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Edexcel Psychology: Learning Theories Flashcards | StudBud
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Edexcel Psychology: Learning Theories
Edexcel Psychology: Learning Theories
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Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Social Learning Theory Phobias Little Albert
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Questions
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Answers
1
An operant chamber is better known as a
Skinner box
Neophytou box
Watson box
Pavlov box
2
An example of a Neutral Stimulus used by Pavlov was:
An electric shock
Meat powder
Food
Metronome
3
Watson and Rayner (1920): Findings at sessions 4 and 5 (the new environment)
More extreme fear reaction
No findings
No fear reaction
Less extreme fear reaction
4
An example of positive reinforcement in a children’s nursery:
Relief from tidying up duty
Sitting on the naughty step
Time out
A star chart
5
Which is a basic assumption of the behaviourist approach?
The main influence on behaviour is genes.
Learning is influenced by private mental processes.
Learning processes in animals cannot be generalised to humans.
Learning should be studied scientifically in a laboratory.
6
An example of continuous reinforcement is paying a child
Every third time they wash up
You just don’t pay them. Child labour lol
Every time they wash up
Every third time on average
7
Classical Conditioning can explain:
Complex chains of behaviour
Why no one loves me
Imitation of a role model
Reflexes in new situations
8
Social Learning Theory: Bandura et al. (1963, 1965). Demand characteristics in Bandura et al.’s studies are a threat to
Reliability
Validity
Morals
Ethics
9
SLT: Bandura et al. (1961). Percentage of children in non-aggressive model condition who displayed any aggression
30.00%
50.00%
70.00%
32.00%
10
The goal of systematic desensitisation
Relaxation in presence of phobic stimulus
Exposure to phobic stimulus
Increase phobia
Anxiety hierarchy for phobic stimulus
11
A therapy in which reinforcement is used to systematically increase the frequency of a desired behaviour is
Shaping
Aversion
Behaviour modification
Controlling
12
Which of these is a good example of flooding?
An arachnophobic having a small spider placed in the next room
A zemmiphobic being given a giant mole rat to look at through window
A kinetonortaphobic being made to watch a zombie film in the front row
A lutraphobic seeing a small picture of a book about otters through glass
13
Complete the sentence: Operant conditioning is best described as a form of learning in which...
an observer imitates the behaviour of a role model
new behaviour is produced that avoids an unpleasant concequence
a behaviour is shaped and maintaned by its concequences
a stimulus is associated with a response
14
Study that supports a social learning explanation of phobias
Mower’s study of rats
Maslow
Watson and Rayner’s study of Little Albert
Cook and Mineka’s study of monkeys
15
Example of flooding
Arachnophobic watching a small spider through glass
Zemmiphobic looking at a picture of a mole rat
Kinemortaphobic watching in the front row at a zombie film
Coulrophobia Looking at pictures of clowns
16
Which of the following is not normally part of systematic desensitisation?
Gradually increasing exposure to the phobic stimulus
Constructing an anxiety hierarchy
Learning relaxation procedures
Massive immediate exposure to the phobic stimulus
17
According to Pavlov's research into classical conditioning, which of these is an example of the unconditioned response?
Bell
Food
Salivation
No response
18
Commonly used as a UCS in aversion therapy:
An unfamiliar photograph
A painful shock
A nice smell
A nice brisk walk
19
Which of the following applies to systematic desensitisation?
It is unsuitable for patients with learning difficulties
It has a high dropout rate
It is acceptable to most patients
It has very limited application
20
The two-process model of phobias involves
Operant conditioning only
Classical and opearnt conditionaing
Social learning only
Classical conditioning only
21
An example of negative punishment:
A smack
A high five
A fine
Being shouted at
22
Social Learning Theory: Bandura et al. (1961). The children were frustrated during the procedure because
They saw an aggressive model
Children are naturally aggressive
It was fun for the researchers
It would make it more likely that they would display aggression later
23
A case study of learning a phobia by classical conditioning involved
Little Peter
Little Mix
Little Albert
Little Hans
24
Watson and Rayner (1920): A potential weakness of the Little Albert study
Well controlled
No practical applications
Hard to generalise from a single participant
No experimental controls
25
Advantage of systematic desensitisation compared to flooding
Its more fun
It is less traumatic
It is more effective
It is quicker
26
Which of the following is not a mediational process in the social learning approach?
Retention
Application
Attention.
Motivation
27
A weakness of Pavlov’s work:
Practical application
Experimental controls
Generalisability to humans
Pavlov preferred to be a Priest
28
Social Learning Theory: Bandura et al. (1963, 1965). The main independent variable in the 1963 study
The nature of the model
The amount of children
The amount of frustration
The consequence of the modelled aggression
29
Social learning provides a theoretical basis to understanding the effect of
Animal aggression
Social media use
Media violence
Internet addiction
30
UCS that might lead to the acquisition of a phobia
A painful bite or sting
Some fresh fruit
Gentle music
A nice cup of tea
31
The rat would recieve a shock and learned that if it pressed a lever, it would not receive a shock. What’s this?
Punishment
Partial reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
32
The phenomenon in which we respond to a stimulus that is similar to an existing conditioned stimulus is called:
Extinction
Generalisation
Operant conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
33
Watson and Rayner (1920): The stimulus that triggered the initial fear response in the child
Genetics
A loud noise
Wooden blocks
Cotton wool
34
An example of vicarious reinforcement, a child
Sees a TV character get what they want by hitting a bad guy
Is rewarded for hitting a classmate by getting to eat his lunch
Imitates the behaviour of their local vicar
Gets punished for showing aggression
35
An ethical issue with the use of behaviour modification
Lack of evidence for effectiveness
Maintenance of individual liberty
Unpleasant side effects
No informed consent
36
Social Learning Theory: Bandura et al. (1963, 1965). Results of the studies may not extend to real life because
Aggression to a doll may not generalise to humans
The situation was very lifelike
The experimental controls were very poor
Children dont act like adults
37
Why might flooding be considered to be superior to systematic desensitisation?
It is more effective for those who complete the treatment
It works for a wide range of phobias
It is suitable for a wider range of patients
It is less traumatic
38
In the two-process model, phobias are maintained through
Operant conditioning
Flooding
Social learning
Classical conditioning
39
A stimulus that produces a response without learning is called
The neutral Stimulus
The conditioned Stimulus
The unconditioned stimulus
The learnt stimulus
40
Variable ratio reinforcement schedules lead to
Very quick behaviour change
Behaviour change that is hard to extinguish
Highly consistent behaviour
41
Watson and Rayner (1920): Albert’s age at the end of the study
1 year 1 month
12 months, 3 weeks
11 months, 1 week
9 months, 2 weeks
42
Which is a limitation of the two-process model?
It can't explain how phobias are maintained over time
There is no supporting evidence
It can't explain preparedness for certain phobias
It can't explain how fear of dogs might be acquired
43
In SLT someone who demonstrates a behaviour is the
Poser
Legend
Subject
Model
44
Means we cannot have two conflicting states at the same time
Spontaneous recovery
Vicarious Reinforcement
Reciprocal inhibition
Opposites
45
An example of Pavlov’s experimental controls
A different bell being rang
The soundproof chamber
A dog is for life, not just for Christmas
The same dog in all experiments
46
Cognitive process that comes first in the social learning of a behaviour
Reproduction
Attention
Modification
Retention
47
Social Learning Theory: Bandura et al. (1961). The design of this study involved
Matching participants of aggressiveness
Independent samples
Studying children over a long period of time
Comparing younger children to older children
48
An example of a secondary reinforce:
Shelter
Cash
Food
Sex
49
What reinforces avoidance in the two-process model?
Anxiety reduction
Positive reinforcement
Preparedness
Safety cues
50
Social Learning Theory: Bandura et al. (1963, 1965). The main independent variable in the 1965 study
Gender
The consequence of the modelled aggression
The amount of frustration
The nature of the model
51
In the two-process model, phobias are acquired through
Social learning
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Being a scaredy cat
52
Which statement about the social learning theory is false?
Role models need not be real but may be symbolic.
Motor reproduction and motivation are more likely to be involved.
Attention and retention are more likely to be involved
Learning and performance always occur together.
53
Social Learning Theory: Bandura et al. (1961). Participants in this study were
36 children
72 adults
74 Children
36 boys and 36 girls
54
According to Pavlov's research into classical conditioning, which of these is an example of the neutral stimulus?
No response
Salivation
Bell
Food
55
Which one of the following statements about Bandura's Bobo doll experiment is false?
Kids were more likely to imitate aggression that was rewarded
Kids who saw the model punished were more likely to imitate aggression
The experiments support the idea that learning can often occur indirectly
Children may be influenced by what they see in the media.
56
According to Pavlov's research into classical conditioning, which of these is an example of the unconditioned stimulus?
No response
Food
Bell
Salivation
57
The Dependent variable in Pavlov’s experiments:
Metronome
Bell
Meat powder
Salivation
