stud
bud
Sign up
Log in
Home
Library
Explore
SAT
More
AP Final Exam Review (2025) Flashcards | StudBud
Explore
/
AP Final Exam Review (2025)
AP Final Exam Review (2025)
93 terms
·
StudBud Administration
·
98 plays
Imported from external platform
Flashcards
93 cards
F
Practice quiz
P
Host live
L
Questions
93
Answers
1
This netlike collection of cells throughout the midbrain controls body arousal and the ability to focus our attention.
cerebellum
reticular formation
hippocampus
amygdala
2
Which of these would be most helpful for smelling a fresh batch of cookies?
iris
olfactory bulb
papillae
tympanic membrane
3
You receive a free sandwich after the fifth, eighth, and eleventh sandwich you buy. What type of schedule is this?
continuous
fixed-ratio
fixed-interval
variable-ratio
4
Schizophrenia has often been linked to an excess of __________.
serotonin
dopamine
GABA
epinephrine
5
When you give a dog a treat when he sits on command, that is an example of __________.
positive reinforcement
observational learning
negative reinforcement
taste aversion
6
Blindness could be the result of damage to the visual cortex in the __________.
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
frontal lobe
7
Weber’s law can help compute which of the following?
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
the difference threshold
perceptual set
8
The correlation coefficient between student absences and student achievement = -0.78. This means that
as student absences decrease, so does student achievement
as student absences increase, so does student achievement
as student absences increase, student achievement decreases
student absences have little to no correlation to student achievement
9
Flip books create the illusion of motion by using which of the following?
the stroboscopic effect
the visual cliff
the placebo effect
relative size
10
The unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s experiments with dogs was __________.
fear
food
the ringing of the bell
salivation
11
The iris is a muscle that regulates the size of the __________ through which light enters.
retina
pupil
cornea
lens
12
Researchers used __________ to investigate how humans perceive images as a whole rather than by individual elements.
eclectic therapy
Gestalt psychology
humanism
behaviorism
13
Sweet
,
sour
,
salty
, and
bitter
are all terms associated with which of the following?
ganglion cells
place theory
gustation
kinesthetic sense
14
When researchers opt to observe participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them, it is __________.
single blind
case study method
correlation method
naturalistic observation
15
This determines whether or not findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was selected.
inferential statistics
statistical significance
descriptive statistics
correlational method
16
According to the contingency model of classical conditioning, learning is due to the __________.
schedule of reinforcement
repeated pairing of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
expectation the unconditioned stimulus will follow the conditioned stimulus
principle of continuous reinforcement
17
All of the following are stages of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Theory EXCEPT
trust versus mistrust
sensorimotor versus preoperational
autonomy versus shame and doubt
initiative versus guilt
18
Which of these scenarios best illustrates
negative punishment
?
A parent sternly lectures a teenager who misses curfew.
A parent stops lecturing once the teenager cleans his room.
A parent gives a teenager his allowance once he cleans his room.
A parent takes away a cell phone when a teenager misses curfew.
19
Cognition and reactions might be caused by the effects of all of the following EXCEPT
genes
somnambulism
hormones
neurotransmitters
20
Which of the following brain structures plays an important role in emotional regulation and directing thought processes?
prefrontal cortex
cerebellum
amygdala
reticular formation
21
Giving a child a new toy after she picks up her toys 3 times in a row is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
variable-ratio
fixed-ratio
fixed-interval
variable-interval
22
Which of the following could be an operational definition of
excitement
in an experiment?
being filled with enthusiasm
having an increased heart rate
possessing anticipatory emotions
displaying a feeling of anticipation
23
What method allows the researcher to show an independent variable has an effect on a dependent variable?
experimental method
naturalistic observation
ethnography
correlational method
24
Theoretically, random assignment should eliminate ________.
the need to analyze data with statistics
concerns over validity or reliability
sampling error
differences between participants in the experimental and control groups
25
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
stirrup
temporal lobe
oval window
26
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
bottom-to-top processing
ateral processing
top-down processing
27
As people get older, their __________ intelligence tends to stabilize or may even increase.
crystallized
abstract
analytic
fluid
28
Bo has used the data he collected & organized to draw a conclusion and to make a prediction. This is an example of
delusional behavior
descriptive statistics
a case study
inferential statistics
29
All of the following have been categorized as core virtues or character strengths in positive psychology EXCEPT
humanity
extravagance
wisdom
justice
30
Identify the dependent variable:
If teens play violent video games, then they will be more likely to commit violent acts
violent acts
violent video games
31
Which best describes this distribution?
positively skewed
negatively skewed
bimodal
normal
32
If your teacher quizzes you every three days, studying is being reinforced on a __________ schedule.
variable interval
variable ratio
fixed-interval
fixed-ratio
33
This part of the brain controls blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing.
medulla
midbrain
hindbrain
pons
34
Responsible for controlling the muscles involved in producing speech, Broca’s area is located where in the body?
occipital lobe
parietal lobe
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
35
The correlation coefficient between SAT scores and IQ scores = 0.82. This means that
SAT scores have little to no correlation to IQ scores
as SAT scores increase, IQ scores decrease
as SAT scores decrease, IQ scores increase
as SAT scores increase, so do IQ scores
36
The more students practice their band instruments, the fewer mistakes they make. This is a _____.
strong correlation
positive correlation
negative correlation
spurious correlation
37
Which of the following are most numerous in the human eye?
ganglion cells
cones
rods
bipolar cells
38
Bandura, Ross, and Ross’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrated __________.
insight learning
observational learning
atent learning
abstract learning
39
Learning by watching and copying someone is called __________.
instrumental learning
modeling
the law of effect
latent learning
40
According to Piaget’s cognitive development theory, what is one of the first schemes that humans learn as infants?
object permanence
information processing
preconventional reasoning
conservation of volume
41
Which best describes this distribution?
negatively skewed
normal
positively skewed
bimodal
42
This neurotransmitter is responsible for motor movement.
dopamine
acetylcholine
serotonin
GABA
43
This part of the peripheral nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements.
parasympathetic nervous system
somatic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
44
This is a process used to put participants into a group (experimental or control) without bias.
random sampling
random assignment
structured interview
group matching
45
A perceptual set implies that...
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
46
A(n) ________ is a conjecture that expresses a relationship between two variables.
sampling
operational definition
hypothesis
observation
47
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
insight learning
latent learning
48
Which of the following is
not
considered ethical according to the APA's Code of Ethics?
sharing results that are undesirable to the participants
debriefing
deception
informed consent
49
What is the brain structure most closely involved in our memory system?
corpus callosum
hippocampus
pons
reticular formation
50
This diagnostic test detects brain waves and is used in sleep research to identify stages of sleep and dreaming.
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emissions tomography
computerized axial tomography
electroencephalogram
51
A statistically significant result is _____.
important
unlikely to be due to chance
positive
negative
52
Which of these is NOT a common measure of central tendency?
mode
standard deviation
mean
median
53
The cocktail party effect (e.g., rerouting your attention when hearing your name at a loud party) demonstrates ________.
transduction
selective attention
visuospatial sketchpad
proximity
54
Differences between experimental and control groups (other than the independent variable) are _____.
confounding variables
dependent variables
unreliable variables
secondary variables
55
The variable that the experimenter manipulates is the
confounding variable
dependent variable
independent variable
control variable
56
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
reinforcement
57
Identify the independent variable:
If teachers assign more homework, then their AP scores will increase.
the amount of homework
AP test scores
58
Behaviorists explain human thought and behavior in terms of __________.
validity
the unconscious mind
conditioning
introspection
59
You earned a perfect score on your test, but everyone else failed. If this distribution were graphed, it would be _____.
symmetrical
positively skewed
normal
negatively skewed
60
A monocular depth cue in which objects that overlap other objects are perceived to be closer is called __________.
retinal disparity
shadowing
interposition
linear perspective
61
In this type of study, neither the participant nor the researcher knows to which group a participant has been assigned.
convenience sampling
double-blind study
single-blind study
stratified sampling
62
According to this theory, we have 3 types of cones in our retinas and each detects a different primary color of light.
trichromatic theory
frequency theory
opponent-process theory
place theory
63
Bo has collected a lot of data and organized it into charts & graphs. This is an example of
inferential statistics
descriptive statistics
delusional behavior
the experimental method
64
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
fear reaction
loud noise
rat
rabbit
65
What principle is illustrated by going inside an air-conditioned building when it’s really hot outside?
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
positive reinforcement
negative punishment
66
What is the process called when you are first teaching a new behavior and you reward the behavior each time it occurs?
variable-ratio schedule
continuous reinforcement
fixed-interval schedule
instinctive drift
67
Which research method should be chosen to answer a research question that includes a causal inference?
survey
case study
experiment
naturalistic observation
68
This refers to when new connections are formed in the brain to take over for damaged sections.
lesioning
linguistic processing
brain plasticity
contralateral control
69
What is the most commonly occurring score in a distribution?
mode
range
standard deviation
median
70
Opiates act as agonists for this neurotransmitter.
dopamine
endorphins
GABA
serotonin
71
Transduction takes place in which structure in the eye?
retina
pupil
lens
cornea
72
Some people need glasses because this structure in their eye can no longer focus light effectively.
cornea
lens
pupil
retina
73
All of these are primary reinforcers EXCEPT
money
rest
food
water
74
Ethical guidelines for psychological research are established by the _____.
American Psychological Association
Department of Mental Health
U.S. Department of Ethics in Research
Institutional Review Board
75
As per the correlational method, ______ between two things means the presence of one predicts the presence of the other.
a positive correlation
a neutral correlation
a negative correlation
a third variable
76
Which of the following is a binocular depth cue?
convergence
texture gradient
interposition
relative size
77
QuizAn inability to think hypothetically reflects a lack of __________.
concrete operations
conservation
classification
formal operations
78
CAT and MRI scans provide what kind of information about the brain?
psychological diagnosis
function
neural activity
structure
79
Preferring stimuli we’ve seen before, even if we don’t remember seeing them, is an example of what phenomenon?
top-down processing
mere-exposure effect
bottom-up processing
rapid eye movement
80
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
spinal cord
location of injury
thalamus
81
What does the cerebellum regulate?
emotions
memory
muscle movement
arousal
82
The 3 major categories of the entire human brain are the __________.
neurons, synapses, and cerebral cortex
lower, middle, and upper brain
old brain, new brain, and cerebral cortex
hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
83
This type of developmental psychology research method examines one group of participants over a long period of time.
a structured interview
cross-sectional research
debriefing
longitudinal research
84
What type of study is it when only the participants do not know to which group they have been assigned?
Likert scale study
survey method
double-blind study
single-blind study
85
What is the correct term for drugs that block neurotransmitters from being absorbed into dendrites?
agonists
hallucinogens
antagonists
depressants
86
Which sampling method guarantees that every person in a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample?
stratified
random
representative
matrix
87
Learning is synonymous with __________.
extinction
acquisition
generalization
spontaneous recovery
88
Recognizing that one whole pizza is the same as 8 separate slices is an example of what principle?
overregularization
zone of proximal development
conservation of area
conservation of number
89
QuizResearch indicates that the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus are important for which human drive?
hunger
violence
sex
affection
90
Which of the following reflexes help babies find a food source?
rooting
Babinski
Moro
grasping
91
This theory consists of 8 stages, each centering on a specific social conflict (e.g., trust vs. mistrust).
ecological systems theory
psychosocial stage theory
cognitive development theory
attachment theory
92
According to Jean Piaget’s stage theory, how do human beings learn?
through assimilation and accommodation
through retroactive and proactive memory
through operant and classical conditioning
through reliability and validity
93
Which of these is an example of top-down processing?
perceptual set
the Müller-Lyer illusion
the phi phenomenon
proximity
