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RBS 2019
Displays: Matrix rules of thumb 1
What is regression analysis?
RBS 2019
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Researching Business Systems
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1
What is regression analysis?
A formula that tells the relationship between several vars.
Two or more variables are defined to describe an object.
An est. eq. to represent a relationship between 2 variables.
An est. eq. to represent a relationship between 2 V >2 var.
2
Displays: Matrix rules of thumb 1
Content, purpose and design
Reliable, explorative and descriptive
Overview, cross-case and validity
3
Which types of errors can occur when designing a survey?
Sampling, Measurement, Statistical concl, Internal validity
Type I and type II errors
Spelling errors, misunderstandings, structural errors
4
Sampling method: an experienced researcher selects a sample based on appropriate characteristic
Snowball
Quota
Judgement
Convenience
5
Which sampling method is used to obtain those units or people most conveniently available?
Convenience
Judgement
Quota
Snowball
6
Which sampling methods are probability samples methods?
Convenience, Snowball, Judgement, and Quota.
Systematic, stratified, cluster, and simple random.
7
Define Qualitative data
Refers to all non-numeric data
Data that have not been quantified
8
What is one of the key steps in ethnography?
Access
Alternative
Opportunity
9
What is type of research if: the researcher does not have to strictly adhere to the schedule
Structured interviews
Semi-structured interviews
Unstructured interviews
10
What is PCA and FA used for?
They are methods for data enlargement
They are methods to data reduction
11
What is characterized by Holisitic Case study?
Examining cases as a whole?
Examining some aspects of the cases?
12
You perform hypothesis test to determine whether
There is a relationship between two sample populations
There is a dependency between a sample and target value
There is a significant difference between sample and target
There is a significant difference between two samples
13
What is the goal of FA?
Extract as much variance with the least amount of factors
Explain as much correlations with minimum number of factors
14
Which are the classifier: Assume that all features are independent
given the class label Y
Random Forest(s)
ND-Gausian classifier
Naïve bayers classifier
Support vector machine linear classifier
15
The missing word(s) in the text is known as which regression model?
Polynomial regression
Multiple regression
Stepwise regression
Least squared regression
16
Which type of research design is illustrated in the picture?
Survey design
Action research
Experimental design
Case study design
17
Text picture!
Exploratory
Confirmatory
18
What is grounded theory?
Quantitative Analysis method, using Deductive approach
Quantitative Analysis method, using Inductive approach
Qualitative Analysis method, using Inductive approach
Qualitative Analysis method, using Deductive approach
19
Sampling method: each element in the population has an equal change of being included
Stratified
Systematic
Simple Random
Cluster
20
The following model is called:
Linear regression
Polynomial regression
Multiple regression
Least squared regression
21
In which sampling technique are the samples chosen based on personal judgement or convenience?
Nonprobability Sample
Probability Sample
22
What is “the data collection produced can be repeated with the same results”?
Internal validity
Reliability
External validity
Construct validity
23
Figure
Naïve bayers classifier
ND-Gausian classifier
Support vector machine linear classifier
Random Forest(s)
24
Type of error: “Taking an action which should not be taken (producer risk, false positive)”
Type II Error
Type I Error
25
Quantitative analysis methods (2 correct)
Grounded theory
𝞆2 test – of independency
Coding
Classificationanalysis
26
What is the basic idea of ANOVA?
Show if a relationship exists between two qual variables.
Test if the quan variable depend on which group it is in.
Draw inferences about a population from a sample.
Compare observed count with expected count.
27
Fill the missing word from picture
Coding
Defining
Hacking
Information
28
Narrative reviews… (Bryman & Bell)
Aim to minimize bias
Are less focused and more wide-ranging in scope
Are more thorough and focused in scope
29
What is hypothesis testing? (Choose one of the four methods.)
Inferential statistics drawing inferences about population
Test groups quantitative variable depend which group it's in
Compare observed count with expected count
Shows relationship exists between 2 qualitative variables
30
Which Mixed-method design is in the picture?
Sequential multi-phase
Sequential exploratory
Concurrent
Sequential explanatory
31
XX - is the extent to which it give the correct answer. (Kirk & Miller, 1986 p.19)
Validity
Reliability
Qualitative data analysis
32
"Establishing a causal relationship where certain conditions are leading to other conditions"
Internal validity
Reliability
External validity
Construct validity
33
One approach to Test the operational definitions for content validity is by SMEs and CVR
i.
Subject matter experts, content validity ratio
Small and medium sized enterprise, Company Validation Rating
34
What is “establishing the domain to which a study’s findings can be generalized”?
Construct validity
External validity
Internal validity
Reliability
35
Which sampling method uses randomly drawn subsamples from different strata in the main sample.
Simple Random
Stratified
Cluster
Systematic
36
Which Mixed-method design is in the picture?
Sequential multi-phase
Sequential exploratory
Concurrent
Sequential explanatory
37
Which comply with a qualitative research approach? (Research design) (2 correct)
Deductive theory approach
Inductive theory approach
Abductive theory approach
38
Systematic reviews… (Bryman & Bell)
Aim to minimize bias
Are less focused and more wide-ranging in scope
Are less specific criteria for ex- or inclusion of studies
39
Figure
F-value
T-statistic
Significance level
P-value
40
What is CROSS-CASE DISPLAYS
Presents data from one case
Presents data from two or more cases
41
Witch program allows you to do following
Nvivo
IMB SPSS
Excel
42
Displays: Matrix rules of thumb 2
Entry and conclusion drawing
Reliability and authenticity
Tables and networks
43
Which type of sampling size determination does the formula belong to?
Mean
Proportion
44
What is a confidence interval?
The exact sample size
The interval at which we are confident with the results
Error band around the point estimate
The range of values which the estimates of a sample can take
45
Which comply with a quantitative research approach? (Research design)
Deductive theory approach
Abductive theory approach
Inductive theory approach
46
According to Comrey and Lee, which sample size for Factor Analysis is good?
500
300
100
50
47
What is a case study?
Research methodology
Research approach
Analysis strategy
Modelling strategy
48
What is characterized by Embedded Case study?
Examining a case as a whole
Examining some aspects of the cases
49
Which sampling method bases the additional respondents based on the initial respondents.
Convenience
Judgement
Snowball
Quota
50
Which type does the illustrated sequence belong to?
Inductive
Deductive
51
What is a disadvantage of qualitative data (2 correct)
Data overload - can be hard to tag the most important data
The data is mostly words and can have multiple meanings
You often do not have enough data
Interviews are hard to analyse
52
The missing word(s) in the text is known as which regression model?
Polynomial regression
Least squared regression
Multiple regression
Stepwise regression
53
What type is "Takes any real value, continuous random variables"?
An attribute
A variable
54
XX - is the extent to which a measurement procedure yields the same answer whenever carried out
Validity
Reliability
Observation
55
Figure
Probability Sample
Nonprobability Sample
56
What sampling type is a group / focus group interview?
Non-probability sampling
Probability sampling
57
Reliable and valid data analysis and display: 3 rules
Context, Checklist and Data
Authenticity, Inclusion and Transparency
58
What is frequently used when survey researchers generalizing their findings?
Random sampling
Cluster sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
59
Figure
Judgement
Snowball
Convenience
Quota
60
We have unlabeled data, amount of categories and less than 10k samples, which algorithm to use?
Support Vector Machine
KNN (K-nearest neighbours)
Kmeans
Naïve Bayes Classifier
61
Which variables are needed for regression analysis?
Dependent and independent variables.
Response and predictor variables
Dummy variables and response variables.
Type I and type II errors.
62
What is the basic idea of a χ
2
test?
Show if a relationship exists between two qual variables.
Draw inferences about a population from a sample.
Test if the quan variable depend on which group it is in.
Compare observed count with expected count.
63
What are explained in the figure?
Systematic review
Realist review
Narrative review
64
A relationship between the variables with missing data and those which the values are present:
NMAR (Not missing at Random)
MAR (Missing at Random)
IMAR (Independency missing at Random)
MCAR (Missing completely at Random)
65
What kind of theory operate within a limited domain?
Grand theories
High-level theories
Deductive theories
Middle-range theories
66
The following figure illustrate which type of regression?
Linear regression
Multiple regression
Least squared regression
Polynomial regression
67
What is an ethnographic approach?
Researcher involvement
Interviewees involvement
Theory involvement
68
Which type of FA uses the most advanced techniques and have known factor structures?
Confirmatory FA
Exploratory FA
69
What is the difference between research methods and research design?
Research methods is a technique for collecting data
They are the same
Research design determines the data to be collected
70
Research questions are often more specific in … (Bryman and Bell)
Quantitative research
Qualitative research
71
Deductive approach to qualitative data analysis advantages (2 correct)
Link your research to the existing knowledge in subject area
Difficult strategy to follow
Success may involve a long period oftime, resource intensive
Provide you with an initial analytical framework’
72
Which Mixed-method design is in the picture?
Sequential explanatory
Sequential multi-phase
Concurrent
Sequential exploratory
73
What type of questions is often used within an exploratory study? (2 correct)
How
What
Where
Why
74
Which statement is true for the unit of analysis?
The level of data separation during subsequent analysis
The level of data aggregation during subsequent analysis
The level of data separation during overall analysis
The level of data aggregation during overall analysis
75
What are assumptions of ANOVA?
Each group is approximately normal.
Each group is distributed after Poisson distribution.
Standard deviations of each group are approx. equal.
There are large deviations within each group.
76
What does theory help us do?
Limit the research
Achieve higher grades
Achieve a better understanding of the world
77
What kind of theory operate at more abstract/general level? (Bryman & Bell)
Foundational theories
Grand theories
Low-range theories
Middle-range theories
78
Deductive ways of qualitative analysis method
Open-, Axial-, Selective- coding
Theoretically guided coding of data
Coding based on how we interpret the data
79
What is needed prior to survey research design?
Nominals definitions, Propositions, Explanation, Boundaries
Problem formulation, research design, and limitations
A clear definition and destination
80
Which type does the illustrated sequence belong to?
Deductive
Inductive
81
Which type is this? (Text picture)
An attribute
A variable
82
Labelled data, more than 100k samples, and no text it our data, which type of algorithm to try?
KNN (K-nearest neigbours)
Naïve Bayes Classifier
Kmeans
Support Vector Machine
83
Type of error: “Not taking an action which should be taken” (Consumer risk, false negative)”
Type I Error
Type II Error
84
What is “establishing correct operational measures for the concepts being studied”?
Internal validity
Reliability
Construct validity
External validity
85
What is the basic idea of a χ
2
test of independence?
Test if the quan variable depend on which group it is in.
Compare observed count with expected count.
Show if a relationship exists between two qual variables.
Draw inferences about a population from a sample.
86
Strauss & Corbin. Grounded Theory approach, distinguish between 3 types of coding practice
Theory-, Patten-, Validating- coding
Open-, Axial-, Selective- coding
Free-, aligning-, conclusive- coding
87
Advantages of displays (2 correct)
Highlight gaps or anomalies in the data set
Overcoming weak data analysis and data overload
Very fast to make
Makes it much harder for the reader to overview the data
88
For Factor Analysis, Normality in the data makes?
The solution stronger, but is not necessary·
It does not change the outcome.
The solution stronger and is needed for the FA.
The solution is weaker and FA becomes unreliable. ·
89
What is multicollinearity?
Responsive variables are highly correlated with each other.
Explanatory variables are highly correlated with each other.
Correlation between type I and type II errors.
90
Which classifier is the following?
Support vector machine linear classifier
Random Forest(s)
Naïve bayers classifier
ND-Gausian classifier
91
When is it appropriate to replace data?
Always
When correlations between variables are low
When correlations between variables are high
Never
92
Which two statements are true?
Factors cause variables; components aggregates by variables
FA produces factors; PCA produces components
Components cause variables; factors aggregates by variables
PCA produces factors; FA produces components
93
Which sampling methods are non-probability samples methods?
Convenience, Snowball, Judgement, and Quota.
Systematic, stratified, cluster, and simple random.
94
Interview schedule that typically comprises a list of carefully worded and ordered questions
Structured interviews
Semi-structured interviews
Unstructured interviews
95
How do you introduce qualitative explanatory variables to a linear regression model?
Responsive variables
Dummy variables
Independent variables
Dependent variables
96
Which type of sampling size determination does the formula belong to?
Proportion
Mean
97
What is the goal of PCA?
Extract as much variance with the least amount of factors
Explain the correlations with a minimum number of factors
98
What is the two key words when assessing the measurements quality?
Validity and Reliability
Sample size and predictability
Accessibility and accuracy
99
These 5 steps is used by:
Least squared regression
Linear regression
Multiple regression
Polynomial regression
100
Mixed method in case study research: What is concurrent design?
First using one method, and then using another
Including different methods at the same time
101
Text Picture
Exploratory
Confirmatory
102
What type of questions is often used within an explanatory study?
Where
How
What
Why
103
What is PCA?
Primary Company Analysis
Penis Crown Accessories
Principle Component Analysis
104
Text picture!
MAR (Missing at Random)
IMAR (Independency missing at Random)
NMAR (Not missing at Random)
MCAR (Missing completely at Random)
105
Which Mixed-method design is in the picture?
Sequential exploratory
Sequential multi-phase
Sequential explanatory
Concurrent
106
What is true for the extraction methods?
FA analyses the variance; PCA analyses the covariance
PCA analyses the variance; FA analyses the covariance
107
Sampling method: Initial starting point selected randomly and then every nth number is selected
Simple Random
Stratified
Cluster
Systematic
