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AP Exam Review
AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
130 cards
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Questions
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Answers
1
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
cortex
location of injury
spinal cord
2
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
social charm
3
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a partial reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
4
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
Rene Decartes
G. Stanley Hall
5
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the observational group
the control group
the experimental group
the correlational group
6
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
7
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
the principle of collectivism
display rules
8
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
9
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
shared inhibition
strange situation
10
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
11
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
reticular formation
12
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
syntax
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
13
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
closure
constancy
symmetry
14
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
individualism
collectivism
attributionism
functionalism
15
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rat
fear reaction
loud noise
rabbit
16
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
avoidance learning
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
17
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
cognitive
humanistic
psychoanalytic
behavioral
18
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
behaviorism
psychoanalysis
functionalism
neodynamism
19
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
20
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
observational learning
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
21
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
cochlea
temporal lobe
oval window
22
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
crystallized
episodic
procedural
fluid
23
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
stage 2
REM
stage 1
24
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an internal attribution
an external attribution
a situational attribution
a distinctive attribution
25
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
intelligence
mentalism
introspection
26
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
cross-sectional
time of testing
longitundinal
27
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
reticular formation
brainstem
cerebellum
28
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
groupthink
conformity
cognitive dissonance
29
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
reiteration
recall
recognition
30
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
pseudoinsomnia
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
insomnia
31
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
32
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
basis for performing pro-social behavior
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
33
The superego is Freud's term for...
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
34
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
acetylcholine
endorphin
serotonin
dopamine
35
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
stimulus discrimination
selection
shaping
step-wise conditioning
36
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
reinforcement
operant conditioning
observational learning
37
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a narcotic
a sedative
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
38
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
insight learning
latent learning
39
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
a false alarm
40
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
41
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
prenatals
teratogens
pathogens
42
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
psychological tests
questionnaires
physiological recordings
43
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
thalamus
44
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
i wanted a cookie
I eated a cookie
give cookie
45
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
punishment
46
Which of the following is NOT one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
musical
spatial
logical-mathemathical
mechanical
47
The last area of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
48
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
criterion-related validity
content validity
predictive validity
standardized validity
49
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
saturation
brightness
light purity
50
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the availability heuristic
51
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
anal
genital
latency
52
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
antagonists
neurotransmitters
agonists
53
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
54
Framing refers to...
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting irrelevant information
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
55
What kind of validity does the SAT strive for?
absolute
content
criterion-related
construct
56
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
conversion disorder
fugue
panic disorder
persistent depressive disorder
57
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
58
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
conventional
concrete
preconventional
59
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
extinction
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
60
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a heuristic observation
a self-serving attribution
a contravened stereotype
61
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the proximodistal trend
encephalitis
the cephalocaudal trend
the cephalopedal trend
62
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
retroactive interference
63
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
64
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
65
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
happiness
fear
sadness
surprise
66
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
platonic
mnemonic
phonemic
67
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
a projective test
a deceptive test
68
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
moving a part of his body
seeing a flash of light
69
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
long-term
intermediate-term
short-term
70
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
temperament
behavioral quality
attachment
personality
71
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
feeding
memory
sex drive
72
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
exposure to light
73
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
lens
cornea
iris
vitreous humor
74
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
75
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
sensory memories
76
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
conservation
centration
reversibility
egocentrism
77
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a social psychologist
78
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
gender roles
79
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
regression
displacement
fixation
compensation
80
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
retrieved
encoded
modeled
81
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
car-nose
fill-feed
tree-bird
boat-goat
82
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
predictability
accuracy of inference
representativeness
83
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
84
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
psychological instability
physiological instability
physiological stability
85
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
86
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
offense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
id mechanisms
87
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
MRI
EEG
CT
PET
88
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
partial storage
complete storage failure
89
A perceptual set implies that...
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
90
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test scales
test levels
test norms
91
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
gustatory bulbs
smell buds
olfactory cilia
sciatic receptors
92
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
sensory memory
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
absolute threshold
93
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
94
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
midpoint
mean
median
95
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
96
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
97
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
abstract operations
physical interaction
98
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
sing a song
tie shoe laces
print letters
fear the dark
99
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
irrational thoughts
100
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
fast-mapping
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
101
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
deindividuation
conformity
group polarization
102
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
reasoning
intelligence
creativity
103
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
the refractory period
104
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
not really been asleep
not been dreaming
a headache
105
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the gambler's fallacy
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
106
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
alpha
delta
beta
gamma
107
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an intelligence test
an achievement test
an aptitude test
a personality test
108
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
109
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
110
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
hallucinations
illusions
obsessions
delusions
111
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
schema
chunk
semantic network
112
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
conscious experience
the unconscious
the brain
113
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
114
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
115
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
top-down processing
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
116
Anhedonia is when a person...
has two different psychological disorders
experiences mild manic states
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has trouble getting along with people
117
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
118
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
light
food/meat powder
tone
119
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
cultural direction
120
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
a phobia
a delusion
an obsession
121
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were put into a simulated prison
122
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
123
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
investment differentiations
display rules
social scripts
124
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
tumor ligation
lesioning
125
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
126
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
127
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
avoidance therapy
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
128
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
repression
129
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
high in agreeableness
low in openness
low in extraversion
130
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
loudness
decibels
pitch
