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AP Psych Exam Review
AP Psych Exam Review
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1
what is the principle tool used in all forms of psychotherapy
cognitive-behavioral interventions
talking to a patient
secondary preventions
biomedical interventions
2
Sherif's Robbers Cave study indicates that this principle best reduces tensions between groups
diffusion of responsibility
superordinate goals
group polarization
deindividuation
3
Which part of the brain is "newest" in an evolutionary sense
cerebellum
cerebral cortex
pons
hypothalamus
4
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe
observational learning
instrumental learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
5
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
variances
normally distributed
outliers
modes
6
A teacher ignoring her students' prior grades so her opinion of them is not influenced avoids
fundamental attribution error
cognitive dissonance
self-serving bias
self-fulfilling prophecy
7
seeing someone at the grocery store and remembering their name is an example of
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
retroactive memory
recall
episodic memory
8
Runners in a park increase their speed when another runner comes into view. This illustrates
social facilitation
disinhibition
social roles
conformity
9
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
achieving physiological homeostasis
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
10
which of the following is most likely to lead to a confabulated memory
relearning effect
proactive interference
brain injury
leading questions
11
An EEG of Cyrus after he has been asleep for about an hour would show primarily
alpha waves
beta waves
delta waves
sleep spindles
12
which 2 competing theories explain the effects of hypnosis
role theory and dissociation theory
circadian rhythm and paradoxical sleep
manifest content and latent content
conscious level and non conscious level
13
Which of the following is found in Jung's model of the collective unconscious
repressed memories
inferiority complexes
archetypes
functional fixedness
14
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the WISC (M: 100, SD:15)
68
84
50
95
15
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
James-Lange theory of emotion
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
Yerkes-Dodson law
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
16
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
random sampling
assignment to conditions
random assignment
representative assignment
17
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified
avoidance-avoidance
approach-approach
she does not have a conflict
approach-avoidance
18
Which structure is located at the most central and protected part of the brain
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
sensory cortex
medulla
19
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
retinal disparity
closure
convergence
linear perspective
20
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
opponent-process theory
gate-control theory
frequency theory
transduction theory
21
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the role of the hippocampus in memory
the reconstructive nature of memory
the rate at which people forget information
the serial position effect
22
How would a psychometrician interpret an IQ score of 145
three standard deviations above the mean of 100
slightly above average
the person has high verbal bot low logical intelligence
well below the average of 200
23
At what age is the onset of schizophrenia most typical
puberty
mid 30s
late 40s
early 20s
24
which of the following most impacts the speed of motor development
early gross motor practice
secure attachment with parents
myelination of brain neurons
concrete operational exercises
25
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
unconditioned response
spontaneous recovery
26
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
achievement
triarchic
projective
standardized
27
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another
hormones jump from one axon to the next
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
physical contact between dendrites
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft
28
Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage is most closely related to Freud's
oral stage
latency period
anal stage
phallic stage
29
After a natural disaster Faye says, "Serves them right for not having better warning systems."
Barnum effect
just world bias
false consensus effect
self-serving bias
30
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
episodic memory
eidetic memory
semantic memory
procedural memory
31
4YO Kate sits right in front of all the other kids to watch a magician. According to Piaget,
Kate cannot reason hypothetically
Kate is demonstrating egocentrism
Kate has a lack of conservation
Kate lacks object permanence
32
According to Freud, what is the dominant factor in determining our personality traits
unconscious conflicts
genetics and nutrition
secondary drives and needs
parenting styles
33
the somatic nervous system is part of the
sympathetic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
autonomic nervous system
central nervous system
34
an A+ grade in a class is which kind of reinforcer
partial
continuous
primary
secondary
35
What would Piaget test to see if a child is in pre-operational or concrete operational stage
object permanence
conservation
universal ethical principles
attachment
36
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
crystallized intelligence
aptitude intelligence
fluid intelligence
multiple intelligences
37
A person who experiences flashbacks after a serious car accident is likely to be diagnosed with
post-traumatic stress disorder
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
dissociative identity disorder
38
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
modeling
positive reinforcement
39
Which technique would be most helpful in avoiding the problems associated with groupthink
encouraging contrary opinions within the group
responding to deindividuation among group members
identifying approach-avoidance conflicts
increasing group polarization within different groups
40
counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach
REBT
client-centered therapy
token economies
systematic desensitization
41
Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states personality results from the interaction of
rewards, punishments, and reinforcers
genetics, the unconscious, and social facilitation
id, ego, and superego
traits, the environment, and behavior
42
Dan is a toddler who avoids eye contact and resists to changes to routine. He shows symptoms of
Down syndrome
autism spectrum disorder
fetal alcohol syndrome
mental retardation
43
en route
to the visual cortex, information from the eyes' retinas crosses at the
optic nerve
optic chiasm
fovea
feature detectors
44
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
45
Which question would be most useful to test Kohlberg's idea of pre & post-conventional morality
If 3 are taken from a group of 12, how many are left
should you tell a small lie to not hurt someone's feelings
at what age can children reason abstractly
what is the best way to respond to a baby crying in her crib
46
which technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias
counterbalancing
double blind study
Hawthorne effect
single blind study
47
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
latent learning
the law of effect
the overjustification effect
social learning theory
48
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
semantic encoding
long-term potentiation
proactive interference
state-dependent memory
49
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
50
Which of the therapies below is no longer used to treat patients
prefrontal lobotomy
free association
electro-convulsive shock therapy
gestalt therapy
51
According to Kohlberg, in order to reason at the postconventional level, people must
resolve the integrity vs. despair conflict
believe in God
have been exposed to good, moral role models
be able to take another person's perspective
52
What was one of the factors that increased conformity in Asch's studies
placebo effect
wearing guard uniforms
presence of an authority figure
size of the group
53
what kinds of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time
intrinsic motivation
primary drives
extrinsic motivation
need for achievement
54
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
55
Sigmund Freud made this perspective popular in Western Europe at the turn of the 20th century
psychoanalytic
cognitive
evolutionary
behavioral
56
children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to
hemispheric lateralization
contralateral control
neuroplasticity
effective psychological environment
57
What area of psychology focuses on subjective well-being, optimism, self-esteem, and happiness
psychometrics
positive psychology
social psychology
health psychology
58
Pat is laughing because she just won the lottery. Sal thinks she is a fun person. Sal's opinion
is influenced by the just world hypothesis
is influenced by the self-serving bias
is influenced by the fundamental attribution error
is influenced by the norm of reciprocity
59
Garcia and Koelling's research on aversions established which UCS/CS pairs as most powerful
performing a task and receiving food
movement and electrical shocks
nausea and food or drink
punishment and aversion
60
According to humanist theory, psychological disorders are most likely caused by
neurochemical imbalances
unfulfilled needs
learned associations
unhealthy attributional styles
61
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept is related to this statement
sensory adaptation
frequency theory
absolute threshold
difference threshold
62
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan
experiment
case study
naturalistic observation
correlation study
63
When like-minded groups take more extreme positions than individuals comprising the group
groupthink
group polarization
deindividuation
social facilitation
64
which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation
cerebellum
hypothalamus
medulla
amygdala
65
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
standard deviation
mean
median
range
66
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods
they can determine causal relationships between variables
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
they involve more research participants than other studies
67
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning
modeling
mirror neurons
sublimation
latent learning
68
According to Piaget, when we can't ______ new information, we change our schemas through ______
assimilate : accomodate
reduce : stereotypes
ignore : adaptation
reward : punishment
69
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
developmental study
social-cognitive study
cross-sectional study
longitudinal study
70
learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
the self-serving bias
the Oedipus complex
an external locus of control
unconditional positive regard
71
In people, rods, unlike cones,
are located in the center of the retina
have a lower absolute threshold for light
are unable to detect motion
respond more quickly to colors
72
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people think of the employee as male
linguistic relativity hypothesis
the social role hypothesis
principle of continuity
gender schema theory
73
Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice
scapegoating
superordinate goals
stereotyping
out-group homogeneity
74
which would a researcher need to use to determine whether experiment data is significant
inferential statistics
counterbalancing
descriptive statistics
standard deviation
75
Withdrawal symptoms are most directly caused by this process
dissociation
antagonists
tolerance
activation-synthesis
76
10 YO Genna underwent a right hemispherectomy. What action best shows her neuroplasticity
solving a logic problem
speaking aloud
understanding what was said to her
moving her left hand
77
James is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. He is a
personality psychologist
clinical psychologist
sociocultural psychologist
cognitive psychologist
78
classical conditioning involves __________; operant conditioning involves __________
fixed intervals; variable ratios
schedules; punishers
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
learned responses; physiological reactions
79
Which is most closely associated with creativity
contextual intelligence
hypothesis testing
functional fixedness
divergent thinking
80
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
predictive validity
content validity
split-half reliability
test-retest reliability
81
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
overconfidence
self-serving bias
a theory
hindsight bias
82
What kind of therapy involves both cognitive and behavioral interventions
rational emotive behavior therapy
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
counterconditioning
83
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter
adrenaline
serotonin
acetylcholine
dopamine
84
Which of the following has been linked to a deficit of dopamine
autism
Alzheimer's disease
major depressive disorder
Parkinson's disease
85
Which is an important technique used by humanist psychologists during therapy
factor analysis
defense mechanisms
secondary central dispositions
unconditional positive regard
86
Harlow's rhesus monkey experiment illustrated
that primates can make and use tools
the danger of separating babies from their natural parents
the importance of physical contact to development
that language is a uniquely human skill
87
A personality test which calls Jan an extravert the first time and an introvert the next lacks
aptitude measures
standardization
test-retest reliability
construct validity
88
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support
social facilitation theory
James-Lange theory
opponent process theory
Schachter two-factor theory
89
Restarting your printer over and over but failing to notice it is out of paper demonstrates
belief perseverance
divergent thinking
a mental set
low experiential intelligence
90
Why are psychoanalysts interested in talking with patients about dreams
disturbing dreams are obstacles to self actualization
symbols in dreams represent unconscious conflicts
neurotransmitter anomalies cause dream disturbances
counter conditioned behaviors are often revealed in dreams
91
Which of the following models of personality is the least deterministic
psychodynamic
evolutionary
biological
humanistic
92
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to
go for a run
eat a meal
make new friends
pursue a romantic interest
93
Vance's psychiatrist diagnoses him with bipolar disorder. Which medication would he prescribe
SSRIs
lithium
L-Dopa
benzodiazepines
94
which psychologist would agree w/the following: behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
Carl Rogers
B.F. Skinner
William James
Albert Bandura
95
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
96
turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound
transduction of the wave
pitch of the tone
amplitude of the wave
frequency of the wave
97
light enters the eye through an opening in the
retina
blind spot
fovea
iris
98
damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense
sight
touch
balance
hearing
99
when first born, humans' dominant sense is
hearing
smell
touch
sight
100
which type of therapist is most likely to prescribe lithium for a patient with bipolar disorder
psychiatrist
cognitive psychotherapist
clinical psychologist
psychoanalyst
101
Which theory would assert that a key motivation for people is spreading their genetic material
psychodynamic
evolutionary
cognitive
humanistic
102
a charity includes free address labels in its fundraising letters to increase contributions
out-group homogeneity
fundamental attribution error
reciprocity norm
self-fulfilling prophecy
103
physiological reactions like surprise or shock are controlled by which part of the NS
serotonin system
somatic nervous system
endocrine system
sympathetic nervous system
104
negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior
remove : increase
add : decrease
remove : decrease
remove : punish
105
Of the following, children will most likely develop this skill first
clap their hands
say a sentence
cut with a knife
write with a pencil
106
What is the purpose of the DSM
list the diagnostic criteria and symptoms of disorders
discuss theories related to the treatment of disorders
explain the symptoms and cures of disorders
describe the biopsychosocial causes of disorders
107
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
pens, pencils, and a computer
a desk and/or table
four legs and a seat
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
108
Which theory explains how experiences from infancy through old age influence personality
Piaget's cognitive development theory
Harlow's contact comfort theory
Kohlberg's moral development theory
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory
109
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
aptitude test
achievement test
IQ test
EQ test
110
which disorder would respond best to cognitive behavioral therapy
dissociative identity disorder
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
major depressive disorder
111
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
rTMS
MRI
EEG
PET
112
Milgram's obedience study was criticized based on what ethical grounds
violation of confidentiality
risk of psychological harm
lack of informed consent
lack of debriefing
113
which is an example of an implicit memory
describing the taste of a birthday cake
recognizing a celebrity
remembering how to tie your shoelace
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
114
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is
fixed variable
variable interval
fixed ratio
continuous
115
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
116
psychogenic amnesia is an indication of which kind of psychological disorder
personality
anixety
dissociative
schizophrenic
117
Amy has a cat. The first time she sees a rabbit she calls it a cat. Her mistake is due to
habituation
assimilation
accommodation
discrimination
118
authoritarian parents demonstrate
low warmth and high control
high warmth and high control
low warmth and low control
high warmth and low control
119
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
120
Someone who fails an exam and reacts by studying longer probably has this locus of control
fundamental
external
situational
internal
121
which structure is part of the inner ear
malleus (hammer)
tympanic membrane
auditory canal
basilar membrane
122
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where
Broca's area
Gage's area
Wernicke's area
hippocampus
123
Which is most directly involved in the electrical aspect of neurotransmission
synaptic cleft
myelin
neurotransmiters
terminal button
124
A therapist who tells a client to write down their depressed thoughts is using this perspective
pharmacological
behavioral
cognitive
structuralist
125
which social psychology principle best explains prejudice
compliance strategies
individualism
self-serving bias
in-group bias
126
Research indicates that which factor most influences one's sexual orientation
hormones released in the womb
masculine/feminine personality traits
traumatic childhood experiences
parenting style
127
what is the first step in any example of classical conditioning
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
128
Julie is more alert in the morning; John in the evening. This is because of differences in
personalities
circadian rhythm
daily activities
sleep cycles
129
Ryan suffers from constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic NS. He most likely suffers from
obsessive-compulsive disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
major depressive disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
130
what kind of symptom is common among all somatic symptom disorders
substance abuse and dependence
disconnection from reality and delusions
inappropriate or flat affect
experiencing a physical problem without a physical cause
131
people who catch violent movies are more likely to behave violently: this statement reflects
insight learning
latent learning
observational learning
counterconditioning
132
Lana learns how to be goalie as her coach gradually rolls the ball faster at parts the goal
token economy
behavior shaping
higher-order conditioning
law of effect
133
What number will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant
a standard deviation of 4 or more
a probability of chance less than 5%
a correlation coefficient close to .75
a mean that is the same as the median
134
which of the following statistics provides most information about how spread out a data set is
mean
standard deviation
range
median
135
patients who are described as "split brain" have had what structure removed
prefrontal cortex
corpus callosum
medulla oblongata
hippocampus
136
How would a person with schizophrenia most differ from a person with a dissociative disorder
a person with schizophrenia experiences hallucinations
a person with a dissociative disorder has delusions
a person with dissociative disorder has trouble keeping jobs
a person with schizophrenia has more than one personality
137
REM sleep deprivation generally causes what kinds of side effects
interference with memory tasks
heightened manifest dream content
intense, prolonged periods of Stage 3 & 4 sleep
sleep apnea and night terrors
138
the limbic system plays an important role in
maintaining balance
processing sensory information
regulating emotion
planning for the future
139
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
theory Y
approach-avoidance
postconventional
James-Lange
140
in the nature vs. nurture debate, nature is most closely associated with
family
environment
temperament
culture
141
a musicians ability to discern between 2 similar pitches depends on which concept
bottom up processing
signal detection theory
difference threshold
absolute threshold
142
People who are easily hypnotizable are likely to score highly on which Big 5 trait
openness
extraversion
neuroticism
conscientiousness
143
Which personality theory is criticized for its overly optimistic view of human nature
trait
cognitive
psychoanalytic
humanistic
144
the "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
morpheme
holobase
phoneme
grapheme
145
which kinds of personality theorists would make use of a projective test
trait
social-cognitive
humanist
psychoanalyst
146
When running for class president, Edy puts pictures of herself everywhere. Why might this help
mere-exposure effect
central route persuasion
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
deindividuation
147
In the 3-box model of information processing, memories are first stored in
sensory memory
long-term memory
procedural memory
short-term memory
148
When Susie went to prom with Dan, Max channeled his feelings of frustration into artwork
sublimation
reaction formation
displacement
projection
149
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
framing effects
inattentional blindness
representativeness heuristic
confirmation bias
150
Which is one of the key factors distinguishing major depressive disorder from sadness
lasts longer than 2 weeks without an obvious cause
normal sadness is much less intense than depression
specific changes in the brain
sadness is paired with heightened senses and mania
151
our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
top-down and bottom-up processing
binocular and monocular cues
proximity and similarity
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
152
What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI
biological
humanistic
psychoanalytic
trait
153
which newborn reflex helps infants find and eat food
stepping
Moro
Babinski
rooting
154
What factors are ignored when people commit the fundament attribution error
dispositional
behavioral
situational
social
155
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language
linguistic relativity hypothesis
phonemes and morphemes
serial position effect
language acquisition device
156
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
environmental factors that influence intelligence
nonessential subjects like art and music
157
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
an extraverted personality
low self-esteem
a strong superego
high self-efficacy
158
a test which places someone into personality categories (e.g.extravert/introvert) is based on
biological theory
social cognitive theroy
psychodynamic theory
trait theory
159
Which is a common criticism of Freud's personality theory
it doesn't apply to people with disorders
Genetics was not advanced enough to be used as Freud tried
his evidence comes from therapy sessions, not empirical data
his research wasn't representative of the population
160
Delusions and hallucinations are most characteristic of
antisocial personality disorder
dissociative identity disorder
schizophrenia
obsessive-compulsive disorder
161
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment studied what developmental concept
parenting style
assimilation
motor development
attachment
162
The fact that our ears are located on opposite sides of our head best helps us with
sound localization
hearing high frequencies
detecting absolute threshold
sensory adaptation
163
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
rods
optic nerve
cones
cornea