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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud
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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
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Questions
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Answers
1
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
insight
reasoning
intelligence
2
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
put information into long-term memory
3
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
4
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time awake
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
5
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
punishment
observational learning
operant conditioning
6
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
perception
attention
sensation
7
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
attributionism
functionalism
individualism
collectivism
8
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
an obsession
a phobia
a compulsion
a delusion
9
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
law of small numbers
availability heuristic
10
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
lens
cornea
vitreous humor
11
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
physiological recordings
questionnaires
psychological tests
12
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
13
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
pancreas
thyroid gland
sebaceous gland
14
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
cognition
introspection
mentalism
15
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
pineal gland
thalamus
16
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
repression
17
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
cerebellum
brainstem
reticular formation
18
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
unrealistic demands from family/friends
19
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous sleep
remain in continuous wakefulness
20
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
crystallized
procedural
fluid
episodic
21
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
syntax
morphemes
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
22
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
sensory
short-term
intermediate-term
23
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the gambler's fallacy
24
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
midpoint
mean
median
25
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
26
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
unconditioning
conditioned forgetting
spontaneous remission
27
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
partial storage
partial retrieval
28
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
physical interaction
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
29
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
occipital cortex
medulla
30
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
shaping
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
selection
31
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
concrete
postconventional
conventional
32
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
33
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cultural direction
stereotypes
schematizing
cognitive structuring
34
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
low in openness
high in agreeableness
35
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
sleep apnea
insomnia
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
36
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
morphemic
phonemic
platonic
37
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
a heuristic observation
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
38
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
39
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
40
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
a headache
41
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
social charm
manipulative behavior
excessive guilt
42
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
cookie
I eated a cookie
43
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
offense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
44
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a developmental psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a social psychologist
a forensic psychologist
45
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
conformity
deindividuation
social loafing
group polarization
46
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
cognitive
psychoanalytic
behavioral
humanistic
47
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized tomography
48
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
basis for performing pro-social behavior
halo effect in aggression
49
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
cognitive dissonance
groupthink
conformity
50
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
after autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
51
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
fixation
regression
compensation
52
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
criterion-related
construct
absolute
53
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
observational learning
positive reinforcement
54
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
cyclical
bipolar
unipolar
55
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scores
test levels
test scales
test norms
56
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
memory
the autonomic nervous system
the endocrine system
57
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the law of cognitive dissonance
the reciprocity norm
display rules
the principle of collectivism
58
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
temporal lobe
cochlea
stirrup
oval window
59
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
tumor ligation
lesioning
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
60
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
observational learning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
61
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
acetylcholine
serotonin
dopamine
endorphin
62
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
Sperry's area
Broca's area
63
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
64
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
65
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
an amphetamine
a sedative
a narcotic
66
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
conservation
egocentrism
reversibility
67
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
location of injury
thalamus
spinal cord
cortex
68
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
69
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
rat
rabbit
fear reaction
70
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
cross-sectional
longitundinal
time of testing
sequential
71
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
loudness
timbre
decibels
72
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
73
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
closure
constancy
similiarity
symmetry
74
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
conditioned emotional reactions
75
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
modeled
encoded
retrieved
76
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
functionalism
neodynamism
77
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
mood
schizophrenic
personality
78
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
avoidance therapy
systematic desensitization
79
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
80
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
81
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender roles
gender differences
gender behaviors
gender stereotypes
82
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
behavior is to motive
feeling is to thinking
thought is to perception
attitude is to action
83
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
temperament
attachment
personality
behavioral quality
84
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
heroin
marijuana
mescaline
85
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
fugue
bipolar disorder
conversion disorder
86
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
spatial
logical-mathemathical
musical
mechanical
87
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
hallucinations
obsessions
illusions
delusions
88
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a percentile score
a potential score
IQ
mental age
89
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
90
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
drive theory
instinct theory
91
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
92
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
olfactory cilia
sciatic receptors
gustatory bulbs
93
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
latent learning
insight learning
94
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the proximodistal trend
encephalitis
the cephalocaudal trend
the cephalopedal trend
95
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
reinforcement
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
96
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
97
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retrograde amnesia
retroactive interference
anterograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
98
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
sensation
consciousness
hypnosis
perception
99
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
self-serving bias
attributions
stereotypes
prejudices
100
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a deceptive test
a behavior rating
a projective test
a self-report inventory
101
What is somnambulism?
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
102
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
endocrine system
reticular formation
103
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
investment differentiations
display rules
parental investments
social scripts
104
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
105
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring dissent from group members
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
106
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
content validity
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
standardized validity
107
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
semantic network
chunk
schema
108
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
recognition
recall
reiteration
109
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
110
According to the medical model...
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
111
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
112
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
113
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 4
stage 1
stage 2
REM
114
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
shared inhibition
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
strange situation
115
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
agonists
antagonists
neurotransmitters
116
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
salivation
food/meat powder
light
117
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological stability
psychological instability
psychological stability
physiological instability
118
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the observational group
the experimental group
the control group
119
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
delta
alpha
gamma
beta
120
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
121
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
prenatals
opiates
teratogens
pathogens
122
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
post-conventional moral reasoning
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
123
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
intelligence; standardized
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
124
Anhedonia is when a person...
experiences mild manic states
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has two different psychological disorders
has trouble getting along with people
125
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
happiness
surprise
fear
126
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
top-down processing
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
lateral processing
127
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
the brain
conscious experience
the unconscious
128
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
escape learning
an unconditioned response
129
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
moving a part of his body
seeing a flash of light
smelling an odor
130
A perceptual set implies that...
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
131
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an external attribution
a situational attribution
a distinctive attribution
an internal attribution
132
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
133
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
genital
anal
oral
latency
134
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
William James
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
135
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
136
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
activation-synthesis theory
None of the Above
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
137
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
light purity
brightness
saturation
138
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
boat-goat
tree-bird
car-nose
139
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
percentiles
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
140
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
pituitary
thyroid
gonads
141
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
sing a song
print letters
142
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
cannabis
sedatives
narcotics
alcohol
143
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
irrational thoughts
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
144
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
a personality test
145
Framing refers to...
presenting only part of the information required
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
146
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
representativeness
predictability
accuracy of inference
147
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
a variety of environmental factors
group differences in basic intelligence
148
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
149
A valid test is one that...
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
is consistent
150
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
frustration
pressure
conflict
