What does a scatter diagram show?

Graphical relationship between data sets

What are the different kind of variability?

Range, Standard Deviation, and Standard Error of the Mean

When calculating the median, how must data be sorted?

Data must be arrayed (put in order)

What does the Standard Error of the Estimate determine?

The placement of the Standard Error of the Estimate Lines

What is the primary purpose of predictive analysis?

b) To predict future occurrences based on past and present information.

Control charts use the normal curve area principles to determine:

b) An upper and lower boundary for expected data variation due to chance

A control chart is a device used to:

b) Detect the presence or absence of causes of variation within a process

18. Systematic sampling involves:

b) Arranging the population in order and selecting every nth item.

In the formula Y= a+bX, what does the X represent?

Selected value from the X axis (will be given)

7. What is ethical egoism in the context of statistical decision-making?

decision making towards the best solution even if it's not the one you want

A defect is defined as:

b) A minor flaw or discrepancy that detracts from the quality of an item.

How is the coefficient of correlation computed?

Using Pearson’s coefficient of correlation formula 30 or less pairs of data

Proactive analysis is used to:

c) Prevent problems before they occur.

Cyclical variations are characterized by:

b) Fluctuations that repeat over irregular time intervals.

What values is the mean affected by?

Every value, especially extreme values

Measures of Central Tendency gives us a number or numbers that best represents what?

The center of a distribution of numbers

What is a caution when using trend analysis for prediction?

b) You are not predicting a specific value, only a general trend direction

What is the symbol for Standard Deviation?

S for a sample, σ for a population

Assignable causes of variance are:

b) A problem that can be identified, investigated, and possibly eliminated

A process, in the context of Air Force maintenance, is:

b) A series of linked steps to transform resources into a functional force

When does a relationship exist in correlation?

If calculated value is the same/larger than the value from the “r” table

circumstances used for Standard Error of the Mean?

Smaller than Standard Deviation

Secular variation describes:

b) The general disposition of data over a fairly long time period.

What is cyclical variation caused by?

The nature of the data not by outside forces

The United States Air Force needs statistically minded analysts to:

b) Improve maintenance and mission performance processes.

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Questions 197

Answers

1
What value is the median in an odd amount of data?
add all values and divide by the number of values
Add the middle two numbers and devide by 2.
the number that repeats the most
The middle number
2
What is used to predict problems and take corrective actions before they occur?
Extrapolation analysis
Statistics
Regression Analysis
Trend Analysis
3
6. When certain individuals have a better chance of being included in a sample, it is considered:
a) Random sampling.
d) Systematic sampling.
b) Stratified sampling.
c) Biased sampling.
4
Predicted variable is the __________.
Independent value (X-value)
XY Value
Dependent value (Y-value)
X and Y value
5
Which of the following is NOT a statistical tool used in predictive analysis?
d) Confirmation bias
c) Regression analysis
b) Extrapolation analysis
a) Trend analysis
6
In a platykurtic curve, how are the standard deviation lines spaced?
b) Evenly spaced
a) Very close together
c) Very far apart
d) Randomly spaced
7
What type of variation can reveal an upward or steady trend?
Secular
Seasonal
Cyclical
Irregular
8
What does a scatter diagram show?
Common Conversions
Graphical relationship between data sets
Central Limit Theorem
A single data set
9
What is the symbol for the mean for a sample and population?
X
o
E
N
10
What are the different kind of variability?
Linear, Random, and Seasonal
Range, Standard Deviation, and Standard Error of the Mean
Mean, Median, an Mode
Linear, Random, and Non-Linear
11
What is a key characteristic of the Normal Curve's shape?
d) Rectangular
c) Symmetrical
b) Triangular
a) Asymmetrical
12
When calculating the median, how must data be sorted?
In the order received.
Data must be arrayed (put in order)
It does not matter.
Alphabetically
13
What is a predictive tool that allows the user to predict one value when the other is known?
Regression Analysis
Normal Curve
Extrapolation Analysis
Mode
14
What does the Standard Error of the Estimate determine?
The Z score
The placement of the Standard Error of the Estimate Lines
Placement of the line of regression
The regression
15
What is the primary purpose of predictive analysis?
c) To ensure compliance with current procedures.
b) To predict future occurrences based on past and present information.
a) To analyze past data only.
d) To identify problems after they occur.
16
Seasonal and non-seasonal are two types of what primiary area?
Trends
Fluctuations
Data points
Analysis
17
Bimodal refers to what?
3 modes
2 modes
1 mode
many modes
18
Control charts use the normal curve area principles to determine:
d) The best time of day to perform maintenance.
a) The average cost of repairs.
b) An upper and lower boundary for expected data variation due to chance
c) The optimal number of technicians needed.
19
What percentage of values fall within a Z score of +/- 1?
c) 68.26%
a) 99.74%
b) 95.44%
d) 50%
20
A control chart is a device used to:
b) Detect the presence or absence of causes of variation within a process
c) Track the number of parts used in a repair.
d) Schedule maintenance tasks.
a) Record the temperature in a maintenance shop.
21
When translating a z score into a percentage, what should you multiply the number found on the chart by?
c) 1000
d) 0.1
a) 10
b) 100
22
What is another name for the trend line in regression analysis?
Line of Regression
Upper Control Limit
Average
Mean
23
18. Systematic sampling involves:
b) Arranging the population in order and selecting every nth item.
c) Dividing the population into clusters.
d) Dividing the population into strata.
a) Randomly selecting participants.
24
In the formula Y= a+bX, what does the X represent?
Median
Selected value from the Y axis
Selected value from the X axis (will be given)
Slope of the line
25
7. What is ethical egoism in the context of statistical decision-making?
decision making towards the best solution even if it's not the one you want
d) Focusing solely on your own personal gain.
b) Ignoring ethical considerations to achieve a specific outcome.
a) Guiding decision-making towards the solution you personally prefer.
26
A defect is defined as:
b) A minor flaw or discrepancy that detracts from the quality of an item.
c) A major malfunction that requires immediate repair.
d) A missing part.
a) An item that is completely unusable.
27
A wide confidence interval can lead to:
c) A more precise control chart.
b) Missing assignable causes.
d) Fewer errors in data collection.
a) Looking for assignable causes when none are present.
28
How is the coefficient of correlation computed?
This answer is a distraction.
Using Pearson’s coefficient of correlation formula 30 or less pairs of data
Sigma notation
Y=mx+b
29
What is the symbol for median?
Mo
X
Sigma
Md
30
Proactive analysis is used to:
b) Predict the past.
a) Solve problems after they occur.
c) Prevent problems before they occur.
d) Analyze only present data.
31
What are the sections the normal curve is divided into called?
d) Percentiles
a) Segments
b) Quartiles
c) Standard Deviations
32
Cyclical variations are characterized by:
c) Consistent upward or downward trends.
b) Fluctuations that repeat over irregular time intervals.
a) Predictable patterns tied to specific dates.
d) A lack of any discernible pattern.
33
What does the vertical axis represent?
Time
The variable we are measuring
Percentage
Frequency
34
What values is the mean affected by?
The number of values in the distribution
Personal bias
This answer is a distraction.
Every value, especially extreme values
35
Measures of Central Tendency gives us a number or numbers that best represents what?
Mean
Mode
The center of a distribution of numbers
Median
36
What is a caution when using trend analysis for prediction?
a) You are predicting a specific value
b) You are not predicting a specific value, only a general trend direction
c) You can predict the past
d) You can predict the future
37
What is the symbol for Standard Deviation?
Only S
only σ
S for a sample, σ for a population
"SD"
38
Assignable causes of variance are:
b) A problem that can be identified, investigated, and possibly eliminated
d) Normal and expected.
a) Inherent to the process.
c) Always due to bad weather.
39
A process, in the context of Air Force maintenance, is:
b) A series of linked steps to transform resources into a functional force
a) A single task performed by a technician.
c) The daily routine of a maintenance unit.
d) A software program used for tracking maintenance.
40
What axis is represented by time?
Horizontal
Diagonal
Z-axis
Vertical
41
What is the easiest measure to compute but the least reliable and most unstable?
Mode
Standard Deviation
The range
Standard Error of Mean
42
When does a relationship exist in correlation?
Only when the positive values line up
If calculated value is the same/larger than the value from the “r” table
Only when the negative values line up
only when the values touch the median line
43
circumstances used for Standard Error of the Mean?
Smaller than Standard Deviation
Larger than Standard Deviation
General Standard Deviation
The same as Standard Deviation
44
Secular variation describes:
c) Fluctuations that repeat over irregular time intervals.
a) Short-term fluctuations tied to specific calendar events.
b) The general disposition of data over a fairly long time period.
d) Sudden, unpredictable changes in data.
45
What type of value changes accordingly with the independent value and is usually the “Y” variable?
Only negative values
Independent and Dependent
Dependent
Independent
46
For prediction purposes, what must data be?
Linear
Exponential
Logarithmic
Random
47
What is cyclical variation caused by?
The nature of the data not by outside forces
Random events
Calendar events
Government Regulations
48
What is the most commonly used measure?
Median
Mean
The center of a distribution of numbers
Mode
49
The United States Air Force needs statistically minded analysts to:
c) Increase the budget for maintenance.
d) Simplify aircraft designs.
a) Reduce the number of aircraft.
b) Improve maintenance and mission performance processes.
50
10. Which of the following is NOT a graphical representation commonly used in descriptive statistics?
c) Normal curves
a) Histograms
d) ANOVA tables
b) Scatter diagrams
51
What are observations of past and present data made at consecutive periods?
The measurement of how the slope changes
The change in use of data
Data points that intersect
The use of time series
52
The Confidence Interval is the:
d) Cost of a repair.
b) Distance between the UCL and LCL.
c) Time it takes to complete a repair.
a) Guarantee on a repaired part.
53
What is the value of the sum of the deviations that is needed for standard deviation?
Over 25
Under 25
Always Zero
25
54
measures the dispersion by considering the actual deviation or distance between every individual value from the mean?
Mean
Mode
Standard Deviation
Range
55
chart used for tracking the number of individual defects per unit or item inspected when your sample size doesn’t vary
a) P Chart
d) C Chart
b) U Chart
c) Bar X & R Chart
56
What type of variation is the most common and describes the general disposition of data over a fairly long time period?
Secular
Irregular
Cyclical
Seasonal
57
12. With replacement sampling means:
c) No unit can be selected twice
d) The unit is replaced by a new unit
The unit is returned to the population after recording its characteristic
a) The unit is discarded
58
12. What does using statistical facts enable?
d) Random decisions
b) Data-driven decisions
c) Intuition-based decisions
a) Emotion-driven decisions
59
How does Standard Error of the mean relate to Standard Deviation?
It doesn't
population of individual value is too large or forms a nonnormal distributi
They have the same population Value
No distribution is formed
60
9. A term or measurement used to describe the population is a:
b) Parameter
c) Sample
a) Statistic
d) Variable
61
16. Cluster sampling divides the population into subgroups with:
a) Likeness within and difference between.
b) Difference within and likeness between.
d) Only likeness within.
c) Only differences between.
62
What is used to predict a range of values?
Standard error of the estimate lines
. Line of regression
Standard error of the mean
Y intercept
63
What does the Standard Error of the Estimate use that is based on the normal curve area table?
Normal curve area principles
Line of Regression
Corrective actions
A range of values
64
On a control chart, the Center Line (CL) is equivalent to the:
b) Mode.
a) Median.
c) Mean.
d) Range.
65
Seasonal variation is often caused by:
d) Long-term shifts in population.
c) Weather, funding, or holidays.
a) Economic cycles.
b) Random errors in data collection.
66
What happens to the values in negative correlation?
Both sets increase
One set of value increases while the other set decreases
Both sets decrease
Data chart goes from top right to bottom left
67
Which of the following is NOT a common type of variation in a time series?
c) Cyclical
d) Random
b) Seasonal
a) Secular
68
4. A smaller group selected to represent the population is a:
a) Population
b) Sample
c) Parameter
d) Statistic
69
What type of value can stand alone and is usually the “X” variable?
Independent
Independent and Dependent
Dependent
Only negative values
70
In the definition of the mean, the sum of all values is divided by what?
The number of values in the distribution
2
The most common number
Median Value
71
What is the line below the curve called?
b) Abscissa
c) Axis
a) Ordinate
d) Baseline
72
What happens to extreme values when calculating the Standard Error of the Mean?
Extreme values lose their identity
Extreme values are skipped
Extreme values are rounded down
Extreme values gain their identity
73
When is the median most often used?
When you need a Bimodial answer
In a moderatly skewed distribution
When there is an odd amount of data.
When there is an even amount of data.
74
In the formula Y= a+bX, what does the b represent?
Selected value from the Y axis
The slope of the line
Selected value from the X axis
Median
75
What are the ends of the curve called?
c) Tails
a) Peaks
d) Vertices
b) Troughs
76
What is one of the strongest predictive tools and based on correlating two or more sets of data?
Variability
Normal Curve
Extrapolation Analysis
Regression Analysis
77
15. A disadvantage of stratified sampling is:
b) It is not useful when there are no homogeneous subgroups.
a) It is always inexpensive.
c) It always ignores irrelevant subpopulations.
d) It is very simple.
78
What values are less effected by extremely large/small values?
Only Mode
Both Median and Mode
Neither Median and Mode
Only Median
79
In the formula Y= a+bX, what does the a represent?
Selected value from the X axis
The Y intercept
Selected value from the Y axis
Slope of the line
80
8. Descriptive statistics is primarily used for:
a) Predicting future outcomes.
d) Making ethical decisions.
b) Determining cause-and-effect relationships.
c) Summarizing the characteristics of a data set.
81
What type of variation exhibits seasonal variation?
Cyclical
Irregular
Secular
Seasonal
82
What percentage of values fall within a Z score of +/- 2?
c) 68.26%
a) 99.74%
b) 95.44%
d) 50%
83
What value is the median in an even amount of data?
add all values and divide by the number of values
The middle number
The average of the middle two values
the number that repeats the most
84
What is the overall concept for performing trend analysis?
To confuse the audience with complex statistics
To manipulate the data to fit a desired outcome
To predict the future with certainty
To learn about the variable that generated the time series
85
The Center Line (CL) on a control chart represents the:
c) Average value.
d) Range of acceptable values.
b) Minimum acceptable value.
a) Maximum acceptable value.
86
What are the two types of correlation?
Positive and negative
dependent and independent
Coefficient of correlation
Upper left and lower right
87
What is range defined as?
The mean value multiplied by 100
All values added then divided by the ammount of values
Ignoring outliers in the data
The difference between the highest and lowest value
88
What value is found through observation, not computation?
Variable
Mean
Mode
Median
89
Where on the Normal Curve Area table can you find the whole number and tenths place?
c) Column on the left
a) Column on the right
b) The bottom row
d) Diagonally
90
What is a Z-score?
a) A raw data point
d) The median of the distribution
b) The mean of the distribution
c) A number of standard deviations from the mean
91
a value represented at the same deviation on both sides of the curve, what must you do to the value found on the chart?
d) Leave it as is
c) Double it
b) Subtract it from one
a) Divide it by two
92
What is a scatter diagram?
A diagram with only an X axis
A graph used to show only the negative values
A diagram with only a Y axis
Graph used to show a visual picture of the data
93
What does proactive analysis prevent?
Problems before they occuar
Statistical errors
Overwhelming workload
The amount of math needed to track data
94
4. Ethical reporting involves:
b) Presenting findings accurately without exaggeration or limitations
a) Exaggerating findings to make a stronger case.
c) Selecting only data that supports a particular conclusion.
d) Ignoring potential biases in the data.
95
What does a large amount of variation present indicate?
d) Skewed curve
b) Mesokurtic curve
a) Leptokurtic curve
c) Platykurtic curve
96
11. A term or measurement used to describe the sample is a:
b) Population
d) Bias
c) Statistic
a) Parameter
97
11. What does effectively communicating findings ensure?
d) Bias and manipulation
c) Transparency and accountability
b) Secrecy and privacy
a) Complexity and confusion
98
Chance causes of variance are:
d) Caused by faulty equipment.
a) Easily eliminated.
b) Variations that occur from probability and are always present.
c) Always due to human error.
99
10. Greek letters are used as symbols for:
d) Variables
c) Parameters
a) Statistics
b) Samples
100
The Upper Control Limit (UCL) identifies the:
b) Maximum amount of variation expected.
c) Average amount of variation.
d) Ideal amount of variation.
a) Minimum amount of variation expected.
101
In a leptokurtic curve, how are the standard deviation lines spaced?
c) Very close together
d) Randomly spaced
b) Evenly spaced
a) Very far apart
102
What does the formula Y= a+bX calculate?
Lower Control Limit
Mean
Upper Control Limit
The Line of Regression
103
What describes a leptokurtic curve?
a) Short and wide
b) Tall and narrow
c) Perfectly symmetrical
d) Skewed to the left
104
For prediction purposes, what may occur if there is less than 2 years presented in the data?
The data will be easier to analyze.
The trend line will be perfectly placed.
The prediction will be extremely accurate.
Random or seasonal extremes may distort the placement of the trend line
105
What does the Normal Curve Area table translate standard deviations into?
d) Standard Errors
b) Z-scores
c) Percentages
a) Raw scores
106
Predictive variable is the __________.
Independent value (X-value)
Dependent value (Y-value)
Smallest Value
Largest Value
107
What is a "Normal Curve"?
a) A type of aircraft.
b) A graphical representation combining the mean and standard deviation.
c) A method of calculating fuel consumption.
d) A tool for predicting weather patterns.
108
1. Sampling theory is concerned with the relationship between:
b) Different populations.
a) Parameters and statistics only.
c) A sample and the larger group from which it was taken.
d) Biased and random samples.
109
Variations in a time series are generally referred to as:
d) Outliers.
a) Constants.
b) Trends.
c) Errors.
110
Central limit theorem states that with a normal distribution, what will standard error of the mean be?
Only be normal for sample sizes larger than n=25
Positive for a sample size larger than 25
Also be normal, no matter the sample size
negative, no matter the sample size
111
For prediction purposes using trend analysis, how much data is recommended?
d) No data is needed
c) Any amount of data will work
a) Less than 6 months
b) At least two years, more would be better
112
14. Which of the following is a benefit of applying statistical ethics in maintenance management?
d) Complicating decision-making
c) Increasing the risk of accidents
b) Optimizing resource allocation
a) Decreasing the unit's combat capability
113
What measure expresses how much the data within a distribution differ, or vary, from one another?
Only Standard Error of the Mean
Only Range
Variability
Only Standard Deviation
114
A control chart's power lies in its ability to measure and display:
c) The speed of maintenance tasks.
b) Assignable causes of variance.
d) The number of personnel required.
a) The cost of repairs.
115
What are the two types of values in correlation?
Only negative
Only positive
Independent and Dependent
Positive and negative
116
What measure is very descriptive, precise, and reliable?
Mode
Range
Standard Deviation
Median
117
What is the middle value when numbers are arrayed?
The center of a distribution of numbers
Median
Mean
Mode
118
What does the Standard Error of the Estimate measure?
Dispersion of scatter diagram points about the line of regression
Mean
Standard error of the mean
Variability
119
What is the excel formula for Median?
=FINAL (data_range)
=AVERAGE (data_range)
=MEAN (data_range)
=MEDIAN (data_range)
120
When variation is attributed to assignable causes, the process is considered:
a) In control.
b) Optimal.
c) Out of control.
d) Efficient.
121
Trend analysis is the evaluation of past _____, from a ______ to identify gradual or recurring ____, that have developed
Predictions, graph, situations
Numerical data, time series, trends
Analysis, schedule, habits
Numerical data, schedule, patterns
122
One condition that indicates a control chart is out of control is:
d) A steady decline in data points over time.
a) All points falling on the center line.
c) Random points falling within the control limits.
b) Seven consecutive points on one side of the Center Line (CL).
123
20. Collecting sufficient data for analysis requires a sample that is:
c) Always small.
a) Always large.
b) Free from bias.
d) Intentionally biased.
124
What must be shown before regression analysis can begin?
Correlation
Variablity
Trend Analysis
Seasonal Variation
125
Where on the Normal Curve Area table can you find the hundredths value?
c) Row at the top
d) Diagonally
a) Column on the left
b) The bottom row
126
What is a new measure of variability used in regression analysis?
Standard Error of the Mean
Meathod of regression
Standard measure of dispersion
Standard Error of the Estimate
127
What term describes the peakedness or flatness of a curve?
d) Variance
a) Deviation
b) Skewness
c) Kurtosis
128
Which type of variation is most difficult to predict?
a) Secular
c) Cyclical
d) All are equally difficult
b) Seasonal
129
What is the measure of how the means are spread out around the mean of means?
Mode
Median
The standard Error of the Mean
Mean
130
Where do the mean, median, and mode fall in a normal curve?
b) At the abscissa
d) Randomly distributed
a) At the tails
c) At the highest point in the center
131
What are the 3 Tools used in predictive analysis?
Hammer, wrench, and screwdriver
Trend analysis, extrapolation analysis, and regression analysis
Protractor, calculator, and graphing paper
Mean, median, and mode
132
Which of the following is an example of cyclical variation?
c) Economic cycles (boom, recession, etc.).
d) A consistent decrease in temperature during winter months.
b) A long-term upward trend in housing prices.
a) Increased sales during the holiday season.
133
What describes a platykurtic curve?
d) Skewed to the right
c) Short and wide
b) Perfectly symmetrical
a) Tall and narrow
134
A process is considered out of control if there are:
b) No variations at all.
d) Operating with assignable causes of variation present.
c) Operating without any trace of assignable causes of variation.
a) Random variations within the control limits.
135
1. What is the primary purpose of statistically minded analysts in the United States Air Force, according to the text?
b) To improve maintenance and mission performance processes.
a) To manage personnel.
d) To analyze weather patterns.
c) To develop new aircraft.
136
What should you insert to check for linearity?
d) Scatter plot
a) Pie chart
c) Trend line
b) Histogram
137
15. Why are statistical ethics and descriptive statistics fundamental to being an effective Maintenance Manager?
d) They are only used for creating visually appealing reports.
c) They are only relevant for academic research.
Helps ensure accurate decision-making and optimize maintenance operations
b) They are not important for maintenance managers.
138
What happens to both sets of values in positive correlation?
All values go down
All values go up
Values increase or decrease and data flows from lower left to upper right.
Some values can be negative
139
Which of the following is a common name for the Normal Curve?
b) Bell Curve
d) Exponential Curve
a) Sine Wave
c) Parabola
140
14. In stratified sampling, after strata are set up:
d) Samples are drawn based on convenience.
a) Only the largest subgroup is sampled.
c) Only the smallest subgroup is sampled.
b) Random samples are drawn from each subgroup.
141
When using trend lines for prediction, the data should ideally be:
b) Linear
d) Seasonal
c) Random
a) Non-linear
142
What method is used to find the line of regression?
The least Quares Method
Least Statistical Method
Regression method
Statistical Method
143
What is the study of the degree of relationship among two or more sets of values?
Dependent
Independent
Correlation
Independent and Dependent
144
9. Which of the following is an example of descriptive statistics?
c) Measures of central tendency
a) Regression analysis
b) Hypothesis testing
d) Experimental design
145
What is the average value?
Median
Mean
The center of a distribution of numbers
Mode
146
What is a numeric value that measures the degree of relationship?
Mode
Median
Coefficient of correlation
Mean
147
2. Which of the following is NOT a term associated with sampling techniques?
d) Algorithm
b) Sample
c) Statistic
a) Population
148
The Lower Control Limit (LCL) identifies the:
d) Minimum amount of variation expected.
b) Average amount of variation.
a) Maximum amount of variation expected.
c) Ideal amount of variation.
149
3. What does data integrity refer to in the context of statistical ethics?
a) Presenting findings accurately without exaggeration.
b) Collecting accurate and relevant data and avoiding manipulation.
c) Selecting only data that supports a particular conclusion.
decision-making towards the best solution, even if it's not preferred
150
What is the most frequently occurring value?
Median
Mode
The center of a distribution of numbers
Mean
151
3. The total set of data is referred to as the:
a) Sample
b) Parameter
d) Statistic
c) Population
152
What are the 3 types of trend direction?
Positive, Negative, Neutral
Secular, non-secular, and trendline placement
Upward, Downward, Sideways
Leading, Lagging, Coincident
153
17. A key advantage of cluster sampling over stratified sampling is:
a) It is always more precise.
c) It requires knowing every member of the population.
b) It is more practical and economical.
d) It always yields more representative samples.
154
What is the formula for range?
xH - xL
(a - 1)x + b = - c
(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
Y=mx+b
155
What does predictive analysis use to predict future occurrences?
Statistical Methods
Situational methods
Conventional methods
Scientific methods
156
What is used to graphically display the time series?
Line chart
Pie chart
plotted diagram
Spotted graph
157
Mode is easier to see if the numbers are _____.
In a formula
Scattered
Arrayed
highlighted
158
5. In a random sample, each value in the population has:
c) An equal chance of being selected.
a) A predetermined chance of selection.
d) No chance of being selected.
b) An unequal chance of being selected.
159
What are the 3 examples of cyclical variation mentioned in the text?
Product launches, marketing campaigns, and sales promotions
Economic cycles, manning, and weapon system acquisition
Random events, unexpected occurrences, and outliers
Holidays, weather patterns, and school schedules
160
What are the two driving factors impacting the variable causing the trend?
Supply and Demand
Positive and negative
Cost and Revenue
Adverse and favorable
161
Statistical process control uses statistical methods to identify:
b) The speed of maintenance tasks.
a) The cost of maintenance procedures.
c) The existence of different causes of variation in a process.
d) The number of personnel required for each task.
162
13. Excel has a built-in tool pack that will display the:
b) Descriptive statistics
c) Hypothesis testing
d) Regression analysis
a) Inferential statistics
163
In trend analysis, understanding the type(s) of variation a variable displays is important for:
d) Eliminating errors in data collection.
a) Ignoring outliers in the data.
b) Learning about the variable that generated the time series.
c) Simplifying the analysis process.
164
What is the excel formula for Standard Deviation?
i
S=STDEV(data_range) or σ =STDEVP(data_range)
Formulas
Hate
165
What is the line the best shows the trend of data and is used to predict an average value?
Average
Upper Control Limit
Lower Control Limit
Line of Regression
166
Where do the standard error of the estimate lines fall?
Same as the line of regression
Below the line of regression
Parallel with the mean
Above the Line of Regression
167
When variation is due to chance causes, the process is considered:
b) In control.
d) Expensive.
a) Out of control.
c) Unpredictable.
168
In a time series line chart, what is represented on the horizontal axis?
d) The standard deviation.
b) The average value.
c) Time.
a) The variable being measured.
169
What is a valuable asset to monitor maintenance and mission performance processes?
d) New equipment
c) More funding
a) Increased manpower
b) Statistical Process Control
170
Variable data is:
a) Data that never changes.
b) Any measurable type data.
c) Data related to costs only.
d) Data related to personnel only.
171
What is a perfect normal curve called?
c) Mesokurtic
d) Skewed
a) Platykurtic
b) Leptokurtic
172
8. When desired data for comparison must meet specific qualifications, this results in:
c) Purposeful bias.
b) Unintentional bias.
d) Cluster sampling.
a) Random sampling.
173
How much data is typically needed to identify secular trends effectively (on a monthly basis)?
b) At least 6 months of data.
d) At least five years of data.
a) At least one month of data.
c) At least two years of data.
174
The first objective when assignable causes of variance are identified is to:
a) Increase production.
b) Blame the technicians involved.
d) Ignore the problem.
c) Eliminate the assignable causes and get the process under control.
175
A narrow confidence interval can lead to:
c) A more accurate representation of the data.
b) Looking for assignable causes when none are present.
a) Missing assignable causes.
d) A decrease in variation.
176
What are two characteristics of the coefficient of correlation?
Values are always negative
Symbol "L"
Symbol is “r” and value varies from +1 to –1
Values vary from +2 to -2
177
19 A disadvantage of systematic sampling is:
c) It can be biased if there are patterns in the population.
d) It is never representative.
b) It is always time-consuming.
a) It is always complex.
178
5. "Cherry-picking" in data analysis refers to:
d) Presenting all data points, regardless of their relevance.
Selecting only data that supports your beliefs or a particular conclusion
b) Analyzing data using only Excel.
a) Selecting the most visually appealing data points.
179
How much time must be presented in the data for prediction purposes?
6 months
At least 2 years , the more the better
1 year
1 month
180
13. Which sampling technique divides the population into subgroups with likeness within and difference between?
c) Random sampling
d) Stratified sampling
b) Systematic sampling
a) Cluster sampling
181
Predictive analysis is best described as:
b) A continuous process.
a) A one-time event.
c) A reactive measure.
d) A method for solving current problems.
182
Trend analysis is defined as:
d) A method of ignoring outliers in data.
a) Analyzing current data to solve immediate problems.
c) Predicting the past based on current trends.
b) Evaluating past numerical data to identify gradual or recurring patterns
183
What portion of the curve does the normal curve area table represent?
d) One tail
c) One standard deviation
a) The entire curve
b) Half of the curve
184
1. Statistical ethics primarily focuses on:
principles and guidelines governing ethical conduct
Using Excel for data analysis.
Creating visually appealing graphs.
Summarizing and presenting data.
185
A defective item is:
b) An item with at least one defect that makes it inoperable.
a) An item with no flaws.
c) An item that is slightly damaged but still usable.
d) An item that is under warranty.
186
What values are not represented in the range?
The median
The values that fall in the middle
An exaggerated outlier
The mode
187
What types of variation must have at least 2 years of data?
Neither Secular or Seasonal
Secular and seasonal
Only Secular
Only Seasonal
188
7. Accidental distortion of a sample due to lack of planning is:
d) Systematic bias.
a) Purposeful bias.
b) Random bias.
c) Unintentional bias.
189
How do you begin regression analysis?
Plotting data points on a line chart
By doing it
Placing a trend line through the pre-plotted scatter diagram
Calculating the mean and plotting it
190
Fluctuations that repeat over irregular time intervals and are not tied to the events of a calendar
Cyclical
Seasonal
Random
Secular
191
What is the excel formula for Mean?
=MEDIAN (data_range)
=MEAN (data_range)
=AVERAGE (data_range)
=FINAL (data_range)
192
A time series is BEST described as:
d) A forecast of future events.
a) A collection of random data points.
b) Observations of past and present data made at consecutive periods.
c) Data that only represents the present.
193
What percentage of values fall within a Z score of +/- 3?
c) 68.26%
d) 50%
a) 99.74%
b) 95.44%
194
What is the excel formula for range?
=MIN(data_range) - MAX(data_range)
=MAX(data_range) - MAX(data_range)
=MIN(data_range) - MIN(data_range)
=MAX(data_range) - MIN(data_range)
195
2. Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of statistical ethics?
b) Ethical reporting
a) Data integrity
c) Cherry-picking
d) Bias awareness
196
6. What is the purpose of guarding against bias in statistical analysis?
d) To create more visually appealing graphs.
c) To simplify the data analysis process.
b) To ensure fair representation of the data.
a) To support a pre-determined conclusion.
197
Central limit theorem states that with a non-normal distribution, what will standard error of the mean be?
Only be normal for sample sizes larger than n=25
Positive for a sample size larger than 25
Also be normal, no matter the sample size
negative, no matter the sample size

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