Ch 4: Which of the following cooled the slowest?

granite (characterized by large crystals)

Ch 5: Chemoheterotrophs get their

energy from preformed molecules, carbon from organic carbon

Ch 5: Natural selection most efficiently eliminates…

Genes that cause problems reproducing

Ch 3: Which of the following puts the stages of solar system formation in the correct order?

Solar nebula->Protoplanetary disk->Gas giants form->rocky planets form

Ch 2: Galileo’s contributions to astronomy included

making observations + experiments to help confirm the Sun-centered model

Ch 4: Isotopic analysis of carbon in flakes of graphite in an Archean sedimentary rock can indicate...

whether it's reasonable to assume the C is organic

Ch 6: According to current scientific understanding, life on earth:

arose quite soon after conditions allowed it

Ch 1: Scientists today are interested in searching for life on Mars because

evidence suggests that Mars had liquid water on its surface in the past

Ch 4: Plate tectonics is best described as a process that

recycles rock between Earth’s surface and upper mantle

Ch 2: According the Kepler's Third Law:

jupiter orbits the sun at a faster speed than saturn

Ch 6: The Cambrian explosion refers to

dramatic increase in animal diversity beginning about 542 m.yr. ago

Ch 1: Based on the way scientists view the study of astrobiology, failure to find life on any other world would mean

we've learned lessons about the conditions that made life on Earth possible

Ch. 5: Which of the following is not a key property of life?

the ability to violate the second law of thermodynamics

Ch 5: Chemoautotrophs get their...

energy from reactions involving inorganic chemicals; carbon from CO2

Ch 1: By a geocentric view of the universe, we mean:

the ancient idea that Earth resided at the center of the universe

Ch 4: The Archean Eon was NOT…

About 0.5 to 2.5 billion years ago

Ch 4: Oxygen levels first rose in the atmosphere…

When all the chemicals that reacted with oxygen were used up

Ch 5: Biologists have found that life on Earth can survive

over a wide range of conditions

Ch 2: In Ptolemy’s geocentric model, the retrograde motion of a planet occurs when

the planet actually goes backward in its orbit around Earth

Ch 4: Earth's oceans formed

from water vapor outgassed by volcanoes

Ch 6: The origin of life on Earth most likely occurred

between about 4.5 and 3.5 billion years ago

Ch 6: The origin of life on Earth must have happened after…

The surface solidified from a magma ocean

Ch 4: Earth has far less atmospheric carbon dioxide than Venus because…

much of Earth’s carbon dioxide is locked up in carbonate rocks

Very small bodies like small asteroids and comets may have difficulty harboring life because they…

have probably not had liquid water inside them for extended periods

Ch 4: Which of the following is a reason Earth’s interior was hotter in the Hadean?

There were more radioactive elements in the interior.

Ch 4: Earth’s oceans formed

from water vapor outgassed by volcanoes

Ch 3: When we say the universe is expanding, we mean that

the average distance between galaxies is increasing with time

What is the difference between a Snowball Earth event and an Ice Age?

At Ice Age, ice does not reach the equator, but does during Snowball Earth

Ch 6: The earliest living organisms probably were

cells without nuclei that used RNA as their genetic material

Ch 5: Natural selection is the name given to

how advantageous traits are passed on from parents to offspring

Ch 2: Earth is closer to the Sun in January than in July. Therefore, in accord with Kepler’s second law,

Earth travels faster in its orbit around the Sun in January than in July

Which of the following suggests the presence of dark matter?

The edge of the galaxy rotates faster than expected compared to the rest

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AB115 "midterm review" fall 2024

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Questions 92

Answers

1
Ch 4: Which of the following cooled the slowest?
granite (characterized by large crystals)
pumice (characterized by bubbles)
obsidian (characterized by micro crystals)
2
Ch 5: Chemoheterotrophs get their
energy from sunlight, carbon from CO2
energy from sunlight, carbon from organic carbon
energy from preformed molecules, carbon from organic carbon
energy from preformed molecules, carbon from CO2
3
Ch 5: Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?
Snout structure of wolves and domestic dogs
Chimps and humans both use tools
Radiation of mammal species after the dinosaurs died
Wings of bats and birds
4
Ch 5: Natural selection most efficiently eliminates…
Genes that contribute to the highest Darwinian fitness
Genes that cause problems reproducing
Genetic diseases that manifest late in adulthood
Genes that promote reproduction
5
Planetary atmospheres that are unprotected by a global magnetic field are more prone to...
rapid cooling events
solar wind stripping
runaway greenhouse effect
6
Ch 3: Which of the following puts the stages of solar system formation in the correct order?
Solar nebula->Protoplanetary disk->rocky planets form->Gas giants form
Protoplanetary disk->Solar nebula->rocky planets form->Gas giants form
Solar nebula->Protoplanetary disk->Gas giants form->rocky planets form
Protoplanetary disk->Solar nebula->Gas giants form->rocky planets form
7
Ch 5: which of these is not one of the four most abundant elements used by living organisms on Earth?
carbon
nitrogen
silicon
hydrogen
8
Ch 2: Galileo’s contributions to astronomy included
inventing calculus
discovering the laws of planetary motion
discovering the universal law of gravitation
making observations + experiments to help confirm the Sun-centered model
9
Ch 4: Isotopic analysis of carbon in flakes of graphite in an Archean sedimentary rock can indicate...
if the carbon came from a meteorite.
what the rock is made of.
the temperature and pressure conditions under which the rock formed.
whether it's reasonable to assume the C is organic
10
Ch 6: According to current scientific understanding, life on earth:
was exceedingly improbable
may have been inevitable, but took billions of years to develop
arose quite soon after conditions allowed it
11
Ch 1: Scientists today are interested in searching for life on Mars because
humans might be able to communicate with life that exists there today
evidence suggests that Mars had liquid water on its surface in the past
Mars contains frozen water ice at its polar caps
we see clear evidence of a past civ ilization on Mars
12
Ch 4: Plate tectonics is best described as a process that
recycles rock between Earth’s surface and upper mantle
brings metal from Earth’s core to the surface
allows continents to plow through the crust
13
Ch 5: Which of these is not one of the "six key properties of life"?
evolutionary adaptation
order
response to environment
development of instincts
14
Ch 2: According the Kepler's Third Law:
jupiter orbits the sun at a faster speed than saturn
Pluto orbits the sun at a faster speed than Mercury
all the planets have nearly circular orbits
Mercury travels fastest in the part of its orbit thats closest to the sun
15
Ch 6: The Cambrian explosion refers to
impact that killed the dinosaurs about 66 m.yr. ago
emergence of eukaryotic life in the fossil record about 2.1 b.yr. ago
dramatic increase in animal diversity beginning about 542 m.yr. ago
16
Which of the following is not a process by which a body can lose its atmosphere?
Rotational winds sweep it away
Solar wind blows it away
Impacts blast it away
The highest energy particles escape the gravity
17
Ch 1: Based on the way scientists view the study of astrobiology, failure to find life on any other world would mean
we are 100% alone in the universe
we've learned lessons about the conditions that made life on Earth possible
the whole subject has been a waste of time
we must have done something wrong, since life has to exist beyond Earth
18
In an sample, we find more Carbon-12 than we expect. This is an example of a(n)…
Isotopic signature
Fossil
Biomarker
Stromatolite
19
Midterm: The basic molecular building blocks of proteins are
nucleotides
monosaccharides
nitrogenous bases
amino acids
20
Ch 4: Volcanism can be driven by…
All of these
Hot spots from the mantle
Tidal heating
Diverging plate boundaries
21
Ch. 5: Which of the following is not a key property of life?
the ability to evolve over time
the ability to violate the second law of thermodynamics
the maintenance of order in living cells
22
Ch 5: Chemoautotrophs get their...
energy from food; carbon from food
energy from sunlight; carbon from consuming other organisms
energy from reactions involving inorganic chemicals; carbon from CO2
energy from sunlight; carbon from CO2
23
Ch 1: By a geocentric view of the universe, we mean:
view of the universe shaped by current understanding of geological science
the idea that Earth is the only planet with life in the universe
the ancient idea that Earth resided at the center of the universe
24
Ch 4: The Archean Eon was NOT…
A time stromatolites formed
About 0.5 to 2.5 billion years ago
A time banded-iron formations could have formed
Characterized by low oxygen levels
25
Ch 4: Oxygen levels first rose in the atmosphere…
When cyanobacteria started doing oxygenic photosynthesis
When aerobic animals started to evolve
When all the chemicals that reacted with oxygen were used up
When plants started producing oxygen
26
Ch 5: Biologists have found that life on Earth can survive
over a wide range of conditions
only in presence of oxygen
only in presence of sunlight
in a narrow window of conditions
27
Ch 4: Which of the following least determines a planet’s surface temperature?
Atmospheric Pressure
Planetary albedo
Greenhouse gases
Solar irradiation
28
Ch 2: In Ptolemy’s geocentric model, the retrograde motion of a planet occurs when
the planet actually goes backward in its orbit around Earth
the planet is aligned with the Moon in our sky
Earth is about to pass the planet in its orbit around the Sun
the planet passes between the Earth and the Sun
29
Which gas was not present soon after the big bang?
hydrogen
methane
helium
30
Ch 2: Exoplanets have eccentric orbits. Who first assumed orbits in our system are eccentric?
Kepler
Newton
Copernicus
Brahe
31
Ch 4: Earth's oceans formed
when Earth underwent differentiation (separation of core +mantle)
during the late stages of accretion as water ice collected on the surface
from water vapor outgassed by volcanoes
32
Ch 2: The laws of physics are universal. Who applied the laws of physics to other planets to explain their motion?
Newton
Galileo
Aristotle
Kepler
33
When U-235 decays into Pb-207, it loses…
Neither protons or neutrons
Protons and neutrons
Protons
Neutrons
34
Ch 6: The origin of life on Earth most likely occurred
between about 3.0 and 2.5 billion years ago
before 4.5 billion years ago
between about 4.5 and 3.5 billion years ago
35
Ch 6: The origin of life on Earth must have happened after…
Comets delivered the first organisms
The surface solidified from a magma ocean
Plate tectonics completed a full cycle
Earth’s atmosphere had built up enough oxygen
36
Ch 4: Earth has far less atmospheric carbon dioxide than Venus because…
Earth was had less CO2 than Venus to begin with
much of Earth’s carbon dioxide is locked up in carbonate rocks
Earth’s carbon dioxide was lost in the giant impact that formed the Moon
37
Very small bodies like small asteroids and comets may have difficulty harboring life because they…
have probably not had liquid water inside them for extended periods
are constantly colliding with each other, sterilizing them
do not contain any organic molecules
are so far from the Sun that any water would be permanently frozen
38
Ch 4: Which of the following is a reason Earth’s interior was hotter in the Hadean?
There were more radioactive elements in the interior.
Earth’s atmosphere was thicker, trapping more heat.
The Sun was hotter and it warmed Earth more than it does today.
Moon was closer and reflected more heat from the sun
39
If life began tomorrow (!) in Mars's subsurface, we would expect the first Martian to be a…
Photoautotroph
Chemoheterotroph
Photoheterotroph
Chemoautotroph
40
Ch 6: What type of organism is closest to the root of the Tree of Life?
viruses
thermophiles
pikaia
endospores
41
Ch 4: Earth’s oceans formed
when earth underwent differentiation
during late stages of accretion as water ice collected on surface
from water vapor outgassed by volcanoes
42
Ch 5: An enzyme consists of a chain of
nucleic acids
carbohydrates
amino acids
43
Ch 3: When we say the universe is expanding, we mean that
the average distance between galaxies is increasing with time
the universe is being stretched by black holes
the universe is getting older
everything in the universe is growing in size
44
What is the difference between a Snowball Earth event and an Ice Age?
Ice Ages reflect less ice and hence weakens the ice-albedo positive
Snowball Earth suppresses volcanic activity, but Ice Ages do not.
Ice Ages have sea ice; Snowball Earth events occur only on land.
At Ice Age, ice does not reach the equator, but does during Snowball Earth
45
Ch 6: The earliest living organisms probably were
cells with nuclei that used RNA as their genetic material
cells without nuclei that used RNA as their genetic material
cells without nuclei that used DNA as their genetic material
cells with nuclei that used DNA as their genetic material
46
Ch 1: Which of these objects in our solar system is most likely to have a deep, subsurface ocean of liquid water?
Neptune
Europa
Titan
Mars
47
Ch 5: Natural selection is the name given to
idea that organisms can develop new characteristics during their lifetimes
the occasional mutations that occur in DNA
how advantageous traits are passed on from parents to offspring
48
Ch 2: Earth is closer to the Sun in January than in July. Therefore, in accord with Kepler’s second law,
Earth travels faster in its orbit around the Sun in July than in January
Earth has summer in January and winter in July
Earth travels faster in its orbit around the Sun in January than in July
Earth travels slower in its orbit during at the spring and fall equinox
49
Ch 4: Earth can be pushed into a Snowball episode by…
Carbon-Silicate Cycle
The greenhouse effect
Global warming
Ice-albedo feedback
50
Ch 5: Which of the following is not a source of energy for at least some forms of life on Earth?
consumption of pre-existing organic compounds
energy release from plutonium
inorganic chemical reactions
51
Which of the following suggests the presence of dark matter?
The plane of Pluto’s orbit is inclined relative to the rest of the planets
The edge of the galaxy rotates faster than expected compared to the rest
The overall chemical composition of the universe
The cosmic microwave background
52
Ch 4: In a Archean age metamorphic rock, you find perfectly preserved lipids. This suggests…
There was some kind of life present in the Archean
Nothing, lipids are always present in rocks
The rock is alive
You have contaminated your sample; the lipid should have degraded
53
Ch 6: Who conducted experiments to simulate the conditions of primitive earth atmosphere and origin of life?
Johannes Kepler
Isaac Newton
Charles Darwin
Miller and Urey
54
Ch 5: Which of the following is not a key piece of evidence supporting a common ancestor for all life on Earth?
all life on earth is carbon-based
all life on Earth builds proteins from same set of left-handed amino acids
all life on Earth uses the molecule ATP to store and release energy
55
Ch 5: Anaerobic organisms do not require
molecular oxygen
methane
reduced carbon
liquid hydrogen
56
Ch 6: Many species die off during a mass extinction. After a mass extinction, biodiversity…
Decreases slowly
Increases slowly
Decreases rapidly
Increases rapidly
57
Ch 4: A species lineage might disappear from the fossil record at a particular field site because…
All of these
It went extinct
A shift in the environment cause no new rocks to form for a long time
It adapted and evolved into something unrecognizable
58
Ch 3: The overall chemical composition of our solar system and other similar star systems is approximately
50% light elements, 50% heavy elements
98% ice, 2% metal and rock
100% hydrogen and helium
98% hydrogen and helium, 2% all other elements combined
59
Ch 4: Earth has retained a lot of internal heat primarily because of its
relatively large size
distance from Sun
thin crust
60
Ch 3: If we represent the solar system on a scale that allows you to walk from the Sun to Pluto in a few minutes, then
planets would be basketball-size and nearest stars would be a few km away
planets would be microscopic and the stars would be light-years away
planets would be marble-size and nearest stars are 1000s of km away
61
Ch 6: Which is not one of the main 4 ways early Earth may have acquired organic molecules that were precursors to life?
chemical reactions near ocean surface (as in Miller-Urey experiments)
asteroids, comets, and interplanetary dust from space
chemical reactions near deep-sea volcanic vents
volcanic intrusions into coal deposits released carbon to the atmosphere
62
Ch 2: How did the Copernican revolution alter perceptions of the ancient Greek debate over extraterrestrial life?
It showed Aristotle was incorrect in arguing life was unique to Earth
It proved that the Earth was hollow
showed that the Atomists were correct in the belief in an infinite cosmos
It proved that extraterrestrial life must really exist
63
Ch 2: Which of the following was NOT a major advantage of Copernicus’s Sun-centered model over the Ptolemaic model?
It allowed calculation of the orbital periods and distances of the planets
It made significantly better predictions of planetary positions in our sky
It offered a more natural explanation for apparent retrograde motion
64
Ch 6: RNA world refers to
the idea that RNA was life's primary genetic material before DNA
the possibiltiy that life migrated from Mars
the idea that early life was made just from RNA, needing no other organics
65
Ch 4: Which of the following layers of the Earth is convecting?
The Outer core and Mantle
Outer core
Inner Core
Mantle
66
Ch 4: A rock’s type (igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary) tells us
its chemical composition
how it was made
its age
67
Ch 1: According to current scientific understanding, life on Earth
may have been inevitable, but took billions of years to develop
was exceedingly improbable
arose quite soon after conditions allowed it
only arose after Earth's atmosphere became oxygenated
68
Ch 5: which of these is not one of the four main DNA bases used by life on earth?
cytosine
iodine
guanine
thymine
69
Ch 4: What are 'stromatolites'?
Type of meteorites that contain amino acids
Fossil structures made by bacteria
Primitive bacteria still found in deep sea beds
70
Which of the following is most disrupted during Snowball Earth events?
Chemical reactions in the carbonate-silicate cycle
Plate tectonics
The greenhouse effect
Ice-albedo feedback
71
Ch 4: After a sedimentary rock is formed…
It gets squished and heated to become a metamorphic rock
Any of these
It gets melted and cooled to become an igneous rock
It gets broken up and reforms as a sedimentary rock
72
Ch 6: Which of the following is NOT one of the three main domains of life?
eukaryotes
archea
prokaryotes
bacteria
73
Ch 5: A mutation is a
change in an organism's capability to reproduce over time
change in an organism's metabolism
change in the base sequence of an organism’s DNA
74
Ch 5: Humans and other animals are
photoheterotrophs
chemoautotrophs
photoautotrophs
chemoheterotrophs
75
Ch 2: Tycho Brahe's contributions to astronomy included:
collecting data that allowed Kepler to discover laws of planetary motion
proving the earth orbits the sun
inventing the telescope
76
Ch 5: An organism’s heredity is encoded in
m-RNA
ATP
DNA
lipids
77
Ch 6: What types of organisms are closest to the root of the Tree of Life?
Viruses
Thermophiles
Stromatolites
Endospores
78
Ch 2: Which is a visual description of apparent retrograde motion seen from Earth:
planets sometimes appear to reverse direction from their usual orbit
planets block the sun and cause an eclipse
planets appear to align orbits with one another when orbiting earth
79
Ch 4: The oldest parts of Earth’s crust are…
Continental crust
Oceanic crust near mid-ocean ridges
Oceanic crust near subduction zones
We don’t know because we haven’t dated enough of the planet
80
Ch 1: An exoplanet is
a planet that orbits the Sun far beyond Pluto
a planet that orbits a star other than our Sun
a planet that orbits the center of another galaxy
a planet having an atmosphere that contains organic compounds
81
Ch 5: Typically, a segment of DNA that forms a gene in a human…
Gets translated to RNA, and then protected by ribosomes
Gets transcribed into mRNA, which gets translated into protein
Gets transcribed by ribosomes, then translated by proteins
Gets translated to proteins, which go make more proteins
82
Ch 1: If we sent spacecraft w/ current technology to the nearest star, the trip would take:
100,000 years
a decade
a century
83
A protoplanetary disk is
a disk of matter that forms as a planet is broken apart during collisions
a disk of matter surrounding a young star that may eventually form planets
a disk of material that surrounds a young, newly-formed planet
84
Ch 3: Which of these is NOT evidence of the Big Bang?
cosmic microwave background radiation
our universe is expanding
the existence of black holes
ubiquitous presence of hydrogen and helium
85
Ch 6: Thermophiles are closest to the root of the tree of life. This tells us probably …
Life probably formed in a warm, little pond
At some point, it was necessary to be able to withstand heat
The origin of life took place in an extremely hot environment
Life today is better at withstanding hot temperatures than cold
86
Mapping of a planetary body is best done by a(n)…
orbiter
lander
rover
flyby
87
Ch 6: If earth's earliest microbes had somehow come in contact with oxygen, the most likely effect would have been
nothing at all
an increase in their metabolic rates
they would have been killed
88
Ch 6: Which of these was not one of the main 4 factors contributing to the Cambrian Explosion?
there was a lack of predators
there was widespread genetic simplicity
a rise in atmospheric oxygen level was occurring
Snowball Earth episodes preceded it
89
Ch 1: A habitable planet is
one having environmental conditions under which life could arise or survive
one that could support humanity once we leave Earth
a planet that has water oceans like Earth
a planet that has life of some kind
90
Ch 4: Fossils are found in…
Metamorphic rocks
Igneous rocks
Minerals
Sedimentary rocks
91
Ch 6: The importance of the Miller–Urey experiment is that
it showed natural chemical reactions can produce building blocks of life
it proved that life could have arisen naturally on the young Earth
it showed that clays can catalyze the production of RNA
92
Which of these is the nucleus particle that carries a positive charge?
neutron
quark
electron
proton

AB115 "midterm review" fall 2024 Flashcards | StudBud