
Sexism on research:Male researchers more likely published
328
What is holism?
Ppl and behaviour should be studied as a whole system
Breaking down behaviour into smaller units
329
The risk combo of these candidate genes means what?
Ppl 20x more likely to have history of violent disorder
Ppl 5x more likely to have history of violent disorder
Ppl 13x more likely to have history of violent disorder
330
In the investment model what does it suggest that commitment depends on?
Satisfaction level, CLalt, investment size
Comparison level and satisfaction
Satisfaction and investment size
331
What is the case for free will?
Consistent with the aims of science, objectivity
Roberts:belief in fate=high depression risk. Int LOC=healthy
Face validity: everyday experience always using free will
332
A neural explanation for offending may be antisocial personality disorder, what are features?
Lack of empathy
Their heart is a fraction smaller than the average person
Mirror neurons may not be turned on (empathy)
They don't talk to people
333
What are the levels of explanation for the same phenomena?
Sociocultural,adaptive,physiological,behavioural,physical
Sociocultural,psychological,physical,physiological,neurochem
Cultural,psychological,adaptive,neurochemical,behavioural
334
What is practical application of ducks model?
Let's couples know if their relationship is too far gone
Suggests repair strategies to help reverse process
335
What are the two things involved in self-disclosure?
Breadth
Depth
Width
Length
336
How is PMS an example of androcentrism?
It assumes that females are inferior due to their period
Social construct medicalising female emotion,making abnormal
337
Taste aversion is the innate ability to quickly learn to dislike potentially harmful foods...
True
False
338
What determinism is this: behaviour is caused by features of environment we can't control
Environmental determinism
Biological determinism
Behavioural determinism
Psychic determinism
339
Who proposed social exchange theory?
Walster
Duck
Rusbult
Thibault and Kelley
340
What are strengths of biological explanations for obesity?
Studies of mice w no 2C serotonin receptors develop obesity
Supporting evidence from Wardle and beales
Realistic future treatments eg drugs to correct deficiencies
341
Treasure+Schmid proposed cognitive interpersonal model, what is this?
Can't switch to adaptive way of thinking
Weight loss=solution to problem that no longer exists
Losing weight but can't see self as losing weight
342
What is a weakness of sexual selection as an explanation?
It can explain why people stay in abusive relationships
May not apply to all relationships
Ignores social+cultural influences, both must be considered
343
What is an example of when it's difficult to separate nature and nurture?
Mental illness is said to have been passed on in genes
Twin studies:shared genetics vs shared upbringing
344
The lateral hypothalamus is activated when glucose falls below a certain level, what happens?
Person becomes hungry + motivated to eat
Person becomes hungry but doesn't want to eat
Person is not hungry but is motivated to eat
345
How did Clarke and Hatfield support inter sexual selection (female choosiness) ?
Measured WHR preference of males for females
Survey: Male preference:reproductive capacity
Students asking ppl to sleep w them, no females agreed
346
What is beta bias?
Applying a theory tested on men to women
Assuming men+women are different when they're not
Assuming men+women similar when not
Exaggerate differences when may not be any
347
What are disadvantages to atavistic form?
The classification is too simple
It is scientific racism
Lombroso didn't use controls
It had a big contribution to criminology
348
Sprecher:pairs took turns asking Qs, either listened or disclosed then switched. What was found
Reciprocal disclosure= reported greater liking and closeness
Reciprocal disclosure = reported lack of connection
349
What hormones are involved in eating?
Ghrelin
neuropeptide Y
Melanin
Leptin
350
What does androcentrism lead to?
Assuming men and women similar when they're not
Women seen as inferior/abnormal when compared
Assuming men and women are different when they're not
351
Neural mechanisms: How does the hypothalamus influence eating behaviour?
Regulates fructose
Regulates oxygen level
Regulates carbon dioxide level
Regulates level of glucose
352
What are features of Herman and Polivy's boundary model?
Dieter set cognitive limit,when crossed=what the hell effect
larger zone of biological indifference,hungry easy full hard
What the hell effect=eat until physiological boundary
353
Weak superego forms if same sex parent absent during phallic stage, why is this?
The individual is crippled by guilt and anxiety
Can't internalise fully formed superego as no identification
354
Another form of interactionism is epigenetics, what is this?
Change in genetic activity w/out changing the genetic code
Changing behaviour w/out changing the genetic activity
355
Bruch added the need for autonomy+control, what is this?
The daughters privacy is impinged on
Daughter gains autonomy by disrupting relationship w mum
Daughter struggle for autonomy+control, mum doesn't accept
Daughter controls destiny by controlling body size
