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Exam 3 - FA 22 Flashcards | StudBud
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Exam 3 - FA 22
Exam 3 - FA 22
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1
Which construct did the two ropes problem illustrate?
Functional Fixedness
Difference Reduction
Heuristic
Analogies
2
Kahneman and Tversky’s Disease experiment demonstrates that people tend to
seek risk when outcomes are framed positively.
favor riskier outcomes regardless of how problems are framed.
seek risk when outcomes are framed negatively
avoid riskier outcomes regardless of how problems are framed.
3
People who learn language after age 10-12 never acquire native ability. This is called:
motherese
language acquisition
the critical period effect
learning word meaning
4
The findings of Duncker’s candle problem illustrate people’s tendency to:
ignore deep similarity.
spend more time on representation.
display functional fixedness.
use analogies.
5
Information from other sensory modalities can affect your perception of auditory stimuli
False
True
6
Humans learn language without negative feedback about grammar/pronunciation
False
True
7
Heuristics are:
not normative
mental shortcuts
always accurate
quick and dirty
8
Which of the following claims about the telegraphic stage is FALSE?
It involves two-word utterances
It involves overgeneralization of words
It involves correct word order
It involves the efficient transmission of information
9
When children are learning syntax, there is a:
Steady increase for irregular past words
Steady decrease for irregular past words
U-shaped curve for irregular past words
10
"Today we will discuss playing guitar with Thad Polk" illustrates...
Lexical Ambiguity
Referential Ambiguity
Syntactical Ambiguity
Semantic Ambiguity
11
In Bayes' theorem, which of the following represents the base rate?
P(E)
P(H)
P(E | H)
P(H | E)
12
Which of the following about skill learning is TRUE?
All of the above
its approximated by a power law
learning rate decreases with time
it improves with time
13
The look of your signature doesn’t depend much on its size. This fact suggests the existence of:
multiple learning systems
abstract motor representations
non-hierarchical motor representations
Both A and B
14
Which stage of skill acquisition involves declarative memory and attention?
Automatic
Associative
Cognitive
15
A motor program:
can be best explained by response chaining
has abstract motor representations
is a non-hierarchical representation
is tied to specific muscles.
16
The phrase structure that applies to the order in which the words are spoken
Deep structure
Surface structure
17
Area of the brain that is responsible for planning movements rather than execution.
cortex
basal ganglia
cerebellum
18
The kiki boba experiment shows that language isn't always completely...
symbolic
arbitrary
19
Consider the framing effect: which of the following meat labels do you think will lead to more purchases?
The amount of purchases will be the same for both
70% Lean meat
30% Fat
20
People are more likely to rate breast cancer as leading to more deaths than diabetes.
Gambler’s Fallacy
Availability Heuristic
Representativeness Heuristic
21
Which of the following is an example of illusory correlation?
People from Ohio are bad at driving
All of the above
I always have a good day when it is sunny outside
I am more likely to do well on a test if I use my lucky pencil
22
Which of the following is a characteristic of motherese?
High pitch
Slow rate
all of the above
Exaggerated Intonation
23
Inductive reasoning is based on rules of logic
True
False
24
Which of the following about phrase structure grammar is FALSE?
2 different phrase structures can't have the same meaning
The same phrase structure can have 2 different meanings
There are specific rules for the combinations of words
Each word is assigned a role in the tree
25
Which of the following are examples of descriptive reasoning?
Heuristics
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Biases
26
The Swinney experiment investigated when ______ has an effect on language understanding
surface structure
deep structure
sentence structure
context
27
Infants can discriminate between all phonemes
False
True
28
Wernicke’s aphasia is most commonly associated with which of the following?
Slow, halting speech
Damage to the left inferior frontal lobe
Difficulty comprehending language
Lack of function words
29
Judging whether a person has depression based only on their similarity to a person with depression
Availability Heuristic
Gambler’s Fallacy
Representativeness Heuristic
30
Which of the following is NOT one of the pieces of evidence needed to reason normatively using Bayes Theorem?
P(E)
P(E/H)
P(E/not H)
P(H)
31
Different languages can have different phonemes
True
False
32
With motor programs, the rules that govern movements are not tied to particular effectors or muscles.
False
True
33
Which of the following is a reversible sentence?
The monkey chased the snake
The duck swam in the water
The woman watered the flowers
The politician loved the Diet Coke
34
___ involves generating subgoals to reduce differences between current and goal states.
Means-end analysis
Working backward
Difference reduction (Hill Climbing)
Using analogies
35
_________ shows that we synthesize auditory and visual information when interpreting language.
The McGurk effect
N400
Lexical access
Cloze probability
36
What is the neural pathway for repeating a heard word?
Motor Area > Primary Auditory Cortex > Wernicke’s Area > Broca’s Area
Motor Area > Primary Auditory Cortex > Broca’s Area > Wernicke’s Area
Primary Auditory Cortex > Wernicke’s Area > Broca’s Area > Motor Area
Primary Auditory Cortex > Wernicke’s Area > Motor Area > Broca’s Area
37
Bayes Theorem:
is a descriptive theory
considers base rate
considers current evidence
38
Bayes theorem represents a formula of...
Deductive reasoning
Normative reasoning
Descriptive reasoning
39
Morphemes are the smallest unit of speech
False
True
40
All of the following are experiments regarding functional fixedness or being trapped by a familiar perspective EXCEPT:
Two-rope problem
Candle problem
Trains-meeting problem
Hobbits and Orcs problem
41
EEG research has provided evidence that language processing is ___________
syntactical
predictive
arbitrary
difficult
42
In ACT-R's knowledge compilation, _______ take several productions and join them into 1 production rule
proceduralization
composition
43
Broca’s aphasia is associated with which of the following?
Difficulty comprehending spoken language
Damage to the parietal lobe
Damage to the occipital lobe
Slow, halting speech
44
According to Schwartz article, ____ shows that preferences can be affected by the way an outcome is described.
the framing effect
the availability heuristic
overconfidence
hindsight bias
45
A child says, "that is a cat" when looking at the picture below, assuming that all 4-legged animals are cats. This is:
overgeneralization
undergeneralization
46
Probabilistic reasoning is based on deductive reasoning
True
False
47
If - then statements in the ACT-R model are called...
production rules
evaluation models
declarative rules
declarative models
48
You would expect a _____ N400 for an event with a _____ Cloze probability.
large, high
small, low
large, low
49
"Searching through the problem space" describes...
goal state
initial state
operators
problem solving
50
The speed-accuracy tradeoff posits:
speed and accuracy are always equal
accuracy has to be sacrificed for speed
speed has to be sacrificed for accuracy
51
"You have my seal of approval" illustrates...
Syntactical Ambiguity
Lexical Ambiguity
Referential Ambiguity
Semantic Ambiguity
52
The ________ stage is best defined by __________.
Telegraphic, incorrect word order
Holophrastic, two-word utterances
Telegraphic, a lack of any syntax
Holophrastic, one-word utterances
53
What does Fitt's Law represent?
coarticulation
proceduralization
movement speed
response chaining
54
The simulation heuristic is when someone makes decisions based on how easy it is to imagine the scenario.
False
True
55
Feedback is important in the automaticity stage of skill acquisition
True
False
56
Auditory perception always reflects the actual stimulus in the environment
True
False
57
Which of the following is FALSE regarding Fitt's Law?
a large target leads to a fast response
a larger distance between 2 targets leads to a faster response
a smaller distance between 2 targets leads to a faster response
a small target leads to a slow response
58
Which of the following factors influence movement selection by reducing the motor system’s “degrees of freedom”?
coordination between limbs
All of the above
bias in favor of efficiency
physical mechanics of movement
59
To fly west from Ann Arbor to Los Angeles, you first go east to the Detroit airport. This exemplifies ____.
use of analogy
working backwards
functional fixedness
means-end analysis
60
People are more likely to rate the probability of a cold and windy day to be higher than the probability of a cold day.
Illusory correlation
Normative reasoning
Anchoring and Adjustment
Conjunction fallacy
61
What do we learn during language learning?
how to distinguish sounds
how to parse language sounds into phonemes
word meanings
62
The Swinney experiment found that context allows you to infer the correct meaning of a word
True
False
63
Luchin’s water jar problem exemplifies:
being trapped by formula
analogies
isomorphs
64
Children primarily learn language by imitating what they hear.
True
False
65
Novices have mostly ________ knowledge of the skill they are trying to learn.
declarative
associative
procedural
automatic
66
People tend to miss deep similarities between analogous problems, because they tend to focus on surface similarities
True
False
67
According to Haberlandt, ____ is implicated in Parkinson’s disease.
prefrontal cortex
the motor homunculus
the cerebellum
the basal ganglia
68
The Duncker’s Ray Problem and the Military Problem:
share surface level similarities
are identical in every way
are completely different
are isomorphs
69
What is the first stage of problem solving in Polya's model?
Checking/evaluation
Execute a plan
Construct a plan
Form a representation
70
What does the Wason selection versus the drinking at the bar problem illustrate?
we are better at reasoning with abstractions
we are always poor at reasoning
the role of culture in reasoning
we are better at reasoning with context
71
Heuristics are usually “good enough” to get by in the real world
True
False
72
Which of the following is a well-defined problem?
Solving global warming
Becoming the best student
Choosing the best partner
Solving a math problem
73
People tend to neglect the ____________ when making judgements.
False alarm rate
Base rate
Hit rate
Evidence
74
Which of the following is an active sentence?
The hamster ate the pumpkin pie
The lego was eaten by the boy
The dragon was slayed by the chihuahua
The chicken was chased by the dog
75
Which stage is characterized by the elimination of errors?
Automatic
Associative
Cognitive
76
When children are learning new words, they have a bias towards grouping objects by color and text instead of shape.
True
False
